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Item Evaluation Of Plant Extract Based Candelilla Wax Formulation To Improve Shelf Life Of Fruits(University of Management & Technology, 2018) Irshad, AaliaMost of fruits and vegetables are available in some specific season and not in others. So techniques have been developed to preserve such seasonal foods intact for later use. Blending extracts of medicinal plants with Candelilla wax as edible coating has been experimented by different researchers. So in present study two medicinal plants were explored because of their reported antifungal activity. Aloe vera (A. vera) is one of the liliaceous plants that has been a commonly used in skin care and pharmaceutical products. A. vera can be a good choice in protecting and prolonging the shelf life of food products. Toona ciliata (T. ciliata) is a large deciduous tree. It has vast application for treatment of chronic dysentery, ulcer, fever and headache. In present work two protecting films are formulated by mixing the extracts of A. vera separately T. ciliata with naturally occurring edible candelilla wax obtained from E.antisyphilitica. This wax was applied on fresh fruits including Golden apples, banana and lemon to estimate the effect of wax for promoting the shelf life of fruits under room temperature at 25o C for about 10 days and analyzed after every 30 hours. To calculate the performance of edible coating different parameters were observed including skin appearance, pH and weight loss. Weight loss in apples coated with ECC ranged from 0.3%-1.9%, ECAV 0- 2.6% and ECTC 0.3-1.9%. In case of Banana weight loss reached to 22.7% in ECC, 19.5% in ECAV and 28% in ECTC. In lemon 18.3% in ECC, 28.9% in ECAV and 44.42% in ECTC. pH values were also determined in apples reached to 6.0 in ECC, 5.5 in ECAV and 5.0 in ECTC. In banana pH values of all films were reached to 6.3 and in lemon all films showed slight difference in pH value i-e 3.0, 2.8 and 2.9 respectively. Fruits were stored at room temperature only banana showed the fungal attack. This application is industrially as well as economically beneficial in terms of maintaining the nutritional quality and browning of skin.Item Estimation Of Blends Of Candelilla Wax And Plant Extracts For Fruit Storage(University of Management & Technology, 2018) Farzand, AqsaNow a days there is high demand for healthier and fresh food consumption by society. In recent years, naturally occurring substances have been mainly focused to process fruits and vegetable being as alternative antioxidants and antimicrobials. Blending of plant extracts of medicinal plants with Candelilla wax used for edible coating has been experimented by different researchers. In this study two medicinal plants are selected who are known to have antifungal potential. Cassia Fistula commonly known as Amaltash phal is one of most versatile medicinal plant of Fabaceae family which have great attraction for scholars. Studies showed the presence of antifungal activity present in leaves extracts. Its active components have reported pharmacological effects like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepaprotective and hypoglycemic potential. The powdered leaves of C. fistula were extracted in Soxhlet extractor with methanol. Achyranthes aspera belongs to the Amaranthaceae family. The plant are used to cure antirhematic, diuretic, dental pain or menstrual discomfort. Studies reveals that antifungal properties are depicted in plant leaves extracts. The well knowns ingredients which were isolated from this plant are flavones derivatives (astragalin, isoquercetin), phenolic acids, sterols, quinones, polysaccharides, saponins. The powdered leaves of A. aspera and C. fistula were extracted with methanol. This study will be useful to explore the application of blended wax to prolong the freshness of fruit on industrial scale. In this study, Films formulated with edible natural wax, and additives A. aspera and C. fistula were applied to evaluate their effects on the quality of fruits. Weight loss activity was performed against all samples. ECAA and ECCF showed a lowest weight loss as compared to ECC and WOC. In ECAA film there was less weight loss started from 0.3g to 1.5g after 150h in apples. In ECCF, 0.2g to 1.2g weight loss was found after 150 in apples, but on the other hand weight loss activity in ECC 0.3 to 3.0 and WOC 0.4 to 1.8 after 150h, that was higher as compared to ECAA and ECCF. ECAA and ECCF showed good result in apples but in bananas and lemons, due to sensitivity of fruits it’s showed higher weight and pH loss.Item Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Applications of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Complexes with Copper (Ii), Iron (Ii), Manganese (Ii)(University of Management & Technology, 2016) Shoukat, SamiaDiseases are the challenge for human being as old as man himself. In every era of life people try to overcome and cure these diseases. For that purpose plants are the natural resources of drugs which are produced during different process of life as by-product. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic drug of class penicillin. The first Amoxicillin became presented in 1972. On the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, it is the most important medications needed in a basic health system. One of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in children. Amoxicillin is available as a generic medication. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better-absorbed, following oral administration, than other β-lactam antibiotics. This drug acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up basic component of the cell walls of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Amoxicillin has three ionisable groups in the physiological range i.e. amino group, amide carbonyl group and the carboxyl group. Amoxicillinis active with both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The lactam ring inhibits bacterial growth by proteolysis mechanism. This antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by microorganisms. Amoxicillin degraded its β-lactam ring and produced clavulanic acid to increase its susceptibility in the presence of β-lactamase. Amoxicillin is a very popular, safe antibiotic. Copper come from its ability to control the growth of organisms. This occurs when copper is biologically available in required concentration. Copper has been established to be an effective antibacterial, antiplaque agent in mouthwashes and toothpastes. Copper also continues to be widely used for the control of unwanted organisms in fish farming (Chain, 1940). Copper antifouling agents used on fish net pens.Copper is stemming from their potential use as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor agents, enzyme inhibitors or chemical nucleases. The biochemical action of copper complexes with anti-Bacterial drugs has been studied. Numerous copper showing greater anti-inflammatory activity, as well as reduced toxicity compared to the uncomplexed drug, have been prepared and structurally characterized. Copper also helpful in the design and production of antiviral and antibacterial materials, able to deactivate viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Item Hepatoprotective Activity of Pistachia khinjuk(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Tayyaba MushtaqThe present investigations were carried out to establish the medicinal value of Pistachia khinjuk synonym Shiney. This medicinal plant belongs to the family Anacardiaceae (cashews) including more than 700 species of 82 generas. Pistachia is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. Pistacia khinjuk can grow up to 25 meters in length and thrive in arid and semi-arid areas. In this research the objective was to test the hepatoprotective activity by the induction of CCl4 to the Swiss Albino Mice. The seeds extract in different doses 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg were given orally to albino mice groups, each group contained six mice. The dose was given for fourteen days and on 15th day a healthy mouse of each group was dissected blood was taken in EDTA tubes and liver was preserved in Formalin solution. The blood was tested by ALTs kit. It was observed that the levels of serum enzymes such as Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), Alkaline Phosphate (ALKP), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), and bilirubin levels were decreased. For the purpose of comparative study silymarin was used as a standard drug. The results revealed that , the values of SGOT, SGPT, ALKP and Bilirubin were 61.05, 57.55, 138.31, 0.91 for positive control group, 85.48, 55.29, 138.31, 0.46 for negative control group, 119.99, 107.09, 151.96, 1.43 for P.khinjuk group (100 mg/kg), 89.89, 94.41, 191.46, 1.09 for P.khinjuk group (250 mg/kg) and 69.47, 72.21, 164.35, 0.79 for P.khinjuk group (500 mg/kg) repectively. The histopathological studies of mice liver were carried out . The histopathology study showed that the plant extract of 100mg/kg showed less positive effect rather than 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg showed high and positive effect than other concentrations(100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg) against CCl4 damage. The results of this study on the seed extract of Pistacia khinjuk confirmed excellent hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 damaged liver in albino mice. This study proved that Pistacia khinjuk acts as an indigenous plant which is highly effective plant for the liver diseases. In future further work is required to isolate chemical and biological constituents from the seeds and to check biological activity of purified constituents.Item A STUDY ON ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF CASSIA FISTULA LINN(University of Management & Technology, 2017) HUSSAIN, SHAISTAMedicinal plants are widely used by the traditional practitioners to cure different diseases due to their world-wide availability and fewer side effects. Plants are extremely important for life to provide nourishment and oxygen and are also used to treat different aliments. Likewise Cassia fistula Linn (C. fistula) is a therapeutic plant that belongs to family Fabaceae and is commonly called ‘amaltas’, “Indian Laburnum” and ‘’Golden Shower.’’ C. fistula is very popular ornamental plant found in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Philippine, South Africa, Malaysia, Brazil. This plant has long history of therapeutic use, and still commonly used in pharmaceuticals. Moreover, C. fistula is commonly used by ethnic to treat many ailments containing ringworm and fungal skin infections thereby it is known as disease killer. In Ayurveda, whole parts of C. fistula such as bark, roots, fruits and leaves, are used for treating fever, constipation, digestive distresses and skin diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of different extracts of leaves of C. fistula. Their antioxidant activity was also examined. Methanol, aqueous, and n- hexane were used as a solvents. Phytochemical screening revealed that plant contains steroids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. The aqueous, n-hexane, and methanol extracts of C. fistula were analyzed against C. albican, and S. cerevisiae for antifungal activity. Antifungal activity was performed by agar well diffusion method. In this method all extracts of C. fistula were tested against two fungal strains. Nystain was used as a standard. As indicated by the zone of inhibition the highest antifungal activity of methanolic extract (2.6-3) was shown by S. cerevisiae. Antioxidant activity were evaluated by using Total Phenolic Content assay which showed that methanol extract has highest activity among all extracts (GAE=37287) and lowest activity was shown by n-hexane extract which was (GAE=14545) and aqueous extract showed activity (GAE=14839) which was slightly greater than n- hexane. The results indicated that methanolic extracts of C. fistula leaves are more effective source of herbal medicines against infectious diseases.Item Textile Dyeing Using Traditional and Biodegradable Salts. A Comparative Study(University of Management & Technology, 2017) BILAL, MUHAMMAD IMRANThis theory shows the consequences of concentrates into the viability of biodegradable basic natural salts as contrasting options to customary non-biodegradable inorganic salts (electrolytes) and soluble bases utilized as a part of exhaust coloring of cotton with receptive colors.The essential goal of the investigation was to create enhanced earth economical coloring frameworks. A synozol blue, synozol red, synozol black and synozol Ultra Wine colors were utilized as a part of this study. After early reassuring outcomes utilizing ammonium acetic acid derivation salts. The colour fastness to laundering of all dyed fabrics, Color fastness to crocking and Color fastness to light of dyed fabric was found at good level. In replacement of sodium chloride, Ammonium acetate (NH₄CH₃CO₂) has been successfully employed to make the process environment friendly.Item Hypoglycemic activity of pistachia khinjuk(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Saima TajDiabetes is spreading all over the world day by day. There are many ways to treat diabetes mellitus which includes synthetic drugs, Homeopathic medicine or Unani Medicine etc. These Medicines have many side effects. Natural products include herbs, shrubs and large plants which cure diabetes mellitus and prove excellent hypoglycemic activity. These herbal medicines have no side effects. Almost all the species of family Anacardiaceae show hypoglycemic activity and used from centuries to cure diabetes. Many pistachio species show hypoglycemic activity and have a very long history of herbal remedies. The present study evaluates the hypoglycemic effect of Pistachia khinjuk. In this study, hypoglycemic effect is checked from the extract and wax of Pistachia khinjuk individually. Six groups of Swiss albino mice were made for wax and six for extract (80:20 Methanol: water) of Pistachia khinjuk separately and each group contains six albino mice. All the mice were injected alloxan monohydrate except normal group of wax and extract. Group 1 was treated as normal group and receives no treatment, group 2 receive 5mg/kg of glibenclamide after alloxan monohydrate induction, group 3 receive no treatment after alloxan monohydrate induction, group 4 and 5 receive 500 and 250mg/kg of Pistachia khinjuk extract while group 6 receives 500mg/kg Pistachia khinjuk wax after alloxan monohydrate treatment. Almost all the mice for wax (Pistachia khinjuk) of group 4, 5 and 6 show gradual increase in their diabetes while all the mice for extract (Pistachia khinjuk) of group 4, 5 and 6 show hypoglycemic activity and decreases blood glucose level. Present study indicated the hypoglycemic effect of Pistachia khinjuk for extract but indicates opposite results for wax of Pistachia khinjuk. There is a clear difference of increased blood glucose level for wax of Pistachia khinjuk. There may be many factors behind this activity which needs more research on it by detecting and analyzing specific