Department of Chemistry

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Screening of radical scavenging activity of tanacetum parthenium 1
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2015) Elif Avcu
The medicinal plants are considered more effective as they have only few side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The bioactive chemicals used to treat cancer were obtained from plants. In past many plants were used to treat many problems associated with pain and inflammations, respiratory problems, chronic, acute arthritis and joint pain. Tanacetum parthenium also called feverfew belong to Composite family (Asteraceae) and many chemical compounds were found in the feverfew. Tanacetum parthenium shows many types of activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant. Tanacetum parthenium was used to treat different diseases in Europe including mental disorders, stomach ulcer and inflammatory problems and its methanolic extract was used to against breast cancer. The different extracts of Tanacetum parthenium was used as anticancer agent. The methanol extract of plant partitioned with ethyl acetate solvent has strong cytotoxic effect. The methanol extract of Tanacetum parthenium showed strong effective control as antioxidant. The consequences of the present study showed that phenolic mixes are great foragers of free radicals as exhibited by a decent connection of DPPH rummaging action with TPC, while concentrating on the concentrates of Tanacetum parthenium. Thus, distinctive distributed techniques have been utilized to quantify absolute cancer prevention agent movement by reducing free radicals. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were compared and different methods confirmed the strong free radical scavenging activity.
Development of environment friendly methods for textile dyeing
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2015) Zia UL Haq, Muhammad
This study primarily focused on the reduction of salt based pollutants during the dyeing of fabrics by using a biodegradable salt. Optimal process conditions have been achieved regarding quantity of biodegradable salt and color fastness of the dyed fabrics. The dyeing method used was pad steam dyeing and dye strength used was 20 g/L. Fabric samples were dyed by padding. After padding steaming was done in a steamer for around 60 seconds. After dyeing, washing off was carried out to remove any un-reacted dye. To remove any unfixed dye which might have been left after washing, the fabric was further boiled with dim ethyl form amide solution to strip off any unfixed dye on it. Good results have been obtained by using pad steam dyeing of fabric using bio-degradable salt such as Tri-sodium nitrilotriacetate which reduced the amount of salt in effluents to about 30%. The method for dyeing has been improved and tested on a pilot plant in a textile industry to check large scale useful uses of the salt and method at the same time. The study showed that the selected bio-degradable salt can be used for pad-steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes to take the place of conventional salt. Tri-sodium nitrilotriacetate gave better dye fixation and color fastness as compared to the conventional salts.
Synthesis of carbon nanoparticles by using seed oils and evaluation of their biological applications
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2015) Salman Muhsan, Muhammad
Synthesis of carbon nanoparticles was carried out by using different seed oils (mustard, olive, linseed, castor, almond, eucalyptus and cardamom oils). Simple combustion technique was applied and it was as efficient as other methods such as laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, arc discharge. Nano particles of Carbon having nano range were synthesized by using the above stated oils by the help of this simplistic and inexpensive technique. The characterization was done by powder Thermo Gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The average size of carbon nanoparticles by using mustard oil, olive oil, linseed oil, almond oil, eucalyptus oil, lemon oil and cardamom oil was observed that was 18 nm, 24nm, 57nm, 3.46nm, 3.042nm, 4.69nm and 4.70nm respectively.as explored by using powder X-Ray Diffraction technique. Surface morphology of these synthesized carbon nanostructures was predicted by the help of scanning electron microscopy technique. The screening of these produced carbon nanoparticles was done for antibacterial activities against different species (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus refrigere) and productive results were obtained.
