Department of Chemistry

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Analysis and comparative study of Lahore domestic water
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Afsah Munir
ABSTRACT Water Quality is monitored by many different test for kidney and carcinogenic components in water. The most prominent carcinogens in water supplies are hexavalent chromium and chlorine. As many other tests are also detected likeTDS, TUDS is done by filtration. Specific gravity, Density is done by gravity bottle. Chloride ions, phosphate ions, Sulphate ions are checked by titration apparatuses and instrumentation. Chlorine component is monitored and the highest component detected in domestic water is in area Lahore cantonment. After that gulberg and upper mall. This research also involves the analysis of samples for many other parameters .instrumentation is being used in this research is mainly UV spectrophotometer and the peaks identified the amount of carcinogenic component in water.
Analysis and treatment of ceramic industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Hafiz Asif Usman Khalid
The samples of ceramic industry effluents were collected from main outlet of a local ceramic industry located at GT road Gujranwala . The main purpose of this work is to analyse and treat the ceramic wastewater using low cost techniques in order to make it less hazardous. Wheat straw, rice husk and animal charcoal were used in purification and treatment of sample wastewater. For detection of heavy metals, samples before treatment and after treatment were characterized by using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The analysis showed that sample before treatment contain a huge amount of hazardous materials such as TDS (2260 mg/L), TSS (3060 mg/L), electrical conductivity (1220 µS/cm), Fe2+ 1.6 (mg/L), Pb2+(10 mg/L), Zn2+ (8 mg/L) and having high COD(1156 mg/L), BOD(105 mg/L) value. This wastewater then treated with wheat straw, rice husk, charcoal and mixture but fruitful results were shown by animal charcoal such as TDS (576 mg/L), TSS (435 mg/L), electrical conductivity (215 µS/cm), COD (104 mg/L), BOD (51mg/L) and heavy metal concentration for Fe2+ (0.4 mg/L), Zn2+ (3.1 mg/L) and Pb2+ (4 mg/L).
Analysis and treatment of district nasirabad(balochistan) drinking water
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Rukhsana Nazir
District Nasirabad is situated in North corner province Baluchistan in Pakistan. Where the people were found to be drinking the canal, tube well and hand pump water in various points of the district. So, three types of drinking water samples were collected from the remote area of District Nasirabad (Balochistan), Pakistanincluding the canal water, tube well water and hand pump water.The quality of the water samples was determined using the standard methods. Some very cheaper and easily available treatment plans have been devised to improve the quality of water. So the people can use this device to purify the drinking water where necessary.The trace metals ions such as Cd, Ni and Fe, contents were determined by atomic adsorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer and Analyst model 100). The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in water samples as follows: physical analysis of before treatment pH 6.3-7.4, conductivity (EC) 342-3180 us/cm, TH 338-450mg/1.Chlorides120-250 mg/1, TDS 800-1200 mg/l, Ni 0.02-0.8 mg/l, Cd 0.01-0.5 mg/l and Fe 0.03-2 mg/l. These water samples were subjected to simple treatment processes like treatment with wheat bagasse, rice husk, and animal charcoal, at the end a mixture of the sand + wheat bagasse + animal charcoal. The best results have been obtained using the last mixture remedy. This remedy has been suggested to the people of the area.
Analysis and treatment of fertilizer industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Umair, Muhammad
This study is based on the analysis of the fertilizer industry wastes and their possible treatments to make it less hazardous.The single superphosphate (SSP) industry was chosen for this purpose. Samples of waste water collected from various drains of the industry. The analysis revealed that waste water contain high amounts of TDS( 2340 mg/l), Ca2+ (2160mg/l), SO42- (1766mg/l), PO43- (2638mg/l) and Pb2+ (16mg/l). The pollutants have been successfully reduced to lower values TDS(1000mg/l), Ca2+(1633 mg/l), SO42-(1254 mg/l), PO43-(2135 mg/l), Pb2+(8 mg/l) by using wheat bagass and TDS(1600mg/l), Ca2+(1186 mg/l), SO42-(1005 mg/l), PO43-(1884 mg/l), Pb2+(12 mg/l) by using rice husk and TDS(1400mg/l), Ca2+(1105 mg/l), SO42-(969 mg/l), PO43- (1633 mg/l), Pb2+(4 mg/l) by using animal charcoal.
