Department of Social Sciences

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/668

Department of Social Sciences was established in 2008 in the School of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) at UMT. The idea behind the launch of DSS was to cater to the needs of participants who have a keen interest in joining this realm of knowledge.

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Being a hermaphrodite(HIJRA): Conditions status any psychological impact of social exclusion on the HIJRAS of the Lahore
(University of Management and Technology, 2012) Mahrukh Ahmad
The word ‘Hermaphrodite’ is commonly defined as the state of being neither male nor female. They are usually called ‘hijras’ or ‘khusras’ in our society. From the guardians of the royal courts, their positions have deteriorated to being considered as ‘socially outcast’, ‘unwanted people’, subjected to mockery, ridicule and derogatory remarks. This research work describes the current living conditions, status and concept of social exclusion of hijra focusing on the pathway between exclusion and solutions for betterment. As a qualitative study, 3 in-depth focus group discussions were held with general public of Lahore, hijras of Lahore, Government Official, Psychologist and Social Worker along with extensive observations. The participants were selected by convenience sampling. The findings revealed that hijras are located at the extreme margin of exclusion having no sociopolitical space where a hijra can lead life of a human being with dignity. Their deprivations are grounded in non-recognition as a separate gendered human being beyond the male-female dichotomy. Being outside this norm has prevented them from positioning themselves in greater society with human potential and security. Extreme social exclusion diminishes self-esteem and sense of social responsibility. Hijras need to be recognized as having a space on society’s gender continuum. Hijras, as the citizens of Lahore, Pakistan and part of society’s diversity, have gender, sexual and citizenship rights, that need to be protected. The government, instead of ignoring the increasing number of hermaphrodites should more actively approach them and develop public awareness programs to handle the issue.
A study of educational problems of children with autism
(University of Management and Technology, 2012) Faiza Eman Anwar
This study is about the investigation of educational problems of the children with autism. For this purpose the researcher collected data from 13 administrators, 25 teachers and 15 parents of students with autism in the 9 schools of Lahore city through convenient sampling. It was a descriptive study and was conducted with the help of questionnaire and inventories. The questionnaire and inventories were developed by the researcher. The main objectives of the study were to investigate about already provided teaching training and support according to ASD's educational needs, identification of the educational needs of children with autism, identify the social and psychological problems of the children with autism, and identify the problems related to educational accessibilities. The data of questionnaire were tabulated and analyzed by the help of SPSS. The data of inventories were collected through open ended questions. The researcher converted the responses on inventories into description and percentages. The results were concluded that the children with autism have lots of social and psychological problems that effect on their education. The relationship between demographic variables and the educational problems of children with autism was also analyzed. Cronbach's alpha value reflected that the scale was highly correlated. The results show that there is a significant difference in the perceptions of the respondents about the educational problems of the children with autism on the basis of institutions.
The role of NGO's communication strategies in community mobilization
(University of Management and Technology, 2012-07-10) Ahmad Shaheen
This thesis aims to reveal the existing communication strategies used by NGOs for community mobilization and suggests some effective and improved communication strategies by analyzing practicing communication strategies for community mobilization. Communication strategy is the method and line of action developed by NGOs to mobilize the community for getting better results. Most of the NGOs use both verbal and nonverbal methods to convey their messages through community mobilizers but they find verbal communication more reliable and effective as it is simple and easy to communicate with common people in mobilization process. A community mobilizer may face different communication barriers while conducting community mobilization activity; it is his/her ability and skill how to handle the situation. Strong communication strategy is also helpful to avoid the barriers or to eliminate them. In Pakistan most of the NGOs do not have structured communication strategy for community mobilization however they would like to chalk out some methods before going into community for mobilization. While interviewing ten different community mobilizers and conducting a field visit, it was observed that they were in dire need of training and skills development programmes to reap better results The study surfaces some important suggestions for NGOs sector to improve their communication strategies for accomplishing win-win outcomes for community mobilization.