Molecular detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in environmental samples and mutational analysis of pncA gene by multiplex allele specific PCR
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Salim, Saema
Tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as one of the main sources of death in the most recent decade. Tuberculosis (TB), one of the basic human diseases, brought about by species from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, creating 3,000,000 deaths for each year around the world (WHO, 1996). Five species are included in MTBC. These are M. tuberculosis, M. canetti, M. bovis, M. microtiand M. africanum. The spread of TB is because of migration, the rise of drug resistant strains. This studyis aimed to identify the M. tuberculosis and M. bovisin environmental samples (drinking water, sewerage water, hospital waste) and bovine milk samples using PCR method. DNA was extracted from bovine milk samples, drinking water samples (tape water), hospital waste (waste water) and sewerage samples. The primers M and S were used to generate amplicons of sizes 318 and 291 bp which represented M. tuberculosis and M. bovisrespectively. 55 samples of milk were tested and the prevalence of TB in these samples was 5.4%. 30 samples of drinking water were tested in this study and the prevalence of TB in these samples was 3.3%. 5 samples of waste water from hospitals were tested and the prevalence of TB in these samples was 40%. 10 samples of sewerage water were tested and the prevalence of TB in these samples was 40%. The mutations of pncAgene were analyzed in these positive TB samples. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important first-line drug in the treatment of MDR-TB. These TB positive samples were subjected to multiplex allele specific PCR. Two mutations were targeted in this study with one being the leucine replaced by proline in the amino acid position 85 and the other being the aspartate changing to alanine in the amino acid position 12. The substitution being the as partate to alanine at amino acid 12 was more frequent as compared to substitution being the leucine replaced by proline in the amino acid position 85. Presence of TB in these samples is a great health hazard. So control measures are required to stop the transmission of TB.
Analysis and treatment of gelatin industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Ahmad, Kabir
The study is based on the analysis of the gelatin industry waste and their possible treatments to make it less hazardous. The wastewater of gelatin industry show alkaline nature, high levels of total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and also contains toxic metals such as Lead and Chromium. This research is based on the possible and cheaper treatment of wastewater of gelatin industry using agricultural waste (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The samples were collected from outlet of gelatin factory. The wastewater contain pH 8.5, TDS values 1700mg/lit, EC 408µs/cm, TSS 720mg/lit, COD 478mg/lit, BOD 120mg/lit, Cr 1.4mg/lit, Pb 8.9mg/lit and Fe 8.3mg/lit. This wastewater was passed through a bed of (0.5mm thick) rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal.The results of treated wastewater were quite promising. By using rice husk treatment, pH changed to 6.5, EC 240µs/cm, COD value to 80 mg/lit, BOD value to 65mg/lit, TDS 768mg/lit and TSS 138mg/lit, Cr 0.13mg/lit, Pb 4.1 And Fe 4.6mg/lit. By using wheat straw treatment pH reached to 6.9 while EC 274µs/cm, COD 124mg/lit, BOD 72mg/lit, TDS 930mg/lit and TSS 142mg/lit, Cr 0.05mg/lit, Pb 0.4mg/lit and Fe 4.8mg/lit. By using animal charcoal treatment pH changed up to 7.3, EC 250µs/cm, COD 130mg/lit, BOD 78mg/lit, TDS 870 mg/lit and TSS 140mg/lit, Cr 0.09mg/lit, Pb 2.1mg/lit and Fe 5.2mg/lit.
Synthesis and charecterization of copper-doped nickle oxide nanophotocatalysts for degradation of erichrome black-t and methylene blue
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Ahmad, Zaheer
To improve the photocatalytic activity of NiO nanoparticles, Cu doped NiO nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. The UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to measure the photocatalytic activity. The nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, DRS and FT-IR. XRD results showed that the peaks were broadened by introduction of Cu. XRD measurements showed that the peak intensity was decreased as nickel onide nanoparticles were doped with copper. The peak broadness in XRD spectra for doped particles showed the loss of crystallinity. The size of CuO, NiO and Cu doped nickel oxide as calculated by Sherrer’s fomula were 11.3 nm, 9.1 nm and 2.4 nm respectively. FT-IR spectra for doped NiO nanoparticles showed that no extra peak was appeared. The DRS spectra indicated that band gap decrease due to cu doping of NiO nanoparticles lead the enhancement of activity of photocatalytic degradation. Degradation of methylene blue MB and erichrome Black-T under visible light was applied to appraise the photocatalytic activity. When NiO nanoparticles were doped with CuO nanoparticles, the band gap was shifted to lesser value of 2.08 eV than 2.29 eV for pure NiO nanoparticles. Lowering band gap will be responsible for degradation of dyes.