compound which cause this effect. The methanolic extract due to phenolic constituents proves to be excellent antidiabetic medicine.Item Textile dyeing using traditional and biodegradable salts(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Bilal, Muhammad ImranThis theory shows the consequences of concentrates into the viability of biodegradable basic natural salts as contrasting options to customary non-biodegradable inorganic salts (electrolytes) and soluble bases utilized as a part of exhaust coloring of cotton with receptive colors.The essential goal of the investigation was to create enhanced earth economical coloring frameworks. A synozol blue, synozol red, synozol black and synozol Ultra Wine colors were utilized as a part of this study. After early reassuring outcomes utilizing ammonium acetic acid derivation salts. The colour fastness to laundering of all dyed fabrics, Color fastness to crocking and Color fastness to light of dyed fabric was found at good level. In replacement of sodium chloride, Ammonium acetate (NH₄CH₃CO₂) has been successfully employed to make the process environment friendly.Item COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SEVEN MYOSIN XI PROTEINS (XI-A to XI-G) IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Sidra ToorArabidopsis is widely used in the field of plant research. Arabidopsis thaliana emerged as a model organism for plant biologists in early nineties. Myosins belong to a super family of molecular motor proteins that occur in probably all eukaryotic cells. These proteins are actively involved in trafficking of cell organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, golgi stacks, and endomembrane vesicles. Myosins are also involved in signal transduction in cell. The present study aims at the analysis of physio-chemical properties of seven myosin XI (XI-A, XI-B, XI-C, XI-D, XI-E, XI-F, and XI-G), their functions, binding sites, sub cellular locations, secondary and tertiary structures prediction. Phylogenetic analysis, molecular simulation and molecular docking will be conducted through using different bioinformatics tools to study the characteristics of these proteins.Item IN SILICO CHARACTERIZATION OF SIX MYOSIN XI PROTEINS (XI-H, XI-I, XI-J XI-K, XI-1 XI-2) IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Samera AshrafOrganelle movement in plants cells is extremely dynamic and is acto-myos independent process. Myosins belong to a super family of molecular motor proteins which are present probably in all eukaryotic cells. These proteins are involved in trafficking of organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, peroxisomes, Golgi stacks, and endomembrane vesicles. These proteins bind with ATP, hydrolyze it to generate force and movement along with actin filaments. This movement is obligatory to carronet various cellular functions. Cell movement, muscular contraction, cytokinesis, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction are driven by myosins that move unidirectional along actin filaments. The present study aims at the analysis of physio-chemical properties of six myosin XI (XI-H, XI-I, XI-J XI-K, XI-1, and XI-2), their functions, binding sites, sub cellular locations, secondary and tertiary structures prediction. Phylogenetic analysis, molecular simulation and molecular docking will be conducted through using different bioinformatics tools to study the characteristics of these proteins.Item Synthesis and characterization of sanguinarine nitrate(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Hassan Askary, SyedSanguinaria canadensis, common name bloodroot have eight isoquinoline alkaloids with six main alkaloids names as quaternary ammonium benzophenanthridine are sanguinarine, chelerythrine, sanguilutin, chelilutin, sanguherin, and quetririn in them sanguinarine alkaloid concentration is highest that is approximatly 50 %. Sanguinarin alkaloid was separated by precipitation method and sanguinarine nitrate was synthesized by repeated acid base reaction. In which concentrated amonia and dilute nitric acid was used. Conformation test was performed on HPLC and UV-vis. A shortest time period method was introduced on HPLC. Sanguinarine was separated on Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18, 4.6 x 100mm, 3.5 micron column, by using gradient elution of ACN (A) in 1% acetic acid in water (B). For quantification, Chromatograms were acquired at 254nm. 10µg/ml injection was passed repeatedly three times. Results showed peak area at 1.43±0.02 retention time. Nitrate confirmation was confirmed by salt analysis while in UV-vis spectrophotometer standard and sample was run at 300 nm from which concentration of nitrate was also determined.Item Biological Screening of Sanguinarine Nitrate and its Medical Application on Fabric(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Hifza SibtainAlkaloids exist in monochrome crystalline form and heterogeneous solid powders that are more soluble in ethanol, ether, and chloroform but less or insoluble in H2O. Alkaloid benzophenanthridine also known as