Effect of media portrayed thin ideal images on adolescent girls
(University of Management and Technology, 2012-08-03) Marium Javaid Bajwa
Media portrayal of images of thin model girls are said to have created new socio-cultural ideals for young women, which are affecting them in ways that include internalization of thin figures. This has lead to low self-esteem, negative affect and body dissatisfaction among young girls. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exposure to media portrayed thin ideal images on women’s mood and body satisfaction. Sample comprised of 97 female undergraduate students aged 16-21 participated in the study. Scores on positive and negative level of mood, body dis/satisfaction, self-esteem and discrepancy between ideal self and actual self were worked out as a baseline data before random assignment of the subjects was made to experimental (N=49) and control conditions (N=47). After exposing the experimental group to thin-ideal images, scores of the participants was obtained afresh as a post-test on mood affect and body dis/satisfaction. BMI (Body Mass Index) was also calculated at this stage. Results suggested that exposure to thin-ideal images increased negative affect significant, whereas affect on body satisfaction could not be established. Self-esteem played a major role towards internalization of media thin-ideal images; those with low self-esteem showed increased negative mood and low body satisfaction than those with high self-esteem. Participants with discrepancy between their ideal self and actual self displayed low self-esteem and low body satisfaction. Thus low self-esteem of students were more vulnerable to mood affect and body dissatisfaction. Likewise overweight persons (with high levels of BMI) suffered from these affects more than average and thin weight persons.
Telecommunication and Advertisement Impact on Youth In Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology, 2013) Ifra Ashraf
Youth plays a significant role in building of the nation and in the development of a country. Their adoption, aspiration, and objective lead towards change in social value of a culture. Ongoing study investigates the impact of telecom advertisements on the behavior of youth, the social values of Pakistani youth. Telecommunications in Pakistandescribes the overall environment for the growing mobile telecommunications, telephone, and Internet markets in Pakistan. Telecommunication companies are growing and growing in Pakistanand due to having a camel race in between competitor companies they are giving such offers and packages to their consumers that highly affect youth behavior towards their lives, towards their family and studies. Telecommunication Services play a key role in the growth of economy, facilitating efficiency and growth across the wide range of user's industry in any country. The level of Telecommunication development is a determining factor for economy, social and cultural development of a country. State of Pakistan's Telecom Industry Pakistanhas remained as the fastest growing mobile telecom market in Asia. Currently, the telecom sector is undergoing intense competition among the six mobile operators, one major fixed-line operator and few RESEARCH: Telecommunication and Advertisement Impact on Youth in Pakistan small fixed-line operators. In the best interest of their long sustainability, the mobile operators are forming strategies driven towards being at lowest cost, extensive network coverage and connectivity, innovative products and segmentation. Now a day's mobile phone is becoming necessity of life, not only for youngsters but old as well. Every coin has two sides same case is with telecommunication connections and with their advertisements as well. Some has cons and some has pros, so this study will conclude with either pros or cons of telecommunication.
Effects of Advertising on Consumer Behavior in Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology, 2013) Huriyah Khalid
The topic will cover various buying behavior of people in Pakistanthat what influence them and how they select the product. The analysis of creative team of advertising company will be done that what factors they keep in mind while designing a public relation campaign for any product that is being launched or re- launched in the market. Various advertising companies in Pakistanuse creative techniques. While designing an advertisement various questions arise in the mind of the creative head like what should the ad be? What emphasis will it give on it consumers? What kind of visual design should be chosen and what psychological impact will it give on its consumers. Creating an ad itself requires a whole homework. First of all you must be aware of your target audience and what kind of impact they will have by viewing this advertisement. The advertising agency must make sure that what message they are convening is appropriate for its target audience because of most of the time the consumer expect the better quality and is ready to pay even large amount and the producer focuses on quantity factor. If target audience is chosen wisely and the campaign is carried in a proper way by doing proper research the product will never fail to make its worth in the market and launching and re-launching of a product will always be successful in the market. Through various models it will be explained that what influences the mind of the consumer and how the decision making process works. The psychology of every human being is different and one product is useless for few people but rest find out some positive impact in it. Various interviews and questionnaires will be carried out which will help understand the nature of consumer perspective. People now days attach themselves with various brands because these brands use various kind of advertising techniques that people attract towards them. This affiliation creates a sense of security among people and level of satisfaction they get by purchasing that product.