Analysis and treatment of paper industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Shehzad, Aamir
With the development of industries the environment is affected by elimination of huge amount of waste water in ponds, rivers, streams and oceans. The waste water of paper industry show alkaline nature, high levels of TDS, TSS, EC, COD and BOD, also contains toxic metals such as Lead and Zinc. This research show that the analysis and treatment of waste water of paper industry using agricultural waste (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The sample was collected from outlet of pulp and paper mill. The untreated waste water had pH 7.4, TDS values 1488mg/lit, EC 408µs/cm, TSS 720mg/lit, COD 478mg/lit and BOD 120mg/lit. The results of treated waste water were quite different than untreated wastewater. By using rice husk treatment, pH changed to 6.9, EC 241µs/cm, COD value to 182 mg/lit, BOD value to 61mg/lit, TDS 856mg/lit and TSS 431mg/lit. By using wheat straw treatment pH reached to 6.7 while EC 280µs/cm, COD 180mg/lit, BOD 82mg/lit, TDS 950mg/lit and TSS 520mg/lit. By using animal charcoal treatment pH changed up to 6.8, EC 228µs/cm, COD 163mg/lit, BOD 70mg/lit, TDS 707 mg/lit and TSS 380mg/lit. The results shown by animal charcoal treatment in the reducing the wastes from effluents were better than other two treatments. The elimination of Zn, Pb and Fe from waste water were studied via rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal treatment. The experiment was conducted by using spectrophotometer. By using rice husk treatment the percentage removal of metals was recorded as Zinc of 62%, Lead 50% and Iron 75%. By using wheat straw treatment the elimination of Zinc was observed up to 48%, Lead as 53% and Iron as 50%. By using animal charcoal treatment the percentage removing of Zinc, Lead and Iron were achieved up to15%, 17% and 31%respectively.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Applications of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Complexes with Copper (Ii), Iron (Ii), Manganese (Ii)
(University of Management & Technology, 2016) Shoukat, Samia
Diseases are the challenge for human being as old as man himself. In every era of life people try to overcome and cure these diseases. For that purpose plants are the natural resources of drugs which are produced during different process of life as by-product. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic drug of class penicillin. The first Amoxicillin became presented in 1972. On the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, it is the most important medications needed in a basic health system. One of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in children. Amoxicillin is available as a generic medication. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better-absorbed, following oral administration, than other β-lactam antibiotics. This drug acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up basic component of the cell walls of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Amoxicillin has three ionisable groups in the physiological range i.e. amino group, amide carbonyl group and the carboxyl group. Amoxicillinis active with both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The lactam ring inhibits bacterial growth by proteolysis mechanism. This antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by microorganisms. Amoxicillin degraded its β-lactam ring and produced clavulanic acid to increase its susceptibility in the presence of β-lactamase. Amoxicillin is a very popular, safe antibiotic. Copper come from its ability to control the growth of organisms. This occurs when copper is biologically available in required concentration. Copper has been established to be an effective antibacterial, antiplaque agent in mouthwashes and toothpastes. Copper also continues to be widely used for the control of unwanted organisms in fish farming (Chain, 1940). Copper antifouling agents used on fish net pens.Copper is stemming from their potential use as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor agents, enzyme inhibitors or chemical nucleases. The biochemical action of copper complexes with anti-Bacterial drugs has been studied. Numerous copper showing greater anti-inflammatory activity, as well as reduced toxicity compared to the uncomplexed drug, have been prepared and structurally characterized. Copper also helpful in the design and production of antiviral and antibacterial materials, able to deactivate viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Role of mercury toxicity in kidney disease incidence in Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Abubakar, Muhammad
High level of mercury can cause severe effects on kidneys including mental disorder. If its level exceeded from 50 µg/dL then it can be very harmful for people. Goal of the present study is to evaluate serum uric acid as biomarker like blood urea and serum creatinine biomarkers of kidney disorder and to check the co-relation of abnormal level of mercury with serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid. Methods: Hundred subjects were randomly enlisted in this study, having kidney disorders, for example, renal disorder, and co-relation of mercury with biomarkers was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Serum uric acid level was raised in 55 patients while blood urea and serum creatinine level was found in 72 and 83 patients individually. High serum uric acid concentration was observed in 70.73% females (p=0.0003) and 44.07% males (p=0.2692). The co-relation between mercury (Hg), serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid was found insignificant. Conclusion: co-relation between mercury (Hg), serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid level was insignificant. Serum uric acid is raised up to high level in patients with impeded renal function in all members. Higher levels of serum uric acid were not essentially associated with serum creatinine and blood urea level in all patients.
