Department of Management

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Academic counseling: a positive analysis for investigating the role of teacher-student interaction at business schools
(Global Business Review, 2005) Ahmed F. Siddiqi
The study investigates the relationship between cognitive and affective outcomes of the quality of teacher-student interaction at different business schools in Pakistan. As early as 1936, Kurt Lewin recognized that the environment was a determinant of human behaviour and performance. Following Lewin s work, Murray proposed a Needs-Press model in which situational variables found in the environment account for a degree of behavioural variance. Attempts were also made to study situational variables found in the environment that affect the learning process, on the one hand, and students professional performance, on the other. A multistage stratified random sampling plan was used to select a sample from business schools at Lahore, Islamabad, Multan and Karachi. Stratification was done first at the ownership level, where the two strata consist of public and private sector schools. At the second stage, three strata were made according to the students' background, where students coming from English-medium schools, semi-English-medium schools and vernacular-medium schools were placed in three strata. In the third stage, the stratification was done on a gender basis. In the final stage, students were selected using systematic sampling. Such a multi-stage stratification plan permitted us to do an in-depth analysis of the whole process of teacher student interaction. The study identifies the types of interactions that are most likely to enhance students progress in business administration courses. It also identifies the important factors inhibiting or encouraging, teacher-student interaction. Further, it provides suggestions to enhance this interaction process.
Culture, cognition and knowledge-based development
(Journal of Knowledge Management, 2006) Ahmad Raza; Abdul Rashid Kausar; Paul, David
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical critique of the concept of the knowledge-based development. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-disciplinary critique is discussed. Findings – Provides cross-disciplinary analysis and critique of the concept of the knowledge-based development. Originality/value – This paper provides a deeper analysis of the knowledge-based development and proposes a broadening of the current paradigm on the economic development by integrating psychological and anthropological points-of-view.
Analyzing the assessment methodology of business schools: an empirical investigation
(PTQE, 2006) Amer Hussain
Effective assessment of teaching and learning has become a major issue for higher education all over the world. Effective assessment methodology helps the management universities to upgrade their pedagogy and course curriculum according to the requirement of stakeholders and market competitiveness. Effectiveness in assessment is generated by the mutual agreement of students, faculty and management on applied assessment methods. This research analyses the existing practices and compares it with the perceived approach of students, faculty and management towards assessment methodology in teaching and learning. This paper tries to explore the gap between plasticized and desired assessment methodology. The study develops an estimate of 300 cases, includes 50 faculty, 50 management and 200 students of management universities of Lahore Pakistan. The study collects data through stratified random sampling of six schools including private and public sector on a self-constructed research instrument. Scale is developed with the help of literature, expert opinions, consultation with academicians and students and validated through pilot testing. Various statistical tools are applied using SPSS statistical package and results are developed. The findings of research may help the management of business education institutes to reconsider their applied assessment methodology and design it according to the recommendations of respective stakeholders. The paper also suggests managerial implications and explores future avenues for research
Designing out a malignant supply-chain
(2007) Ahmed F. Siddiqi
Management of supply-chains is a pivotal successfactor for any organization in a knowledge-based economy. Efficiency of a typical supply-chain depends on an identically optimal performance of its each and every component, while any comparatively weak component may desolate the whole performance. One way out is intelligent application of already proved-efficient statistical experimental designs. The present article is attempting to treat supplychain management as a system of quantifiable components and then use designed experiments, not only to improve its performance but to guard against the malignant effects of any miscreant component. The article attempts to explain guiding principles involved in planning, executing, and analyzing designed experimentation in the domain of supply-chain management. Some specific statistical plans are also discussed for their comparative merits and demerits in the field of supply-chain management.
Analysis of workplace surveillance in its quest for an ethical stance
(Victoria University, 2007) Saima Ahmed
This article examines the incidence of surveillance in higher learning academic institutions in Pakistan. It gives an overview of surveillance in a workplace and outlines how the latest technology has made the task more convenient for the employers. It further delves into the privacy issues that arise as a consequence of surveillance. A review of related ethical theories of has been undertaken to fathom the justification of surveillance practices in the modern workplace. in the literature review section, a number of studies that explore impact of surveillance have been reviewed. The data has been gathered from sixty employees working in different universities (both public and private sector)covering primarily their ethical stance on surveillance practices used.The study would help in figuring out the typical methods used and their extent of usage in order to establish incidence of surveillance in an academic institution setting. Finally relevant hypothesis are tested with available data to comprehend employees ethical stance on deployment of surveillance , their perception changes (if any) in case of availability of notices on surveillance etc.