The Perception of Females about Divorce
(University of Management & Technology, 2015) Khan, Tayyaba; Qadruddin
Divorce exists in every society, and culture of the world, the marriage and divorce can’t be separated from each other, because they are dependent on each other, The Current study aim to find the perception of women about divorce, the prime focus is on the factors behind the perception construction about something indicate that there have been some construction upon which this perception is created, so we were trying to see this both thing. The factors analyses under the perception of construction individual theory, feminist Theory and Dual Income Theory. For this purpose we have designed an interview, to ask from our sample, and that interview was structured interview, and our sample was women from Johar town, and we interviewed them alone so they can answer easily and without any pressure. We have divided our interview into three section, the study was conducted using purposing sampling, and the sample was divided into three segments. • Segment One (5 women) were married from 1-5 Year. • Segment Two (5women) were married from 6-10 Years. • Segment Three (5 Women) were married from 10 to Onwards. The Data was gathered using interview guide which is divided into three segment. • Perception and understanding of Divorce. • Motivators and inhibitors of Divorce. • Functions and Effects of Divorce. Finding suggest that socialization and Family pressure and Children construct the perception of women about divorce
The Perception of Females about Divorce
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2015) Khan, Tayyaba; Qadruddin, Abdulhameed
Divorce exists in every society, and culture of the world, the marriage and divorce can’t be separated from each other, because they are dependent on each other, The Current study aim to find the perception of women about divorce, the prime focus is on the factors behind the perception construction about something indicate that there have been some construction upon which this perception is created, so we were trying to see this both thing. The factors analyses under the perception of construction individual theory, feminist Theory and Dual Income Theory. For this purpose we have designed an interview, to ask from our sample, and that interview was structured interview, and our sample was women from Johar town, and we interviewed them alone so they can answer easily and without any pressure. We have divided our interview into three section, the study was conducted using purposing sampling, and the sample was divided into three segments. •Segment One (5 women) were married from 1-5 Year. •Segment Two (5women) were married from 6-10 Years. •Segment Three (5 Women) were married from 10 to Onwards. The Data was gathered using interview guide which is divided into three segment. •Perception and understanding of Divorce. •Motivators and inhibitors of Divorce. •Functions and Effects of Divorce. Finding suggest that socialization and Family pressure and Children construct the perception of women about divorce
Social support and Well-being among Retired people
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Areeba Azhar
This research concerned with social support and well-being (health) among retired people. Where social support is an independent variable while well-being is dependent variable. After the age of the retirement, there is no proper system, how they cay busy them self and how can avail their time. This study highlight the problems of retired people after retirement. It explore whether social setting/support effect their mental or physical health or other things. This study also see the social attachment and emotional response of retired people and their activities after retirement. Respondents were selected from the banks who came there for pension. Respondents also selected from the government schools and collage's retired persons records. Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis used for analyze the relationship between variables. Multiple linear Regression analysis also used for prediction of variables. After the analysis it is concluded that there is a positive relation between social support and health. It is also concluded that engage with different activities, keep us become physically as well as mentally active.
Social Construction of Fatherhood
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Zuhair Manzoor
The present study was conducted to find out the perception of fathers about their own state of fatherhood, how they construct their role as being father. The purpose of the present study was to explore Pakistanis fathers' perceptions about parental roles in the family, and how they define the new role of father. Fathers were interviewed about their beliefs regarding fatherhood, the roles of fathers and in the family, and fathers' involvement in their children's lives. 15 fathers interviewed who had been married for two years, 7 of these father's wives were employed, and 8 of these father's wives were housewives. The purposive sampling method used to take sample. This study used a qualitative methodology.
Perceived parenting styles, emotion regulation and goal orientation in adolescents
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Khalid, Asma
Parenting style is considered as the most important variable for proper functioning of individuals in all areas of life. However, how one regulate emotions can also impact on his life.The current research was conducted to explore (a) the relationship among perceive parenting style, emotion regulation and goal orientation (b) assess the mediating role of emotion regulation (reappraisal and suppression) between perceived parenting style (mother and father) and goal orientation (mastery goal and performance goal) (c) explore the role of gender and birth order as distal variables. For that purpose correlational research design was used. Sample was consisted of 200 high school students with mean age of 16.34 (SD = 1.05) with equal gender representation. Convenient sampling technique was used to select schools while participants were selected using purposive sampling strategy. Pearson Product Moment correlation, Independent samplet-test and one way ANOVA were performed on SPSS, while for the exploration of mediation AMOS was used. Analysis revealed that authoritarian parenting style of father and permissive parenting style of both parents correlate with reappraisal. Authoritative parenting style of mother correlate with both dimensions of goal orientation.While authoritarian style of mother correlate with performance goal orientation. Mediation analysis indicated that father authoritarian significantly predicted reappraisal, father authoritativeness negatively predicted performance goal. Mother authoritativeness positively predicted performance and mastery goal. Furthermore, gender significantly predicted performance and mastery goal. While no mediational effect has been found in the present research. Role of gender and birth order was also explore which indicated that girls perceive their parents as authoritative and have goal orientation. But boys have the ability to suppress their emotions more than girls. While ANOVA revealed no differences on study variables on the basis of birth order.Parents, teachers, psychologist and school counsellors can utilize this study for bright future of students.