Analysis and treatment of leather industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Aslam, Waqar
This research work illustrates the analysis and treatment of wastewater of leather industry using agricultural low cost material (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The sample of leather industry wastewater was collected from outlet pipes of the leather industry. During analysis of wastewater it was recorded that wastewater having pH 7.4, and contain high amount of BOD 115mg/L, TSS 740mg/L, COD 456mg/L and also high amount of metals such as Zinc (2mg/L), Lead (2mg/L) and Chromium (0.5 mg/L). These values were much greater than the National Environment and Quality Standards (NEQS) limits. To treat this wastewater wheat straw, animal charcoal and rice husk were used. Rice husk reduced pH to 6.9, TSS to 416 mg/L, COD to 180 mg/L, BOD to 56 mg/L, Zinc metal to 1 mg/L and Chromium metal to 0.1 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. Animal charcoal reduced pH to 6.1, TSS to 360 mg/L, COD to 168 mg/L, BOD to 67 mg/L, zinc metal to 1 mg/l and Chromium metal to 0.1 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. Wheat straw reduced pH to 6.7, COD to 175 mg/L, BOD 78 mg/L, Zinc ions to 1 mg/L and Chromium metal to 0.2 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. These methods were very cheaper and suitable to reduce such high amounts under NEQS limits. The concentration of Iron, TDS and electrical conductivity were also recorded for the wastewater sample but these values were already within NEQS limits. By using rice husk treatment the percentage removal of metals was recorded as Chromium of 60%, Zinc of 62%, Lead 50% and Iron 75%. By using wheat straw treatment the elimination of Chromium of 52%, Zinc was observed up to 48%, Lead as 53% and Iron as 50%. By using animal charcoal treatment the percentage removal of Chromium, Zinc, Lead and Iron were achieved up to 30%, 15%, 17% and 31% respectively.
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Pseudomonas species in different clinical sources/specimens
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Muhammad Azeem Bhatti
Pseudomonas is a gram negative aerobic bacterium of relatively low virulence and belonging to the bacterial family pseudomonas decease. Pseudomonas is abundant in moist environment, mostly as water borne and soil borne organisms. Pseudomonas species have been found in water, plants, soil and animals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization apparently occurs in more than 50% of humans. Pseudomonas is an opportunistic pathogen, causing monomial infections. These organisms show innate resistance too many antibiotics and can develop new resistance after exposure to antimicrobial agents. It causes respiratory system infections, blood infections, wounds infections, urinary tract infections and variety of systemic infection in patients.
Removal of copper ions from polluted Water by activated carbon
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Ashraf, Fakhra
There are many sources of water pollution. Most of them are city sewage and industrial waste which are removed in rivers, sea and canals etc. Heavy metals released in the environment that create global problem. Water pollution is damage of streams, lakes, underground water, sounds, or seas by substances unsafe to living things. Removal of copper ion is done by activated carbon. The process is use for their removal of copper. Metal are removed by using activated carbon. By using oxidizer as adsorbent metals are removed from aqueous solution. The major advantage of activated carbon is inexpensive and cheap. The main point of this work was to achievement low cost and effective adsorbents for the removal of Cu using tamarind stone carbon. It was detected from the experimental results that almost 90percent copper can be separate from the solution. Adsorption have been examined as a purpose of initial Cu (II) ion concentration, Particle size, pH and temperature. Data were studied using spectrophotometer. On the basis of experimental results it can be concluded that the carbonaceous tamarind is effective for the elimination of Cu (II) from solution.
Wastes of sugar industry and their eco-friendly disposal
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Nadeem Abas
The waste water of sugar industry has been analyzed for various parameters including PH, Electrical conductivity, TDS, TSS, Hardness, BOD, COD, and heavy metals such as Zn, Pb and Fe. A very cheaper method has been devised for treatment of mentioned parameters which was based on rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal. The results obtained were very fruitful and Zn, Fe and Pb have been successfully removed up to 77.77% from the waste water of sugar industry. Adsorption of Pb, Zinc and iron by using three different inexpensive adsorbent having to be more preferable preferences for waste water management. Iron and Lead have been frequently estimated in higher numbers in sugar industry waste-water. Adsorption competences different as role of PH By using heavy metal's aqueous solution with animal charcoal, wheat straw, and rice husk adsorption isotherms have been investigated. Adsorption isotherms have been dependable along with Langmuir´s adsorption model. Here it were compared undertaken the adsorption effectiveness of animal charcoal, wheat straw, and rice husk. The consequence of PH, constituent part size also special adsorbent on the adsorption isotherm of animal charcoal, wheat straw, and rice husk were premeditated into batch system. In point of fact the percentage of removing Zn, Fe as well as lead reached highest to 75%, 56% and 77.77%, (Pb > Zn > Fe) correspondingly. The results shown by animal charcoal treatment in the reducing the wastes from effluents were better than other two treatments.