Analysis and treatment of gelatin industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Ahmad, Kabir
The study is based on the analysis of the gelatin industry waste and their possible treatments to make it less hazardous. The wastewater of gelatin industry show alkaline nature, high levels of total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and also contains toxic metals such as Lead and Chromium. This research is based on the possible and cheaper treatment of wastewater of gelatin industry using agricultural waste (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The samples were collected from outlet of gelatin factory. The wastewater contain pH 8.5, TDS values 1700mg/lit, EC 408µs/cm, TSS 720mg/lit, COD 478mg/lit, BOD 120mg/lit, Cr 1.4mg/lit, Pb 8.9mg/lit and Fe 8.3mg/lit. This wastewater was passed through a bed of (0.5mm thick) rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal.The results of treated wastewater were quite promising. By using rice husk treatment, pH changed to 6.5, EC 240µs/cm, COD value to 80 mg/lit, BOD value to 65mg/lit, TDS 768mg/lit and TSS 138mg/lit, Cr 0.13mg/lit, Pb 4.1 And Fe 4.6mg/lit. By using wheat straw treatment pH reached to 6.9 while EC 274µs/cm, COD 124mg/lit, BOD 72mg/lit, TDS 930mg/lit and TSS 142mg/lit, Cr 0.05mg/lit, Pb 0.4mg/lit and Fe 4.8mg/lit. By using animal charcoal treatment pH changed up to 7.3, EC 250µs/cm, COD 130mg/lit, BOD 78mg/lit, TDS 870 mg/lit and TSS 140mg/lit, Cr 0.09mg/lit, Pb 2.1mg/lit and Fe 5.2mg/lit.
Analysis and treatment of leather industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Aslam, Waqar
This research work illustrates the analysis and treatment of wastewater of leather industry using agricultural low cost material (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The sample of leather industry wastewater was collected from outlet pipes of the leather industry. During analysis of wastewater it was recorded that wastewater having pH 7.4, and contain high amount of BOD 115mg/L, TSS 740mg/L, COD 456mg/L and also high amount of metals such as Zinc (2mg/L), Lead (2mg/L) and Chromium (0.5 mg/L). These values were much greater than the National Environment and Quality Standards (NEQS) limits. To treat this wastewater wheat straw, animal charcoal and rice husk were used. Rice husk reduced pH to 6.9, TSS to 416 mg/L, COD to 180 mg/L, BOD to 56 mg/L, Zinc metal to 1 mg/L and Chromium metal to 0.1 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. Animal charcoal reduced pH to 6.1, TSS to 360 mg/L, COD to 168 mg/L, BOD to 67 mg/L, zinc metal to 1 mg/l and Chromium metal to 0.1 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. Wheat straw reduced pH to 6.7, COD to 175 mg/L, BOD 78 mg/L, Zinc ions to 1 mg/L and Chromium metal to 0.2 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. These methods were very cheaper and suitable to reduce such high amounts under NEQS limits. The concentration of Iron, TDS and electrical conductivity were also recorded for the wastewater sample but these values were already within NEQS limits. By using rice husk treatment the percentage removal of metals was recorded as Chromium of 60%, Zinc of 62%, Lead 50% and Iron 75%. By using wheat straw treatment the elimination of Chromium of 52%, Zinc was observed up to 48%, Lead as 53% and Iron as 50%. By using animal charcoal treatment the percentage removal of Chromium, Zinc, Lead and Iron were achieved up to 30%, 15%, 17% and 31% respectively.