isobenzylacinone derived from the roots of Bloodroot. Sanguinarin has been initiate to give more than 50% of the S. canadensis part rhizome in dry condition. Sanguinarine nitrate commonly known as salt of sanguinarne. Antibacterial study was conduct on it by agar diffusion well-variant method and medicated fabric was formed by sol gel method and antibacterial study was conduct by agar diffusion disc variant method. The study was conducted on three bacteria's E. coli, S. aureus and B. spezzani species. Results that was obtain showed that sanguinarine as a quaternary ammonium salt have high efficiency of 43 % in agar diffusion well-variant method and 42% in agar diffusion disc variant method on medicated fabric toward Staphylococcus aureus. Dilution 10μg/L show high efficiency that is also a save dose range while dilution 8μg/L and 6μg/L show results comparatively low and respectively degrade.Item Determination of thiabendazole in fruits and vegetables(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Naz, MariaThiabendazole is a member of benzimidazole fungicide group which is mostly used in citrus fruits and vegetables. Some fungicides pesticides contain benzimidazole compounds like thiabendazole, imazalil used for fruit’s post-harvest treatment. Pesticides are important source of diffuse pollutants that are the major cause of environmental and food contamination, as well as health risk for living organisms. Therefore there is a need to control the risk related to the application of these pesticides. Therefore there is a necessity of simple, fast and cost effective techniques for the quantitative determination of pesticides in both environment and food samples. Analysis of the exit level of thiabendazole residue in citrus fruits and vegetables are important for government and private food laboratories. The presented research explained techniquesused for the estimation of residue of thiabendazole in food samples by high performance liquid chromatography and UV spectrophotometer. In this analysis, extraction of sample peels and pulps was done separately with the help of chloroform. Thiabendazole separated from the obtained extract through hydrochloric acid. By comparison of absorbance of standard thiabendazole with food samples absorbance, it was observed that lemon peel and pulp absorbed more thiabendazole. Further work was carried out by HPLC technique for determination of thiabendazole. The procedure was based on the solvent extraction by adding acetonitrile in the sample. To remove the moisture of the sample, sodium chloridewas used. Results obtained from HPLC chromatograms showed that lemon had high concentration of thiabendazole as compared to others sample. Cucumber had lowest concentration of thiabendazole. It was observed that thiabendazole concentration was low in market available fruits and vegetables.Both these techniques showed accurate and more precise results that were needed for the analysis of pesticide residue in fruits and vegetables.Item Phytochemicals from the seeds of peganum harmalal. And their antioxidant and antibacterial activity(University of Management and Technology, 2018) Ghazala RafiquePeganum harmala L. (P.harmala) is an important medicinal and traditional plant using in variety of diseases belongs to family zygophyllaceae, usually known as harmal, Esphand or wild rue. This research evaluated the phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of P. harmala seed extracts against different polarity solvents including methanol, hexane, benzene, chloroform and dichloromethane. Extraction of P. harmala is done by solvent extraction method. A preliminary qualitative phytochemical study showed the presence of secondary metabolites alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides in different extracts of P. harmala seeds while in methanol extract glycosides was absent. Tannins were absent in all extract of P. harmala seeds. Total phenolic content was also determined by Spectrophotometry method by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Antioxidant activity of different extracts of plant seed was checked by using DPPH radical method and ascorbic acid as standard. Dichloromethane extract of plant seed was found to have strong antioxidant activity of 85.4% at 50 µg/mL. Antibacterial activity of plant seeds extracts was also tested by disc diffusion method against three bacterial strains. Chloroform, dichloromethane and benzene extract showed mild antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium while methanol extract showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Hexane extract failed to inhibit the growth of bacteria. The result have shown that Peganum harmala Linn is rich source of secondary metabolites, a strong antioxidant and possess mild antibacterial activity.Item Identification and analysis of under lying mechanism of liver cirrhosis in local population of Gujranwala, Pakistan(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Abdul Razzaq MurtzaLargest body organ of human is liver. It lie in the upper right quadrant of body and