Department of Chemistry
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Item Process analysis and feasibility study on using biodiesel for electricity generation(University of Management and Technology, 2011) Mehwish MujahidThe University has on-campus unutilized nearly twenty eight gallons of waste cooking oil that could be used more efficiently as biofuel. The waste cooking oil could turn into something that is economically efficient helping University power their generators and also be used as an educational asset to the University. If efficiently used, the waste cooking oil could become multifaceted in that it will benefit the University. The primary focus is to design a system in which the waste vegetables can be converted into Biodiesel .It is intended that this Biodiesel produced may ultimately be a fuel source for the power generation from the generators. The procedure includes survey of electricity and diesel cost, preparation of biodiesel from fresh and waste vegetable oil, analysis of biodiesel , comparison of cost and energy efficiency by running generators.Item Estimation and stability studies of amoxicillin trihydrate in the capsule dosage form(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Maaz AsimA simple, rapid and time saving method for the validation of Amoxillin Trihydrate in capsule dosage form has been developed. Recovery studies was achieved by HPLC for this chromatographic separation was achieved by phenomenex [250x4.6 mm with octadecylisily silica gel for chromatograph (5μm)] column on binary mode and mobile phase (A) contain 6.8g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (adjust to pH 5.0 by sodium hydroxide solution) containing Acetonitrile with ratio of 99:1 and mobile phase (B) containing Buffer and Acetonitrile with ratio of 80:20. The flow rate was 1 ml/min with 8% concentration of mobile phase (B) and was monitored at 254 nm. Retention time was found to be near 7.1 for Amoxicillin Trihydrate. The regression value obtained was 0.9999 with 3.0011 Limit of Detection and 9.0943 Limit of Quantization. Residual solvents were also validated for AMT by using GC-FID and observed that there is no presence of any solvent in it. Other parameters like FTIR, pH, Optical rotation and Moisture contents were also performed for further analysis and all results were satisfactory and was meeting the require values. The projected methods are accurate, exact, selective and rapid for the estimation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate in pharmaceutical dosage forms.Item Cu-doped zno nanoparticles: Synthesis, charecterization and antibacterial properties(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Shaista JabinIn the present study, synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties of copper doped zinc oxide nanoparticles have been investigated. Pure and copper doped ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized by using co-precipitation method. The synthesized copper doped ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques such as XRD, SEM, EDAX and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of copper doped ZnO nanoparticles was carried out based on the agar diffusion method.Item Grafting of starch with acrylic acid for the preparation of biodegradable polymers(University of Management and Technology, 2015) Humayun IrshadThe graft polymerization of starch with monomer like acrylic acid was carried out using free radical polymerization mechanism. To generate free radicals, ammonium per sulphate was thermally disintegrated by heating it in aqueous solution at the temperature of 80 degrees celsius. Different experimental methods were performed to investigate the effect of different parameters like (temperature, amount of starch and the ratio of monomer acrylic acid on grafting. The temperature of 90 degrees celsius was found to be optimum for good grafting. The amount of starch was taken as 0.75g in experimentally designed method. The best grafted product was obtained by adding 3ml monomer acrylic acid in 0.75g starch. For the preparation of nanocomposite of starch grafted acrylic acid 0.02g of Ni nanoparticles were incorporated in reaction kettle at 15 minutes prior to completion of the reaction time. SEM, TGA/DSC, FTIR techniques were used to characterize the grafted polymer and its nanocomposite. To investigate the biodegradability soil burial method was applied. The biodegradability of 23.21% in 60 days was shown by starch grafted acrylic acid polymer while its nanocomposite showed 16.19% biodegradability in same period of time.Item Fabrication and characterization of cadmium sulfide nanowires on aluminum oxide template(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Malik Imran AfzalCadmium supplied nanowires have unique electrical and optical properties and applications. To obtain cadmium supplied nanowires with regular and good aspect ratio, they can be synthesized by template synthesis method. Porous anodized aluminium oxide is most promising template with regular hexagonal shapes. Their aspect ratio can be controlled by controlling the pores' depth and diameter which greatly depend on anodization voltage and temperature of the electrolyte. In this research, high purity aluminium was used to prepare nanotemplates at 5-6°C in 1M phosphoric acid and cadmium supplied was deposited electrochemically using a co-solution of thiourea, cadmium acetate and ammonium acetate. pH was maintained at 11 in heat bath at 75°C with the help of aqueous ammonia solution. Both porous anodized alumina and cadmium supplied Nanowires were characterized suing SEM. A good quality Nanowires were obtained in bunches with reasonably high aspect ratio.Item Analysis of n-Hexane extract from leaves of cedrela toona for its medicinal potency(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Anam MushtaqMedicinal plants are the backbone in the treatment of the traditional medicine. Cedrela Toona has been used for various ailments. C.Toona belongs to the