The social management of embodied knowledge in a knowledge community
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2007) Ahmad Raza; Abdul Rashid Kausar; Paul, David
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the patterns of social management of knowledge in a knowledge-community, reflecting on multiple social processes at work. Design/methodology/approach – This is a social epistemological critique ofmanagement of knowledge. Findings – First, knowledge communities are essentially multiple interactive social structures ranging from localization in space to emergent cross-boundary social spaces operating at micro, meso and macro-social levels. Second, patterns of knowledge management in different contexts such as organizations, groups, communities and virtual communities are predominantly social in nature and new knowledge emerges through social interactions. Originality/value – The paper underscores the significance of a social-epistemological view of knowledge communities and management of knowledge.
The social democratization of knowledge: some critical reflections on e-learning
(Multicultural Education & Technology Journal, 2007) Ahmad Raza; Abdul Rashid Kausar; Paul, David
Purpose – This paper aims to make a theoretical critique of the revolutionary sociocultural transformations created by e-learning in the manner knowledge is created, codified, retrieved, managed and transmitted across the boundaries of different cultures. Design/methodology/approach – The structure of these transformations remains European and North American in orientation and very cautious in sharing the benefits of e-learning with the developing societies. The paper contends that this might lead to a parallel academic bureaucracy of e-learning institutions, alongside the traditional Western universities, making it economically hard for people of developing countries to participate in this great and new found experience of learning. The paper proposes a, “democratization of knowledge,” for this new venture of elearning. This rests on the premise, that e-learning, in order to be truly effective, must be multilingual in content and context, culturally divergent, morally relativistic and technologically sharing and integrate non-Western views on knowledge, morality, economics and politics, especially in curriculum designs. Findings – The paper demonstrates that the social democratization of knowledge can lead to the establishment of viable global civil society, helping millions in Asia, Africa and South America to contribute and share the fruits of knowledge explosion in a just, equitable and honorable fashion. Originality/value – The paper shows how e-learning can help the growth and improvement of less developed communities.
The structure of scientific knowledge
(Elsevier, 2007) Ahmad Raza; Ahmed F. Siddiqi
This paper makes a theoretical critique of the concept of scientific knowledge. The classical conception of scientific knowledge has been discussed and analyzed in the first section. In the second section, emerging conception of the scientific knowledge has been explored. The author hopes to show on the basis of veritable critique from different philosophers of science as well as scientist (Kuhn, 1967, Polanyi, 1983, Prigogine, 1984), that the structure of scientific knowledge, the way it is interpreted and legitimized, is not only shaped by the personal and cultural orientations of its practitioners but also by the larger cultural context, in which it is carried out.
Knowledge democracy and the implications to information access
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2008) Ahmad Raza; Hasan Sohaib Murad
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of “knowledge democracy,” deploying a pluralistic, and cross disciplinary and humanistic critique. Design/methodology/approach – This is a culturally pluralistic and humanistic interpretation of globally emergent form of learning pedagogy, particularly manifested in e-learning. Findings – This paper explores the concept of knowledge democracy in the context of knowledge and information revolution. It has been argued that knowledge democratization implies freedom and equality to access information and knowledge across cultures and societies, particularly in the context of globalization. It is asserted that a democratization of the notion of knowledge would cause a paradigm shift; the way instruction and education are socially structured in different social systems. The knowledge society provides a new spirit of global sharing of values, acceptance of others and learning to live with divergent worldviews. It is contended that e-learning in particular sets a new global social opportunity to transcend regional, racial and national prejudices. Originality/value – The paper underscores the significance of pluralistic and humanistic perspective on knowledge and e-learning.
God, culture, and old age: social constructions of gerontological experience in a muslim society
(Casa Verde Publishing, 2008) Ahmad Raza; Ashraf Khan Kayani; Hasan Sohaib Murad
The paper explores the social constructions of “gerontological experience” in the context of Muslim society, particularly Pakistan. Old-age occupies a socially significant mode of collective experience through which social continuity of tradition as well as practice is communicated to the posterity. It is predominantly associated with wisdom, self-poise and benevolence in the general social experience of the society. The “old” is looked upon as the cultural repositories of knowledge, experience and historical connectivity. The “gerontological experience” is deeply embedded in the social structure of the family, wherein the process of “aging” is taken as natural and social given to be revered by the young ones and joyfully lived by the “old.” The social perception of being an “oldman” as a meaningful construct in the society is derived from the unique spiritual, ontological and historical symbolism of the society and its continued traditions of such forms of social legitimization. Finally the paper concludes with a contemporary redefinition of the “gerontological experience” amidst the emerging “technological” transformation currently experienced by the society and future shape of social recontextualization of the “old-age” facing new social scenarios.