Analysis and treatment of paint industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Anwar, Maqsood
The samples of paint industry effluent were collected from outlet pipe of the paint industry located at 9 Km Raiwind road Lahore. Different techniques have been employed for the reduction and removal of heavy metal and other harmful parameters. For this purpose wheat straw, rice husk and animal charcoal were used. The samples were characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The industrial effluents included the different amount of various parameter such as pH 8.90, TDS 1860mg/lit, electrical conductivity 428 µs/cm, TSS 540mg/lit, COD 370mg/lit and BOD 120mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 9.4 mg/L, Zn 4.8 mg/L and Fe 0.13 mg/L. The results of untreated wastewater of paint industry effluents were quite different from treated wastewater. By using rice husk treatment the pH changed to 8.87, EC 251µs/cm, TDS 910mg/lit, TSS 343mg/lit, COD value of 140 mg/lit and BOD value of 68mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 4.0 mg/L, Zn 2.1 mg/L and Fe 0.06 mg/L. By the use of wheat straw for the treatment of wastewater, pH variation of 7.33, EC 290µs/cm, TDS 890 mg/lit and TSS 245mg/lit, COD 146 mg/lit, BOD 90 mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 3.90 mg/L, Zn 1.99 mg/L and Fe 0.05 mg/L. By using animal charcoal treatment the pH changed of 7.10, EC 215µs/cm, TDS 780 mg/lit and TSS 165mg/lit, COD 150 mg/lit, BOD 55mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 1.40 mg/L, Zn 0.98 mg/L and Fe 0.03 mg/L. These experiment for heavy metals analysis were done by using spectrophotometer at 510 nm. Animal charcoal reduced the concentrations of these heavy metals almost 60-75%.
Analysis and treatment of paper industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Shehzad, Aamir
With the development of industries the environment is affected by elimination of huge amount of waste water in ponds, rivers, streams and oceans. The waste water of paper industry show alkaline nature, high levels of TDS, TSS, EC, COD and BOD, also contains toxic metals such as Lead and Zinc. This research show that the analysis and treatment of waste water of paper industry using agricultural waste (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The sample was collected from outlet of pulp and paper mill. The untreated waste water had pH 7.4, TDS values 1488mg/lit, EC 408µs/cm, TSS 720mg/lit, COD 478mg/lit and BOD 120mg/lit. The results of treated waste water were quite different than untreated wastewater. By using rice husk treatment, pH changed to 6.9, EC 241µs/cm, COD value to 182 mg/lit, BOD value to 61mg/lit, TDS 856mg/lit and TSS 431mg/lit. By using wheat straw treatment pH reached to 6.7 while EC 280µs/cm, COD 180mg/lit, BOD 82mg/lit, TDS 950mg/lit and TSS 520mg/lit. By using animal charcoal treatment pH changed up to 6.8, EC 228µs/cm, COD 163mg/lit, BOD 70mg/lit, TDS 707 mg/lit and TSS 380mg/lit. The results shown by animal charcoal treatment in the reducing the wastes from effluents were better than other two treatments. The elimination of Zn, Pb and Fe from waste water were studied via rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal treatment. The experiment was conducted by using spectrophotometer. By using rice husk treatment the percentage removal of metals was recorded as Zinc of 62%, Lead 50% and Iron 75%. By using wheat straw treatment the elimination of Zinc was observed up to 48%, Lead as 53% and Iron as 50%. By using animal charcoal treatment the percentage removing of Zinc, Lead and Iron were achieved up to15%, 17% and 31%respectively.
Analysis of arsenic in Lahore drinking water and its impacts on public health
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Saba Saleem
In the time of global climate change, industrial activities and urbanization across developing nations, unavailability of safe and healthy water is increasingly noticed with possibly more terrible future environmental consequences. Lahore is among few Asian cities which are dependent on groundwater for its drinking water needs. Groundwater over-extraction, improper waste management, dumping of industrial effluents, natural disasters that leads to worse water quality and widespread decline of groundwater-tables. Arsenic is a metalize that is highly toxic and if concentration exceeds from its permissible limit then it poses serious damage to health. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS) is used for the analysis of arsenic in water samples. In all samples, arsenic level was more than its recommended limit of WHO. However, health reports on arsenic related health problems are very limited and people do not have any knowledge regarding arsenicosis
Analysis of gyrA mutations in local TB patients of Lahore Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Afzal, Iram
Tuberculosis is a slowly progressive, debilitating disease that kills about 1.5 million people world-wide. Pakistan ranked 4th in global TB burden. In this research work, male-female ratio showed that the rate of TB is 32 times higher in women as compared to men. The patients suffering from pulmonary TB were 94% and only 6% were recorded as extra pulmonary TB. All the extra pulmonary TB cases were found in females. There were about 72% cases which were positive for MDR-TB. Out of these72% MDR-TB cases,all were previously treated. The differentiation between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis reflects that none of the sample belonged to M. bovis. All the isolates were belonged to M. tuberculosis, but 6% samples had extra-pulmonary TB. It shows that M. tuberculosis not only affects the lungs, but also the other parts of the human body. Gyra mutations were investigated by using newly designed primers, at codons 90, 91, and 94. Results showed that out of all samples there were mutations in 60% samples. There were mutations in 30% samples at codon 90, 6% samples were mutated at codon 91 and 24% were mutated at codon 94.