family Meliacace which has significant medicinal values. Traditionally, it is useful in chronic dysentery, ulcer, cures fever, headache, blood complaints, cardiotonic, aphrodisiac, anthelmentic, good for scabis and expectorant. The various parts of the plant have been explored for antioxidant, analgesic, antifeedant, antiulcer, antimicrobial and many other activities. The present study was undertaken to find out the antibacterial activity and evaluation of the compounds, which presnt in its non-polar profile. The inhibition zone diameters and minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) against three tested bacteria are studied in antibacterial activity.Item Synthesis and characterization of gelatin grafted biodegradable plastic using acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Wajad UlfatThe backbone of gelatin was grafted with the monomers of vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile. This grafted copolymer was obtained by the employing of free radical polymerization technique with potassium per sulfate which acted as initiator in the reaction. The stirring and heating of reaction was constant at 80 oC. The polymer was characterized by the use of FTIR, TGA and DSC. FTIR proved the grafting of monomers on the backbone of the gelatin. TGA-DSC analyzed the degradation and melting of the copolymer and nanocomposite polymer. The nanocomposite polymer was prepared with the incorporation of suitable quantity of Nickel doped nanoparticles. Soil burial method was used for the study of biodegradation of this polymer and its test range is 60 days. The degradation study of prepared samples W-1 and W-2 was shown to degradation results 29.9 and 11.05 percent respectively. At the beginning of the test was observed that weight of the copolymer (W-1) was increased due to the absorption of moisture from the soil. But after 20 days the weight of polymer was decreased constantly. The W-1 sample showed the high degradation rate. The nanocomposite polymer W-2 sample showed the resistance against the biodegradation. Nanocomposite polymers were also less moisture absorber. Results showed that the grafting was a unique technique which induced the biodegradation that was not present in the synthetic polymers. The nanoparticles imparted the resistance against the microbes; therefore these nanocomposite polymers are best for the packing of food.Item Isolation and characterization of stearic acid(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Mhouddin, GhulamFatty acids are naturally distributed as components of animal and vegetable fats (triglycerides of saturated fatty acids) and oils (triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids). They are the characteristic constituent of lipids and play vital role in functions such as fluidity, flexibility and material transfer in bio-membranes. Fat or oil, can be hydrolyzed into corresponding fatty acids and glycerine. Fatty acids have found their many commercial applications today thus their production on commercial scale is the aim of fatty acid producing industries. The present research work is aimed to find out the suitable route to extract the stearic acid from its natural source “tallow”. For this purpose meat tallow is hydrolysed at a constant temperature of 80 °C, achieved on hotplate equipped with continuous stirrer, with strong hydrochloric acid while varying its strength from 2M to 10M and effects of acid strength on degree of release of target fatty acid has been studied. Another important parameter that remains the focus of this work is the effect of reaction time on successful release of fatty acid under the same set of reaction conditions. Different tests i.e. Degree of hydrolysis, Acid value, Saponification value, Free fatty acid value and Ester value helped to characterize the process success. These entire characterization tests agree on the point that increasing the strength of hydrolysing acid increase the percent release of fatty acids from their triglycerides. Increasing the time duration for hydrolysis also makes it possible to achieve high yields of stearic acid from its natural source “tallow”. The factor of hydrolysing acid strength is important and a controlling factor but high yields can only be achieved at high reaction time. ixItem Synthesis and characterization Of gelatin grafted biodegradable copolymer using acrylic acid and vinyl acetate(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Muhammad AmjadFrom the beginning of life polymers are with us and are used as a building block of life. All living things in the world such as plants, animals, microorganisms and even though human being have the polymer as a basic constituent. In past, we have been familiar with only natural polymers. These polymers are mostly used in the form of textile fibers. But at the end of 19thcentury the natural polymers were modified into synthetic polymers. In modern era (1968), John Wesley Hyatt synthesized the first synthetic polymer cellulose nitrate from the natural raw material. After the synthesis of first synthetic polymer, change the ideas of scientists for the development of society. They use the synthetic polymers directly or indirectly to synthesis the different products. In previous few decades, with the development of science and technology, the amount of synthetic polymers increased all over the world each yeari. But due to these synthetic polymers in USA and other countries 20 to 25% volume of total solid municipalwasteincreasedii.Today, we can say that all comforts and luxury in this world is possible due to the synthetic polymers.Item Preparation and characterization of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Muhammad TawsifBiodiesel was synthesized from waste cooking oil by three-step method. These steps include saponification, acidification and esterification. The waste cooking oil was collected from the restaurants of Gujranwala . During saponification, molar ratio of WCO and caustic soda was reacted accordingly to