Identification of serum uric acid level as biomarker of kidney disease
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Mustafa, Azeem
High serum uric acid (SUA) level can cause serious health problems including renal insufficiency. High SUA level is associated with many diseases including Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Objective of the present study was to evaluate serum uric acid as biomarker like blood urea and serum creatinine biomarkers of kidney diseases. Methods: Hundred subjects were randomly enrolled in this study, having kidney diseases such as renal failure, kidney stone, hematuria and proteinuria. Results: Serum uric acid level was elevated in 55 patients while blood urea and serum Creation level was found raise in 72 and 83 patients respectively. High serum uric acid value was observed significant in 70.73% females (p=0.0003) and 44.07% males (p=0.2692).
Incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli in different clinical specimens
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Sidra Marium
Antibiotic drug resistance is a major public problem which leads to the ban on many antibiotics. The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli in different clinical specimens. 800 samples of urine, tracheal secretion, wound and blood were collected. The microbe identification was carried out by using standard method. The antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli were determined through Disk diffusion method. The result showed the maximum incidence of E.coli was observed in urinary tract infection. The maximum antibiotic resistance was observed for cefixime 90% followed by co-trimaxazole 89.6%, ciprofloxacin 85.7%, ceftriaxone 84.2%, ceftaidime 80.3%, amoxicillin+clav 73.2%, tobramycin 44%, pipercillin+tazob 20%, imipenam 12.6% and amikacin 122.2%. Maximum sensitivity was showed by amikacin 87.7% and imipenam 87.3%, cefoprazone+sul 84.6%, pipercillin+tazob 80%, tobramycin 55.2%. This study showed that single antibiotic showed different resistance pattern according to different sites of infection. This proved that single antibiotic cannot be used for different infection sites. The incidence pattern of E.coli was changing according to time period. E.coli changing resistance pattern is need to be addressed.
Impact of water quality on properties of parboiled rice
(University of Management and Technolog, 2016) Nisar, Sajida
Different improved physical qualities have been observed at TDS, hardness, total chlorides contents and moisture contents of all water samples were carefully analyzed. The length, width and breadth of the processed rice from all these mills were determined the length of rice from Khokhar rice mills, Allahmadad rice mills and Ayesha rice mills was maximum boiled that of rice processed at Fatima rice mills was minimum. The width of rice processed at Allahmadad rice mills was maximum while the width of rice at Anwar rice mills was minimum among all samples. Breadth was also analyzed and it was found that the breadth of rice processed at Allahmadad rice mills was significantly better than rest of races samples. It was found that water quality having TDS 4500-6000, hardness 440 and chloride 580 was proved very good for processing of rice. The parboiling with gelatinizing of starch of rice gives an additional strength to rice grains which results in enhanced resistance of rice grains against pressure exerted during the paddy trashing procedure. The moisture contents also having cast impact on the high production of head rice. It was found that head rice having moisture contents of grains up to 14 to 16% proved increase yield of head rice. The main source of water in the rice mill is underground water. So, the quality of water varies from place to place in different regions of Pakistan. The underground water has different dissolved salts concentration, different pH, different ions such as chlorides, carbonate and bicarbonate. Presence of chlorides from 800 to 2000 in raw water was proved better impact on rice qualities
Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of abutilon indicum and its antimicrobial, antioxidant, photocatalytic dye degradation activities
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Ijaz, Faheem
The study reports a superficial method for the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles by a solution combustion method using Abutilon indicum water extract. The Copper oxide Nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and UV–Visible studies. XRD data indicates the formation of pure monoclinic crystallite structures of CuO Nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the particles have sponge like structure with large surface area and the average crystallite sizes were found to be 60–120 nm. These observations were confirmed by TEM analysis. Photocatalytic activity studies of CuO Nanoparticles revealed that they act as very good catalyst for the effective degradation of acid black 210 in the presence of Sunlight. The CuO Nanoparticles found to inhibit the activity of 1,1-Diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals effectively. CuO Nanoparticles exhibited significant bactericidal activity against E.coli,Staphyloccus aureus, Klebsiell and Bacillus subtilis. This research revealed a simple, ecofriendly and robust method for the synthesis of multifunctional CuO nanoparticles employing under utilized medicinal plants.