Connecting east and west: a discourse on the synthetic interpretation of culture
(Iqbal Academy, 2008) Ahmad Raza
This paper undertakes a socio-philosophical critique of the concept of culture. It is argued that centrality of the notion of culture owes its theoretical legitimacy to the peculiar cultural and historical developments which took place in the Western Europe connected with French revolution, Enlightenment and Industrial revolution. The modern culture as understood and interpreted in contemporary texts of cultural sciences happens to be the direct philosophical consequence of these intellectual developments. The concept of culture replaced the philosophical primacy of medieval Christian worldview and in turn was established to explain and interpret social reality for the modern Western societies in particular and the rest of the world societies in general. These societies although deeply rooted in religious foundations of culture, nontheless, were influenced and shaped by the Western philosophical discourse through the political and technological forces of colonization and modernization
Xpressions of generation y:perceptions of the mobile phone service industry in Pakistan
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010) Salma Rahman; Sarwar M. Azhar
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to verify the consumer preference and choice behavior; also determine the speculative low loyalty behavior of consumers belonging to generation Y sub segment – adults (age 19-28) and their perceptions regarding various brands. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 100 university students in Pakistan belonging to the age group 19-28 years old. The research was concentrated in the mobile phone service sector. Data analysis was conducted using statistical analysis software SPSS. Findings – The results indicate that stated preference set and actual choice behavior are dissimilar. The generation Y adults sub group contra-indicates loyalty characteristics as high in a developing market context against the established wisdom of low loyalty found in developed countries. The perceptual maps of brands indicate no distinct personality characteristics necessitating marketers to rethink their strategies in this service industry. Finally, this research reconciles the gap between loyalty, stated preference and distinctiveness of brand personalities. Research limitations/implications – One limitation pertains to the target segment of 19-28 years old. Future research could be expanded to other demographic segments and use other products and brands. Originality/value – The major contribution of this paper is that it will advance theory regarding generation-based characteristics to a less developed economy context by verifying theoretical proposition with regard to brand preferences and revealed brand choices. Second, marketers would be able to focus their promotions keeping in mind the perception and loyalty factors.
Epistemic context of strategic decisions: interpreting the grammar of managerial praxis
(The Institute of Business Administrator Karachi - Pakistan, 2010) Ahmad Raza; Hasan Sohaib Murad
This paper makes a theoretical assertion that strategic decisions are deterministic and apriori cognitive programs, internalized by human actors through an epistemic context, generated by culturally contingent conditions. It is argued that, a pervasive worldview reverberates underneath the seemingly calm strategic attitude of the managerial leadership and, consequently shapes the grammar of managerial praxis. The leaders during their strategic engagements choose to decide on the basis of this deeply ingrained language of their respective worldviews, which have grown out of the collective symbolic knowledge of their respective societies. By analyzing three examples one each from society, economy and politics, which have become profoundly interlocked spheres of human societies in the unfolding millennium, we intend to demonstrate the validity of the foregoing assertion.
Gender gap in Pakistan: a socio-demographic analysis
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010) Ahmad Raza; Hasan Sohaib Murad
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive analysis of socio-demographic bases of gender gap in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes various aspects of gender gap (gender inequalities) in Pakistan. The analysis is based on the secondary data drawn from reports published by several governmental, international development agencies, and local non-governmental organizations. The analysis is descriptive in nature and interprets certain social and demographic data to ascertain the states of affairs about the prevailing social conditions relating to gender inequalities in Pakistan. Besides review of literature, the paper focuses on sectoral discussion of gender gap in population, health, education, political, and economic empowerment. In light of the secondary data analysis, suggestions to improve the current gender inequalities and possible recommendations to improve the current gender inequalities in Pakistan are also given. Findings – The paper demonstrates that there are significant socio-demographic and cultural factors, due to which gender gap persists in Pakistani society. Research limitations/implications – The current analysis is based on secondary and published data and, therefore lacks empirical reliability. However, published quantitative data reveal certain social characteristics of gender gap. Originality/value – The paper provides a descriptive cultural analysis of gender inequalities.
Corporate social responsibility: future research directions
(Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research, 2010) Sarwar M. Azhar; Rubeena Tashfeen
This paper presents Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the matrix of other regulatory concepts voluntary or legalistic, such as Corporate Governance, Business Ethics and others that focus on appropriate managerial behavior. It further suggests that this nascent construct, to become a viable operational concept worth pursuing with diligence in a developing country, rather than become a cover up for the negative consequences of capitalist pursuit of profit, must be contextualized. The paper also presents the normative, instrumental and empirical approaches to the subject and suggests that only when we are clear on the approaches should we draw up the research agenda. The paper further suggests that the focal point of any enlightened assessment in the area of CSR in a developing country should be the takeholders. Research is necessary, among other areas to understand where the stakeholders in the form of public opinion and not mass opinion stand on the issues, what the priorities are, what the role of the government should be and who should be finally responsible.