a reported optimized value. Silica gel was used as dehydrating agent to absorb water from the synthesized biodiesel. The percentage yield obtained by this method was 79%. Physical and chemical properties like viscosity, density, flash point, cloud point, saponification value, acid value and ester value were examined to analyze the quantity of biodiesel.Item Grafting of starch with methyl methacrylate for the preparation of biodegradable polymers(University of Management and Technology, 2015) Bilal Ahmad ChheenaGrafting of starch with methyl methacrylate was carried out using free radical mechanism. Free radicals were generated by the thermal disintegration of potassium per sulphate at the temperature of 60 degrees celsius. A variety of experimental methods were investigated to check the effect of different parameters such as (temperature, amount of starch, quantity of monomer) for efficient grafting. The optimum temperature found for good grafting was 60 degrees Celsius. The initial amount of starch was taken as 0.75g. Keeping the amount of starch constant, the quantity of monomer was reduced gradually from 10ml to 2ml in portions of 5ml and 3 ml. The controlled biodegradability of grafted product was obtained by using 3ml monomer in 0.75g starch. This grafted polymer showed 27.29% biodegradability in 60 days. The nanocomposite of starch grafted methyl methacrylate was prepared by incorporating 0.02g Ni nanoparticles in reaction flask 15 minutes prior to the completion of reaction time. The starch grafted polymer and nanocomposite of this were fully characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA and DSC techniques. Soil burial method was applied to estimate the biodegradability of samples. The polymer containing Ni nanoparticles was less biodegradable than without nanoparticle. Such polymers can be efficiently used as packaging material for food items.Item Development and validation of analytical method of silymarin by RP-HPLC with UV detector(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Aslam, SohailMilk Thistle (Silybum marianum) is a wild, herbaceous plant. Generally the extract of Silybum marianum is expressed as total Silymarin. Silymarin is composed of flavonolignans, silybin, silydianin and silychristin. Out of these compounds, silybin is considered the most vital as it plays an important role for the treatment of liver disorder. Silymarin is very important natural drug which is widely used for the treatment of variety of diseases, especially for hepatic disorders. A novel, reliable and a sensitive method to determine the amount of Silymarin was developed by using reversed phased HPLC method with isocratic solvent delivery. Silymarin was separated using Hypersil ODS C18 column maintaining temperature at 40°C in the column oven and detector was set at wavelength 288 nm with mobile phase in a ratio Methanol:Water:Phosphoric acid (46:54:0.1 v/v/v). The silymarin was tested with respect to silybin which is the most vital and pharmacological active substance. For this purpose the retention time of the silybin among all flavonolignans were determined by injecting silybin standard. Then the silymarin standard and silymarin raw material sample were injected and successfully determined the assay of silymarin. The developed method was then validated as per ICH guidelines. Linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness are the key parameters used to validate the method. This method could easily be used for the determination of silymarin for routine analysis of raw material to maintain its quality and to check the efficacy of the incoming consignments of raw material.Item Synthesis and characterization of gelatin grafted biodegradable plastic using acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Wajad UlfatThe backbone of gelatin was grafted with the monomers of vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile. This grafted copolymer was obtained by the employing of free radical polymerization technique with potassium per sulfate which acted as initiator in the reaction. The stirring and heating of reaction was constant at 80 oC. The polymer was characterized by the use of FTIR, TGA and DSC. FTIR proved the grafting of monomers on the backbone of the gelatin. TGA-DSC analyzed the degradation and melting of the copolymer and nanocomposite polymer. The nanocomposite polymer was prepared with the incorporation of suitable quantity of Nickel doped nanoparticles. Soil burial method was used for the study of biodegradation of this polymer and its test range is 60 days. The degradation study of prepared samples W-1 and W-2 was shown to degradation results 29.9 and 11.05 percent respectively. At the beginning of the test was observed that weight of the copolymer (W-1) was increased due to the absorption of moisture from the soil. But after 20 days the weight of polymer was decreased constantly. The W-1 sample showed the high degradation rate. The nanocomposite polymer W-2 sample showed the resistance against the biodegradation. Nanocomposite polymers were also less moisture absorber. Results showed that the grafting was a unique technique which induced the biodegradation that was not present in the synthetic polymers. The nanoparticles imparted the resistance against the microbes; therefore these nanocomposite polymers are best for the packing of foodItem Estimation of the medicinal value of melia azedarach linn(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Tabassum MunirMelia azedarach (M. azedarach) L. is most versatile medicinal plants of meliaceae (mahogany) family which have great attraction for scholars. The presence of alkaloids,saponins,tannins and flavonoids in the leaves extracts proves its medicinal value. These compounds have pharmacological effects like analgesic, anticancer, antiviral and anti- malarial. Infectious diseases are main cause of deaths in Pakistan. With passage of time that bacterial strain has developed resistance to almost all the antibodies. Some antibodies