Thoughts and perceptions about citizenship education and its inclusion as a separate subject in the curriculum of schools of Lahore
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Shamaeen Noor
Citizenship education is becoming a very essential aspect in the education sector worldwide. It provides the awareness of rights and responsibilities to the members of a nation-state. The research emphasizes the importance of good citizenship education from school level. If citizenship education is delivered to children from the primary years of schooling, they would become fully aware of the privileges they enjoy as members of a state and the corresponding duties that they have to perform. This would develop strong civic sense in the young minds; inculcate democratic, social, and moral values in them; and make them critically thinking members of the society. Citizenship education makes people accustomed to discuss their differences in a rational way and they can deal with their conflicts and controversies in a better way. This makes life as friction free as possible and lead towards social cohesion and harmony. In Pakistan, however, citizenship education has never been a formal part of the school curriculum and even the educational policies. Since the inception of Pakistanin 1947, the implementation of the several educational policies and five-year plans have been questionable. The literature review critically evaluates the educational policies, states the anecdotes showing lack of civic sense in the citizens, and presents an analysis of the textbook. In addition, it explains why citizenship outcomes are not seen in the society. Considering the significance and sensitivity of citizenship education, the research study explores the possibility of inclusion of this as a separate subject in the curriculum of schools. The research methodology used is qualitative in nature. The study is based on in-depth interviewing with seven respondents that were selected using Purposive and Snowballing sampling techniques. The themes emerged from these interviews are used in data analysis. This provided the foundations for the discussion; which is later followed by recommendations for the inclusion of citizenship education as a course in schools, specifically in the Lahore region. The majority of the respondents showed their consent and inclination towards the stance of including citizenship education in the curriculum.
A study of socio-psychological factors effecting the criminal behavior among youth in district jail, Lahore
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Umar, Muhammad
Youth is considered the dominant factor in the development of the country. The involution of the youth of country signs of its’ dark future. While considering the paramount of the youth crime the research aimed to evaluate the factors that are responsible for crime among youth. The research surveyed the district jail Lahore and collected date from 120 respondents while adopting systematic sampling approach. The researcher analyzed the data through SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) while running the linear regression. The results of linear regression showed that most of the major crimes among youth are influenced by the social, psychological and economic factors. The frequency of the crime among youth is directly proportional to the disturbance in their social, psychological and economic status. The youngsters who have copacetic social status, good psychological level, and higher economic status have lower propensity to commit major crimes murder, illicit sexual activity, narcotics, robbery, murder attempt, violence, kidnapping, and fraud. But on another hand, the puerile persons who lower social status, poor psychological situation and lower economic status have higher chances to pull in these crimes. On the substratum of the findings of the research, the researcher recommended that policy of the state that covers the employment for all youngsters with opportune pay, edification institutions, family, and media are the implements that can play arolein preventing criminal behavior among youth.
Women entrepreneurship and its impact on Career choices
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Fakhar Un Nisa
Globalization is a progression through which any business activity gain international influence along with becoming operational activity on an international scale. Women entrepreneurs have been seen as economic drivers for the uplift of economic growth and welfare of the developing countries. This study is designed to identify the educational needs related to women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Entrepreneurship education not only supports but also affects their career choices. This study will check the lived experiences of women entrepreneurs and will be regarded as the precedent case. It will inculcate the importance of entrepreneurial education and its impact on career choices. The research will be based on qualitative research along with phenomenology as inquiry strategy. The study will use purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews will be taken by the sample of 8 to 10 women. The finding which is undertaken in this thesis evidently accentuated the impact of women's life course and their experiences. Women experiences are based on multiple perspectives along with several motivations to become entrepreneurs. The ladies' inspiration to set up business was impacted by these settings as well as formed by individual profession inclinations and changes in parts and connections at different stages over their life course. The outcomes of the study showed that women entrepreneurial education are considered as a tool to re-sharpen their skills to become successful entrepreneurs. After entrepreneurial education, they can deploy multiple entrepreneurship strategies to come up with strong and prosperous entrepreneurs. This study further highlighted the importance of entrepreneurial education in Pakistanwhere innumerable women are having a lack of awareness and education even having required aptitude of entrepreneurs.