Perceptions of MBA students towards learning climate for managerial knowledge: a study of business school in Lahore
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010) Ahmad Raza; Hasan Sohaib Murad; Ashraf Kayani
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore different cultural dimensions of the learning climate at a business school located at Lahore, Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reports the result of an empirical study of the learning climate for managerial knowledge at a business school, located in Lahore, Pakistan. A sample of 150 MBA students were asked to respond to a self-designed learning climate scale, in order to assess their perceptions of the learning climate. The study has attempted to measure five dimensions of learning climate, which include culture, learning styles, resources, methodology and environment. In addition to that, we intend to describe the patterns of effective learning climate for business knowledge by the students of the school amid dynamic challenges of globalization and diversity. Findings – The study revealed that students highly regarded school culture and trust of stakeholders in defining learning climate. Research limitations/implications – First, this paper reports the results of a business school located in a developing country. Second, the results presented in this paper have important implications for those engaged in the strategic management of business education in Pakistan and other developing countries of South Asia and Africa due similar socio-economic contexts. Originality/value – The study is first of its kind conducted on a Pakistani business school. It brings forth significant cultural dimensions of learning climate in a developing country.
Determinants of capital structure: a case study of automobile sector of Pakistan
(Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2011) Talat Afza; Amer Hussain
The present study focuses on the determinants of capital structure of Automobile Sector of Pakistan. The research examines whether the industry specific attributes of Automobile Sector affect the capital structure choice of firms and validates our results with Rajan and Zingales (1995) and Booth et. al. (2001) and provide an explanation for the behavior of firms in choosing debt equity ratio. The study uses pooled data regression model on the sample of 26 firms of Automobile sector of Pakistan and uses liquidity and cost of debt variables which were not used in earlier studies in Pakistan and have significant influence on the debt and equity financing decisions. The results show that the firms which are large in size and having good assets structure should go for debt financing to finance new projects. The results of profitability, taxes and liquidity are statistically significant and are consistent with Static Trade off Theory and Pecking Order Theory.
Muslim response to modernity and a new strategy of peace in the world
(Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business, 2011) Rana Zamin Abbas; Muhammad Amin; Zulfqar Ahmad
Muslim countries gained political independence from mid 40s onwards. However, during the colonial rule, Western powers tried to replace the Muslim thought, culture and institutions with the Western thought and culture through all possible means. Muslim reaction to Western thought and civilization after liberation ranged from complete acceptance to resistance and total indifference. The dominating approach was of reconciliation which resulted in Westernization of the Muslim societies by the second half of 20th century. However, it seems necessary to review the Muslims strategy at this stage. This article is a review and proposes a new approach in this direction.
Measuring the learning organization�s construct in Pakistan: a case of public sector educational institutes
(European Journal of Social Sciences, 2011) Rana Zamin Abbas; Hasan Sohaib Murad; Abdul Ghaffar Ghaffari; Ahmed F. Siddiqi; Zulfqar Ahmad; Zia Ur Rehman; Muhammad Ashraf
Purpose: This paper focuses upon assessing the learning levels of Pakistani organizations1 particularly on those aspects which are prominent and verifiable in Pakistani context. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper in hand first reviews all the relevant literature for distilling the main features of learning organization’s construct which are used in the questionnaire. The research used Marsick & Watkins, (2003) questionnaire as an instrument. Research findings: Factor analysis after survey filters five dimensions of the construct learning organization. namely; learning climate, employees’ participation, systematic employee development, leadership, and incentives of most positive kinds (rewards), for learning which are found in different proportions in public sector organizations.
Role of team (trust, ethics, alignment, & motivation) for successful implementation of supply chain management of retail store chains in Pakistan: a conceptual model
(2011) Amer Saeed
Concept of supply chain management (SCM) is based upon the linking of different stake holders of the whole supply chain .The More Coordinated these entities are, the more effective and efficient supply chain would it be. Literature shows that the most important factor for higher coordination among different companies is trust. Starting from inter department trust within the organization it expands to outer boundaries of the organization. It becomes more critical for the success of a whole supply chain when it comes to establishing trust between different organizations. It is also empirically improved through literature that behavioral uncertainties and presence of socially ethical practices are the roots for presence /absence of trust between two companies .Now, if some organization wants to create a successful supply chain, it has to align itself with the goals of its chain members .For that a certain level of trust establishment is necessary ,which requires strong ethical grounds .As, in some cases it might require a huge change in the whole organization from administrative level to cultural level ,high level of motivation from the top management is required .In the absence of such motivation there are very few chances from the implementation of SCM in its true spirit .After a series of open ended interviews and detailed literature review ,this paper is an attempt to consolidate some soft areas with the combined name of TEAM ( TRUST,ETHICS,ALIGNMENT,and MOTIVATION ) which as a whole guide towards a successful implementation of SCM .

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