Incidence and resistance pattern of bacteria associated with wound infection
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Muhammad Bilal Khan
Background: Microorganisms are so infectious and active that they can cause diseases in relatively healthy individuals. There are various reasons for these diseases. These may spread from the contact with a diseased person such as influenza. When any pathogen invades the host cell then it may break its cell wall and rupture it. This type of infection may be a dangerous one. Well it also depends upon the ability of host cell to resist against this infection with the help of its immune system. Some pathogens called primary pathogens invade the healthy and normal host and maintain their activities within its host. Methods: The blood, wound and urine samples were collected from different patients. The blood sample was collected in blood culture bottle. In the laboratory all samples were culture aerobically through blood agar and MacConkey agar plates for 24h at 37oC temperature. The prevalence and resistance of antibiotic determine through catalase test, oxidase test. Results: The study included 800 samples from different patients. In which 337 samples were of wound infection, 179 samples of blood and 284 urine samples. In wound infection, the most prevalence bacteria's which cause wound infections were Staphylococcus aurous, Klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas spp. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Clindamycin on Staphylococcus aurous was 19% and sensitivity is 81%. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Clindamycin on Klebsiella pneumonia was 6% and sensitivity was 94%. Conclusion: Our study showed the incidence and resistance pattern of bacteria associated wound infection. Many bacteria's that causes infection but Staphylococcus aurous is the most prevalence bacteria in wound infection. The most sensitivity antibiotic on the Staphylococcus aurous was Clindamycin.
Analysis of gyrA mutations in local TB patients of Lahore Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Afzal, Iram
Tuberculosis is a slowly progressive, debilitating disease that kills about 1.5 million people world-wide. Pakistan ranked 4th in global TB burden. In this research work, male-female ratio showed that the rate of TB is 32 times higher in women as compared to men. The patients suffering from pulmonary TB were 94% and only 6% were recorded as extra pulmonary TB. All the extra pulmonary TB cases were found in females. There were about 72% cases which were positive for MDR-TB. Out of these72% MDR-TB cases,all were previously treated. The differentiation between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis reflects that none of the sample belonged to M. bovis. All the isolates were belonged to M. tuberculosis, but 6% samples had extra-pulmonary TB. It shows that M. tuberculosis not only affects the lungs, but also the other parts of the human body. Gyra mutations were investigated by using newly designed primers, at codons 90, 91, and 94. Results showed that out of all samples there were mutations in 60% samples. There were mutations in 30% samples at codon 90, 6% samples were mutated at codon 91 and 24% were mutated at codon 94.
Analysis and treatment of fertilizer industry wastewater
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Umair, Muhammad
This study is based on the analysis of the fertilizer industry wastes and their possible treatments to make it less hazardous.The single superphosphate (SSP) industry was chosen for this purpose. Samples of waste water collected from various drains of the industry. The analysis revealed that waste water contain high amounts of TDS( 2340 mg/l), Ca2+ (2160mg/l), SO42- (1766mg/l), PO43- (2638mg/l) and Pb2+ (16mg/l). The pollutants have been successfully reduced to lower values TDS(1000mg/l), Ca2+(1633 mg/l), SO42-(1254 mg/l), PO43-(2135 mg/l), Pb2+(8 mg/l) by using wheat bagass and TDS(1600mg/l), Ca2+(1186 mg/l), SO42-(1005 mg/l), PO43-(1884 mg/l), Pb2+(12 mg/l) by using rice husk and TDS(1400mg/l), Ca2+(1105 mg/l), SO42-(969 mg/l), PO43- (1633 mg/l), Pb2+(4 mg/l) by using animal charcoal.

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