have serious side effects which minimize their applications. There is a need to develop such antimicrobial agent with more effectiveness and minimum side effects. It is reported that M.azedarach is a potential source of noval antibodies.Item Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Bashir, Muhammad WaqasIn this study, synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial properties of pure and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles have been investigated. Undoped and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by using Co-precipitation method. The synthesized Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to measure the band gap energy. The antimicrobial activity of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles was carried out by using agar diffusion method. Formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD technique. XRD analysis showed hexagonal wurtzite structure of Mn doped and undoped ZnO nanoparticles. The average grain size for undoped ZnO nanoparticles was 16.72nm, and the size of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles was 6.14nm synthesized by co-precipitation method with different chemicals.Item Synthesis and biological screening of some azomethine derivatives of 2,4-dimethylcarbolic acid(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Ata Ur RehmanThe molecules comprising azomethine group are famous to possess biological activities. In the present work, the synthesis of N'-Substitutedbenzylidene-2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy) acetohydrazide (5a-d) has been performed using 2,4-Dimethylphenol(1) as precursor. The molecule 1, was transformed into ethyl 2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)acetate (2) on refluxing with ethyl 2-bromoacetate in ethanol medium in the presence of base KOH. Ethyl ester 2, was refluxed with hydrated hydrazine (80%) in ethanol medium to produce 2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy) acetohydrazide (3). The target molecules 5a-d, were manufactured by stirring 3 with phenyl/aryl carboxaldehyde (4a-d) in methanol medium in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The synthesized molecules were characterized by physical spectral data and estimated for antibacterial and anti-enzymatic activities.Item Synthesis and characterization of lactic acid grafted TiO2nanocomposites(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Qasar SaleemThe aim of my project is to synthesize and analyze Polylactic acid-grafted TiO2 nanocomposite. When dispersed at the nanoscale TiO2 can behave as see through transparent UV filters and thermomechanical materials. The synthesis plan involved three stages. First, dispersion of TiO2 white powder in water/ethanol solvent system. Second grafting TiO2 surface by oligomers of lactic acid aimed at changing its surface features. Third polymerization of lactic acid monomer with grafted TiO2 in the presence of anhydrous stannous chloride as catalyst. Polylactic acid grafted-TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized by melt poly condensation in situ of lactic acid onto titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles surface. The product was characterized by TGA, DSC, FTIR, and UV analysis and degradation observation.Item Synthesis, characterization and biological activity study of sulfonamide derivatives of disubstituted anilines(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Younas, TahirSulfonamides due to their medicinal importance are under consideration by the researchers. Chloro substituted sulfonamide, 3a-b, has been synthesized with high yields by a single step nucleophilic substitution reaction of disubstituted anilines, 1a-b, and 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in a weak basic aqueous medium. The synthesized sulfonamides, 3a-b, were further subjected to electrophilic substitution reaction using ethyl iodide. (4), benzyl chloride. (5) and. 4-chlorobenzyl chloride. (6) in such a solvent which is polar aprotic to get N-substituted derivatives, 7a -b, 8a-b and.9a -b, respectively. The suggested structures of all the prepared molecules were characterized using IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS spectroscopic analysis.Item Fabrication and characterization of TiO2 nano rods made by sol gel electrophoresis deposition into anodic alumina template(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Muhammad IkraamHighly ordered nonporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanorods were fabricated in oxalic acid using a steady voltage by the use of a two-step anodization procedure. To develop a high-aspect-ratio template filling process was adopted to form TiO2 nanorods. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images indicated that rods like TiO2 structures were sputtered onto the AAO template surface and TiO2 show evidence of fine filling results and clear crystal grain boundaries.Item Compositional analysis of non-polar extract of Melia azedarach(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Rabia HabibMedicinal plants are widely used by the traditional practitioners to cure different diseases due to their world-wide availability and fewer side effects. Melia azedarach L. belongs to the family Meliaceae which is a family of highly significant medicinal plants. Traditionally, different parts such as leaf, flower, seed, fruit, and young branches of M. azedarach have been used for the treatment of malaria, diabetes, purgative, cough, skin disease, and many more. Experiment and clinical studies prove that it has antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anticancer, analgestic, antiulcer, antipyretic, antiplasmodial and male contraceptive properties. Thus the aim of this study was to explore the chemical profile of non-polar extract of M. azedarach leaves through GC-MS analysis, as well as to check the antimicrobial activity of this plant against different bacterial strain by using agar diffusion method.