Analysis of lemon grass for its antifungal value
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Azeem, Sidra
Medicinal plants are still a major part of traditional and herbal medicine in the developing countries. The use of medicinal plants is common among those people who have less or no access to prescribe medicine. Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) is commonly known as "citronella grass" or "lemongrass" that belongs to family Gramineae (Poaceae). It is a perennial tropical grass with long, thin leaves. Lemon grass is found as a folk remedy for fever, pneumonia, antispasmodic, antipyretic, bactericidal, fungicidal, antioxidant, analgesic, anti inflammatory actions and astringent properties. Antioxidants isolated from C. citratus are responsible for reducing LDL (low-density lipoprotein) oxidation, scavenging activity of free radicals and high potential on human skin. The fundamental aim of this study was to extricate different C. citratus components for fungal inhibition. Phytochemical tests were performed to confirm the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarine and saponins. The extracts showed significant antifungal and antioxidant activities. The antifungal activity of C. citratus extract against Candida albicans and Sacchromysis cerevisiae was explicated by using the agar diffusion method. Nystatin was used as standard to measure the antifungal activity of C. citratus extracts. In this study, the results clarify that all C. citratus extracts exhibited clear zone of inhibition against tested fungus but methanol extract of C. citratus was superficially effective against Sacchromysis cerevisiae and showed 24mm zone of inhibition after 72h.Wherase, methanol extract of lemon grass against C. albicans showed 19mm zone of inhibition after 72h. Antioxidant activity of C. citratus samples were also reported by TPC method. Methanol extract of C. citratus corroborated highest antioxidant activity followed by hexane and water extracts. Maximum absorption for methanol was GAE 1190.6 mg/L and water was GAE 530.9 mg/L whereas n-hexane showed less absorption. Results declare that leaves of C. citratus can be a part of herbal medicines that can be used against fungal diseases.
Analyzing the efficacy of sofosbuvir in HCV patients infected with 3a genotype in Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Saroosh Zahoor
Hepatitis C is caused by hepatitis C virus and has infected 11 million people in Pakistan. 97 % of the patients are infected with 3a genotype of HCV. So, Sofosbuvir was used against HCV patients infected with 3a genotype. Methodology: This study was conducted at Mayo hospital Lahore. 217 patients of hepatitis C infected with 3a genotype were included in it. All of them were suffering from compensated chronic liver disease. 52 patients did not give follow up for given reasons: 32 patients could not be contacted to give follow up at the end of therapy and 20 patients were non-compliant. 165 patients continued the therapy with proper follow up, out of which 11 patients discontinued the therapy due to adverse events and 154 patients completed the therapy i.e 24 weeks. 150/154 patients showed positive response and 4 patients showed negative results against therapy. All patients were treated with SOF (once daily) plus RBV (trice a daily). Results: Results of this study came out to be: 150/154 (97 %) patients showed positive response against Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin out of which 59 (36 %) were male and 91 (61 %) were female. Conclusion: Sofosbuvir showed good results against HCV patients infected with 3a genotype in Pakistan.
Antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Anum Ashraf
The antibacterial activity were studied by Agar well Diffusion, first copper nanoparticles were synthesized by wet chemical method using copper sulphate pentahydrate, sodium lauryl sulfate and hydrazine as reducing agent. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD. To check the antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles against different bacteria like Eschericia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus areus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella pneumonia, slant, inoculum and petri dishes were prepared for this purpose. Amoxicillin was used as standard antibiotic and distilled water was used as a solvent. Amoxicillin is very famous antibiotic. Dilutions of 1%, 0.5% 0.125% 0.25% respectively. Copper nanoparticles have highest antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae for 1% concentration and lowest efficiency against Pseudomonas for 0.5% concentration. Therefore, it can be concluded that copper nanoparticles showed good efficiency against bacteria and can also be used as antibiotic in medicine.