Social entrepreneurial intentions among the students of higher education in Punjab
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Liaqat, Zunaira
This study explores the social entrepreneurial intentions of higher education students in Punjab.Poor economy, the rise in urbanization, rapid population growth, and absence of long-term sustainable policy has made Pakistan a challenging country in term of its long-term economic growth and competition with other developing countries. In the recent trends in economic development social entrepreneurship is the key to any country achieving her promise as a well-developed economy and as a country as well. Unleashed after decades of slow growth and government control, Pakistan’s entrepreneurs have begun to take advantage of many of the opportunities presented by the post liberalization business environment Social entrepreneurship is an economic environment that is being practiced around the globe. The concept of Social entrepreneurship in Pakistan seems very common now days. The waves of Social entrepreneurship in higher education found very strong. Therefore, this research thesis aims to look at the factors effecting social entrepreneurialintentions of the students in private sector universities of Pakistan. The core theme of this study is to cover up a gap of research related to social entrepreneurial intentions that exists in Punjab by identifying the dominating factors those play a key role in contributing success of social entrepreneurial activities by higher education students in Punjab. More, importantly this thesis has elaborated the intentions as well as attitudes of the students to become social entrepreneur. In order to systematically come up with meaningful result the researcher used quantitative research design to gather data from the respondent for the purpose to develop new ideas and test existing hypothesis. Furthermore, this study also looks at the association between empirical observation and measurement of quantitative relationships. In order to acknowledge the research question further, the participants were selected from the different department of private sectors universities. More importantly, the business department where more participants were focused as the research questions suggested requirements of the quantitative research; the researcher on the ongoing research has used the questionnaire as a tool for data collection and SPSS for data analysis so as to bring structured data in a meaningful way. Results have shown significant difference between male and females intentions towards social entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship courses participants have shown more intentions towards social entrepreneurship than non participants. Future study can be conducted to study the pedagogical skills and development of courses to enhance social entrepreneurial skills of the higher education students.
Women empowerment episodes in sequence of adolescence pregnancy Ethnographic study of Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Hafiz Farhan Gohar
This study investigated that adolescence pregnancy is against the spirit of ethnography and pernicious things. Early marriages and anti-child marriages are raising phenomena in the entire world. In this modern era the women empowerment is a globalized subject. Pakistani culture and norms impedes the women's basic rights and women seclusion (in shape of Pardah). The basic reason for that problem is the roots of hierarchy, feudal and patriarchal system. Various traditions are jeopardizing Pakistani culture in the contour of (Vani, lajia, Swara strong, Sang Chati) etc. These illicit customary practices are imposed on women and adolescent's mothers in Pakistani fraternity. On behalf of omen customary practices teen mothers have to face domestic violence like children, abusing, financial, economical and psychological misuse and some time resolving feud. It's become a hot issue because girls having a baby at the same time they have to go to school. They suffer from different kinds of tribulations regarding their education and career. Mostly such kinds of girls consider injudicious and stereotype. To explore these phenomena the study was designed purely qualitative in nature. Teen mothers were selected from two Tehsils, Government Girls High Schools from Tehsil Kasur, and Tehsil Kot Radha Kishan, in District Kasur. Snowball and purposive sampling technique were used and then Eighteen (18) letters were sent to the parents, and fifteen (15) letters were signed. The total sample of the study was fifteen (15). In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted for the participants through auditory recording and then rewrite in a different script. Thematic analysis and highlighted approach were used in the study. From these major themes highlighted materials were promoted with real explanation and conclusion. The thematic perspective gives some poverty symbols and the reason of early childhood marriage. The fear of landlord property was also one interesting reason of a teen mother. This empirical research study identified the miserable condition of adolescent young mothers in society. So, the federal Ministry of national health services regulation, the National MNCH Program should take part fruitfully in the awareness of adolescent mother's problems in schools. Similarly, welfare program should carry out for these cultural practices, which is a big stumbling block for women empowerment in the society. Teen mother's knobbing gears are a crucial phenomenon during their getting education in the school.