provide double blood supply. A health liver consist of 202x1023 per milligram cell that categorized as parenchyma cell, kupffer cell, hepatic stellate cell, Pit cell. According to a estimate liver perform 500 different kind of function, Such as removing contaminate from blood, convert nutrient from food, storing minerals vitamins, regulating blood clothing, producing protein enzyme and fight against infection, but due to drug, viral or some other infection cause liver injury or cell death as a result of it liver fibrosis and cirrhosis occur. Cirrhosis is irreversible and end stage of liver disease, it is mostly occur in 5th and 6th decade of life and according to a estimate 170 million people are infected which is 3% of global population. In liver cirrhosis normal cell of liver replace by nodule like structure, which harden the liver. Cirrhotic patients become very sensitive for multiple complications. Portal hypertension and ascites are commonest complication in liver cirrhosis patients. The virus infected patient's analysis qualitative by using PCR. Blood analysis of the patients has done by performing liver function test. Fibro scan has used for measuring the liver stiffness. This study has conducted on 228 patients in which 121 were male and 107 female. The most of the patients infected by HCV that were 196 85.96% that categorized into cirrhotic 78.04% and non-cirrhotic 65.71% , HBV infected patients were 38 16.66% in which 19 15.44% cirrhotic and 19 18.09% were non cirrhotic respectively. HCV/HBV co-infected patients were 15 6.57% in which cirrhotic 6 2.63% , non-cirrhotic 9 8.57%. The patients infected by genotype 3 were more in number then 4. When AST/ALT ratio were observed for these cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients it is revealed that it is higher in cirrhotic patients then non-cirrhotic. In cirrhotic patients a number of complication rise in which ascites, splenomegaly, diabetes mellitus and complication were most prominent. A number of risk factor were noted in these patients but dentist was most common risk factor in cirrhotic patients. We concluded that HCV infection is the major risk factor for cirrhosis in our patients. HCV genotype 3 accounts major HCV infection in our study and it is the most frequent genotype among HCV-Positive . A strong association between HCV, GT-3 infection and HCC was also found in our study. The result of my study also shows that cirrhotic patients had significantly shorter life than non-cirrhotic patients.Item Ecofriendly dyeing of cotton fabric(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Fatima AhmadExhaust method was used for the eco-friendly dyeing of cotton fabrics by using biodegradable salts such as sodium citrate along with soda ash. The experimental work carried out in the ratio of sodium citrate 2g, soda ash 3g, and reactive dye namely Blue R-Spenial 150% (Synozol), Red 6BN (Synozol), Ultra black G (Synozol) and Ultra wine DS (Synozol)0.4g with 100 ml of water. Soda ash was used to make the pH alkaline and for completion of reaction. The color fastness to laundering, crocking and light of all the dyed fabric specimen was found at good level by using biodegradable salt such as sodium citrate. The total dissolved of the effluent showed the better result with the lower value as compared to the non-biodegradable salt sodium chloride for the each reactive dyes. In the effluent the unfixed dye ratio is reduced by the use of biodegradable salt sodium citrate. So,in substitution of sodium chloride sodium citrate have been successfully employed to make the process ecofriendlyItem Clarithromycin nanoparticles synthesis, characterization and enhancement of antimicrobial activities and dissolution rate(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Muhammad Ishafq AhmadLow solubility and bioavailability was the major concern in the past for macrolide antibiotic drugs. The solubility and dissolution rate could be enhanced by preparing nanodrugs as their surface area increases. In this research clarithromycin drug nanoparticles were prepared by using solvent-antisolvent precipitation method. The prepared drug nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX and XRD. Dissolution rate was studied by using Dissolution apparatus and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) at different time intervals was used. The dissolution rate of nano drug showed a major enhancement as compared with the parental drug. No difference was observed in IR spectra of both parental drugs and nano drug of clarithromycin. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) showed the amorphous form of clarithromycin. The SEM images showed the nanosized particles of nanodrug. The antibacterial activities of both parental drug and nanoparticles were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella typhi by agar well diffusion method. The nano drug showed better results as compared to the parental drug.Item Co-ordination of metal ions with indole-3-acetic acid; synthesis, characterization and biological screening(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Kiran Nazia SikandarMetal carboxylatesplay very important role in various biological reactions.Significance of drugs and their complexes have been desired to synthesize and characterize some ternary inner transition metals complexes with carboxylate and their derivative. In this work, five mononuclear metal complexes such as zinc, copper and vanadium have been synthesized with indole-3-acetic acid as primary ligand and 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and 8-hydroxy quinoline as secondary ligands by reflux method. The synthesized transition metal complexes have been analyzed by FT-IR,1H-NMR, UV-Visible spectroscopy and conductance measurement. The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that nitrogen atom of ligand does not coordinate with metal ions. The vibrational frequency of NH was not shifted to a considerable extent in complexes 3–8 as compared to the free ligand (IAA).As a result, the indole-3-acetic acid work as simple carboxylic acid ligands even in the synthesis of chelate complexes. The outcomes of 1H-NMR showed that the -COOH resonance of IAA at 12.19 ppm was absent in Na-IAA and in complexes, which suggests the replacement of the carboxylic proton by the metal moiety. The synthesized complexes have distorted tetrahedral geometry in case of zinc complex and octahedral geometry in copper and vanadium due to the attachment of co-ligands. The molar conductance data of synthesized complexes revealed that the ligand and complexes are non-electrolyte. Antibacterial screening was performed by the well diffusion method against gram negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Staphlococcus aureus) bacteria. All complexes exhibited higher antimicrobial potential than ampicillin (standard reference drug). It was confirmed byinhibition zones that metal complexes are efficient antibiotic agents.Item Inks and glue polluted waste water analysis and treatment(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Nazir, FasialIn this work different samples of wastewater were collected from sewage pipe of speed packages a printing and packaging industry near Band Road Daroghawala Lahore. Different experiments were taken place for the purpose of waste water analysis.It is very important to reduce or remove such harmful substances and heavy metals from flexographic printing wastewater before its removal into lakes underground water, ponds, river and streams.It was seen that effluents from flexographic printing industry have great and harmful side effects for human and animal especially for aquatic life. A number of diseases such as asthma, ageing, lung and kidney diseases and disorder of central nervous system before treatment flexographic printing based polluted waste water possess greater amount of suspended particles 1940 mg/L, dissolved solids 2170mg/L, high conductivity 1033 μS/cm, chemical oxygen demand 956 mg/L, biological oxygen demand 145 mg/L and high pH 7.91 and reasonable amount of heavy metals iron1.8 mg/L, Lead 11mg/L and zinc 7 mg/L. In this work water was treated to reduce above discussed parameters and heavy metals by using wheat straw, rice husk, animal charcoal and mixture of them. After the treatment, all of material shows different values but Animal charcoal show result of Ph=7.58, conductivity (353μS/cm), Total Hardness (356mg/L), Total Dissolved Solid (356mg/L) Total Suspended Solid (430mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand (167mg/L) and Biological Oxygen Demand (334mg/L)heavy metals iron 0.6 mg/L, Lead 3.2 mg and zinc 2.1 mg/L. In all these treatmentsanimal charcoal show good results than others.Item Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of aurones(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Rasheed, RukhsanaMedicinal plants are the back bone in the treatment of various diseases. Flavonoids has been used for many ailments. Aurones belongs to the family of flavonoids, these are naturally occurring in many plants which play important role to give bright yellow color to the petals of different flowers. Due to the presence of double bond aurones have two types of configurations (Z/E). Aurones are useful in anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities. The present data was undertaken to find out the antibacterial activity and evaluation of various compounds which present in non-polar profile. The inhibition zone diameters against four tested bacteria are studied in antibacterial activity. Aurones were prepared by adding suitable quantities of benzaldehyde sample (such as p-anisole, 2,4-dimethoxy benzaldehyde and 2-hydroxy acetophenone). All these samples were fully characterized through IR. Results of antibacterial activity of methanolic extract showed that auronesposses less resistance against the pathogenic bacteria. This study was also show that methanolic extract of aurones was less potent against the Gran-positive than the Gram-negative bacteria. This study will be very useful to indicate the biosynthetic and pharmacological activity of plants for drug discovery.