Antibacterial activity of cuprous oxide nanoparticles
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Quratul Ain Liaqat
Cuprous oxide nanoparticles were prepared by using copper sulfate pentahydrate and small amount of hydrazine as reducing agent. The antibacterial activity of cuprous oxide nanoparticles was evaluated against different bacteria's such as Pseudomonas, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus areus, Klebsiella pneumonia andEschericia coli. For this purpose petri dishes were prepared containing inoculums and bacteria from slant was injected, amoxicillin was used as a standard antibiotic drug along with water as solvent. Amoxicillin is a famous antiseptic drug. Dilutions of cuprous oxide nanoparticles were prepared of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.125% respectively. Properties of nanoparticles were studied by using XRD pattern. Cuprous oxide nanoparticles showed antimicrobial efficiency against all of the bacteria byagar well diffusion method. Results showed that cuprous oxide nanoparticles could restrain the growth of Pseudomonas, E.coli, St.aureus, K.pneumonia and St.mutans. Highest efficiency was achieved against Klebsiella pneumonia for 1% concentration and lowest efficiency was achieved against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas for 0.125% concentration. Therefore, it can be concluded that cuprous oxide nanoparticles show efficient antimicrobial properties and could be replaced in antibiotic drugs as antimicrobial agent.
Antifungal activity of ziziphus sativa
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Sonia Tabasum
Ziziphus sativa is specie of Ziziphus that belongs to FAM .Rhamnaceae. Ziziphus sativa is a small tree.Jujube cultivated in china. It is growing more than 4,000 years. This tree cultivate all over the world.The fruit of Ziziphus sativa is very delicious. It is equally liked among younger and children. It has sweet taste. Ziziphus sativa is traditionally important plant for medical purpose. The antifungal activity of Ziziphus sativa was checked by disc agar diffusion method. Ziziphus sativa activity was checked against Candida Albicans and Sacchromyces cerevisiae. Four different solvent extracts were used to check the antifungal activity. Extract of plant in was ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane and water were under study. All extract showed different effects against both strains. Ethyl acetate showed best results in both strains. 1% of ethyl acetate showed 25mm zone of inhibition against Candida Albicans and Sacchromyces cerevisiae. On the other hand n-hexane showed no results against both strains. So it is concluded that chloroform, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water were all antifungal agents
Biological Screening of Sanguinarine Nitrate and its Medical Application on Fabric
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Hifza Sibtain
Alkaloids exist in monochrome crystalline form and heterogeneous solid powders that are more soluble in ethanol, ether, and chloroform but less or insoluble in H2O. Alkaloid benzophenanthridine also known as isobenzylacinone derived from the roots of Bloodroot. Sanguinarin has been initiate to give more than 50% of the S. canadensis part rhizome in dry condition. Sanguinarine nitrate commonly known as salt of sanguinarne. Antibacterial study was conduct on it by agar diffusion well-variant method and medicated fabric was formed by sol gel method and antibacterial study was conduct by agar diffusion disc variant method. The study was conducted on three bacteria's E. coli, S. aureus and B. spezzani species. Results that was obtain showed that sanguinarine as a quaternary ammonium salt have high efficiency of 43 % in agar diffusion well-variant method and 42% in agar diffusion disc variant method on medicated fabric toward Staphylococcus aureus. Dilution 10μg/L show high efficiency that is also a save dose range while dilution 8μg/L and 6μg/L show results comparatively low and respectively degrade.
Clarithromycin nanoparticles synthesis, characterization and enhancement of antimicrobial activities and dissolution rate
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Muhammad Ishafq Ahmad
Low solubility and bioavailability was the major concern in the past for macrolide antibiotic drugs. The solubility and dissolution rate could be enhanced by preparing nanodrugs as their surface area increases. In this research clarithromycin drug nanoparticles were prepared by using solvent-antisolvent precipitation method. The prepared drug nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX and XRD. Dissolution rate was studied by using Dissolution apparatus and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) at different time intervals was used. The dissolution rate of nano drug showed a major enhancement as compared with the parental drug. No difference was observed in IR spectra of both parental drugs and nano drug of clarithromycin. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) showed the amorphous form of clarithromycin. The SEM images showed the nanosized particles of nanodrug. The antibacterial activities of both parental drug and nanoparticles were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella typhi by agar well diffusion method. The nano drug showed better results as compared to the parental drug.