The relationship between child abuse and child-parents attachment
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Sanam Akhtar
Child abuse is global problem existed in various forms. In Pakistanthe condition of child abuse is alarming. Present research aimed to find out prevalence of child abuse and parents-child attachment; the level of child abuses and parents-child attachment; the influence of parents-child attachment on child abuse. The research was conducted in quantitative manner. The research conducted on school children (research population) and the target population was the school children of district Layyah. While adopting multi-stage random sampling initially one tehsil (Karor) of district Layyah was selected then four school were selected. Lastly, by adopting random sampling 9th and 110th grade students were selected by using their attendance sheets (sampling frame). A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data was entered in SPSS and descriptive, univariate and bivariate analyses were operated. Descriptive and univariate analyses showed in present context all of the types of child abuse existed. Physical and emotional child abuse were frequently faced by the children but the prevalence of sexual child was comparatively low. The results of bivariate analysis showed, there is negative relation between parents-child attachment and the child abuse (physical, emotional and sexual). On the basis of the results of three hypotheses, it can be concluded that When the parents-child attachment is higher than all the types of child abuses (physical, emotional and sexual) will be lower. The present suggested that the disease of child abuse can be eliminated from the society by the struggle of all institutions (Family, School, Government, legal administration, NGOs, and Media)
Psychopathic tendencies, social support and recidivism in juvenile delinquents
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Naz, Maryam
The present study investigates the relationship between psychopathic tendencies, social support and recidivism in juvenile’s delinquents. It was hypothesized thatpsychopathic tendencies and social support will predict recidivism in juveniles. and social support will moderate the relationship between psychopathic tendencies and recidivism in juveniles. in the first phase of the study Recidivistic Tendencies Scale (RTC) was constructed and validated along with translation of Childhood Psychopath Scale (CPS) questioner (Khalid, 2013),Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Jibeen, 2011) into Urdu . The purposive sample of 100 juveniles including recidivistic and non-recidivistic juveniles with age range of 12-18 years (M= 16.13, SD = 1.86) was drawn from the District Jail of Lahore. The results of Pearson product moment correlation reveled that psychopathic tendencies were found to be significant positively associated with social support and recidivistic distractor, whereas childhood psychopathy was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with recidivistic facilitator. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis showed that only Childhood Psychopathy was found to be negatively significant predictor of Recidivistic Facilitator. The path analysis revealed that that childhood psychopathy was found to be significant negatively interaction effect with recidivistic facilitator and positively significant interaction effect with recidivistic distractor, whereas social support was not found significant interaction effect with recidivistic facilitator and distractor.
Role of social capital among women entrepreneurs
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Qura-tul-ain
While employing a gender lens, the current quantitative study aims to find the association of social capital and entrepreneurship among women in Pakistan. The study was conducted using a sample of 200 women who own beauty salon since one year from their homes and earn profit between PKR 8000 to PKR 12000 using non-random purposive sampling. Social Networking Index (SNI) and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) were the data collection tools. The findings of the study revealed that social capital and entrepreneurship had significant positive correlation. Social capital also predicts the positive association between innovation, achievement and personal control. ANOVA was also conducted to find the difference in the means of variables.
Sexual harassment laws
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Aftab Kashmiri, Adil
The status of Pakistani women significantly varies across regions and classes as well as it depends on the rural-urban frontiers because of the rough socio-economic development. Along with this, the social construction like tribal, feudal and capital also influence the females’ lives heavily. Although the women in city Lahore at present enjoy an improved status in comparison to most cities of Pakistan. Nevertheless, generally, the state of women in relation to men is one of general gender demotion. The basic problem is also regarding the unawareness of their rights and relevant laws and procedures applicable to them. In this particular research, the researcher will seek to explore the government’s recent initiatives for the protection of women rights especially with regard to the sexual harassment, its impact and the extent of women awareness regarding those initiatives and laws and further their experiences and perception on the issue of sexual harassment. The study was conducted in a public sector university in Lahore with convenience and Purposive sampling type

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