Co-ordination of metal ions with indole-3-acetic acid; synthesis, characterization and biological screening
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Kiran Nazia Sikandar
Metal carboxylatesplay very important role in various biological reactions.Significance of drugs and their complexes have been desired to synthesize and characterize some ternary inner transition metals complexes with carboxylate and their derivative. In this work, five mononuclear metal complexes such as zinc, copper and vanadium have been synthesized with indole-3-acetic acid as primary ligand and 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and 8-hydroxy quinoline as secondary ligands by reflux method. The synthesized transition metal complexes have been analyzed by FT-IR,1H-NMR, UV-Visible spectroscopy and conductance measurement. The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that nitrogen atom of ligand does not coordinate with metal ions. The vibrational frequency of NH was not shifted to a considerable extent in complexes 3–8 as compared to the free ligand (IAA).As a result, the indole-3-acetic acid work as simple carboxylic acid ligands even in the synthesis of chelate complexes. The outcomes of 1H-NMR showed that the -COOH resonance of IAA at 12.19 ppm was absent in Na-IAA and in complexes, which suggests the replacement of the carboxylic proton by the metal moiety. The synthesized complexes have distorted tetrahedral geometry in case of zinc complex and octahedral geometry in copper and vanadium due to the attachment of co-ligands. The molar conductance data of synthesized complexes revealed that the ligand and complexes are non-electrolyte. Antibacterial screening was performed by the well diffusion method against gram negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Staphlococcus aureus) bacteria. All complexes exhibited higher antimicrobial potential than ampicillin (standard reference drug). It was confirmed byinhibition zones that metal complexes are efficient antibiotic agents.
Combustion synthesis of cuo nanoparticles, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and dye degradation activities
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Muzdalfa Zahid
CuO nanoparticles were prepared by combustion synthesis method using Trigonellafoenumgraecum (Fenugreek) plant extract. Cupric nitrate was dissolved in plant extract and stirred continuously for fifteen minutes by using magnetic stirrer. Small amount of sodium hydroxide solution was added drop wise under constant stirring. Precipitates of CuO was obtained within 2 to 3 minutes. Precipitates were filtered and washed 2 to 3 times in order to obtain pure nanoparticles. Obtained CuO nanoparticles were dried and annealed at 350⁰C temperature for half hour. Prepared nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction photometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-rays (EDX). Obtained CuO nanoparticles were analyzed for their affective anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and dye-degradation activities. Synthesized nanoparticles were found to have potent activity against different bacterial strains. These nanoparticles can be used as antioxidant for many industrial and pharmacological applications. Harmful dyes were easily degraded using these nanoparticles. Hence, this eco-friendly green route can be further used for other industrially important applications.
Compositional analysis of withania coagulans for its bioactive compounds
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Amna Tabassum
Many plants have been recounted to have therapeutic uses to treat and cure several human health diseases and mortalities. Withania coagulans (W. coagulans) is one of these medicinal plants which is known to have phytochemical properties and pharmacognostic effects. This plant is usually notorious as "Vegetable rennet” or “Indian cheese maker” because of milk coagulating properties due to enzyme Withanin. Phytochemical screening exposes that plant contains steroids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and phenolic compounds. The Total phenolic content assay (TPC) and DPPH method were demonstrated to study antioxidant study of methanolic, aqueous and n-hexane extract of W. coagulans. The DPPH activity outcomes showed that aqueous extract shows highest concentration of the phenolic compounds as compared to n-hexane and methanolic extracts. The TPC assay represented that maximum absorbance is gained by the aqueous extract (4.2587), which was almost double than the methanolic extract (1.9219) and four times the n-hexane extract (0.9206). Antibacterial activity of all the extracts of W. coagulans was executed against the four different pathogens using the test control Amoxycillin by agar well diffusion method. The methanolic sample of concentration 100mg/ml shows zone of inhibition (15mm) which is maximum against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The n-hexane extract of concentration 150mg/ml shows great zone (13mm) against the Streptococcus mutans. The aqueous extract of concentration 50mg/ml shows (13mm) as highest zone of inhibition for the Escherichia coli. Results suggested W. coagulans has strong potential to fascinate the scientific community by its medicinal presentations and can be reflected as one of the important medicinal plant.

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