Department of Chemistry
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Item Non-Extractive Spectroscopic Determination of Lead Metal in Blood Samples(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Batool SafiaA validated, precised, accurate and simple spectrophotometric method has been worked out for the determination of Pb in human blood. Determination of Pb method is based on the reaction of lead with xylenol orange after the wet digestion of blood samples of HCV patients with HNO3 and H2O2. The absorption maxima occurred at 578 nm. This method is are alternative method for the amount of Pb in blood other than test methods applied in medical lab.Item Antibacterial Activity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Mehshaar GulAntibiotic drugs are resistant against bacteria and there is need to search for new antibiotic drugs that are more resistant against these bacteria. Copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using copper sulphate pentahydrate and sodium lauryl sulfate. To check the antibacterial activity of the copper oxide nanoparticles against different bacteria like Eschericia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus areus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella pneumonia, petri dishes were prepared. Amoxicillin was used as standard antibiotic and distilled water was used as solvent. Amoxicillin is very famous antibiotics as compared to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It works against Gram‐negative bacteria more effectively as compare to Gram positive bacteria. Dilutions of copper oxide nanoparticles were prepared of 2%, 1% and 0.5% respectively. Nanoparticles were characterized by using XRD technique. Copper oxide nanoparticles showed the antibacterial activity against all of the bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Copper oxide nanoparticles showed the highest efficiency against Eschericia coli for 2% concentration and lowest efficiency against Pseudomonas and Klebsiella pneumonia for 0.5% concentration. Therefore, it can be concluded that copper oxide nanoparticles show efficiency against bacteria and can also be used as antibiotic in medicine field as well as in paints, coatings, and textile.Item Development of Natural Brown Colour from Low Cost Ingredient and their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Naseer, SumraItem Removal of Lead Ions from Water Using Bio Materials(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Afaq SaroorThe water which people drink or use must be clean and clear from germs, chemicals and a lot of other water pollutants. Waste water is routinely being discharged to outer environment from homes, agriculture runoff, industry and manufacturing process this water contain petrochemicals, phosphate, nitrate, and heavy metal like Cr, lead, Fe, Mg and loads of other hazardous materials. This water needs to be purify before its use. Pakistanis a developing country so we have limited source we need to find inexpensive materials and way of water purification .So my focus is on water purification by using cheap biomaterial as adsorbent. From bio materials we chose Gaozaban (Borago Officinels) as and adsorbent. Waste Gaozaban and pure Gaozaban was used here in this study and we treated lead contaminated water through static (column) and dynamic (orbital shaker) method. After treating the titration method was used for the estimation of lead ion concentration removed from water.Item Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of transition metal complexes of (e)-4-((3,5-dichlorophenyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Rizwan, AfshanLigand, its sodium salt and four new metal carboxylates have been prepared and characterized by FT-IR, conductometry and UV-Visible spectroscopy. All the prepared compounds were solid and obtained in solid state. They have sharp melting points and have good yield. FTIR spectroscopy proved that there is no involvement of carbonyl group and amine group in metal-ligand coordination. Only carboxylic group was involved in complex formation. Molar conductance revealed that all the compounds are non-electrolytic in nature due to very low conductance. A broad band in copper complex (CuL2) represents the presence of water molecules. UV-Visible spectra proven that all the compounds appeared in UV region (200-400nm) have shown π-π* and n-π* which indicated that all the compounds were aromatic in nature. Different concentrations of synthesized compounds were used to for inhibition of alkaline phosphatase which proved that all the compounds possess inhibitory action against ALP.Item Prediction of Protein Solubility in Escherichia coli and Experimental Verification(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Mehmood, ShahidSoluble protein in proper concentration is very important for different experimental studies. Solubility of protein can be estimated by the sequence of amino acids in protein. The solubility of protein is important for biophysical and structural development. To achieve the soluble protein in high concentration is a major challenge. The protein which are heterologous expressed are often insoluble and their solubilization is highly trial and error process with low success rate. Although very highly overexpression in inclusion body is some time desirable which result in clean protein. A new method is develop which will predict the solubility of protein on overexpression in E.coli. This method use four classifier named as Multilayer Perceptron, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Bayes Classifier. Theses classifier were trained for the prediction of recombinant protein solubility. Many features are used by this method such as canonical variable (CV),Surrounding hydrophobicity, Solubility index composition, Intrinsic aggregation propensity, Intrinsic Z-scores for aggregation, = tripeptide score, AI = aliphatic index, II= instability index, Fn= frequency of occurrence of Asn, Ft = frequency of occurrence of Thr, Fy= frequency of occurrence of Tyr. It is very simple and easy method for the prediction of recombinant protein solubility. To evaluate the validity of this method test is performed. For this purpose dataset consist of 1500 proteins, out of which 1000 are soluble and 500 are insoluble. Each classifier was trained for the prediction of 450 protein sequences. This method will predict the protein solubility with greater accuracy of about 95.9%. The accuracy of this method is also compared with the previous work or methods. Results shows that this method has more accuracy and precision then other previous works.Item Preparation and characterization of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Muhammad TawsifBiodiesel was synthesized from waste cooking oil by three-step method. These steps include saponification, acidification and esterification. The waste cooking oil was collected from the restaurants of Gujranwala . During saponification, molar ratio of WCO and caustic soda was reacted accordingly to a reported optimized value. Silica gel was used as dehydrating agent to absorb water from the synthesized biodiesel. The percentage yield obtained by this method was 79%. Physical and chemical properties like viscosity, density, flash point, cloud point, saponification value, acid value and ester value were examined to analyze the quantity of biodiesel.Item Synthesis and characterization of gelatin grafted biodegradable plastic using acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Wajad UlfatThe backbone of gelatin was grafted with the monomers of vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile. This grafted copolymer was obtained by the employing of free radical polymerization technique with potassium per sulfate which acted as initiator in the reaction. The stirring and heating of reaction was constant at 80 oC. The polymer was characterized by the use of FTIR, TGA and DSC. FTIR proved the grafting of monomers on the backbone of the gelatin. TGA-DSC analyzed the degradation and melting of the copolymer and nanocomposite polymer. The nanocomposite polymer was prepared with the incorporation of suitable quantity of Nickel doped nanoparticles. Soil burial method was used for the study of biodegradation of this polymer and its test range is 60 days. The degradation study of prepared samples W-1 and W-2 was shown to degradation results 29.9 and 11.05 percent respectively. At the beginning of the test was observed that weight of the copolymer (W-1) was increased due to the absorption of moisture from the soil. But after 20 days the weight of polymer was decreased constantly. The W-1 sample showed the high degradation rate. The nanocomposite polymer W-2 sample showed the resistance against the biodegradation. Nanocomposite polymers were also less moisture absorber. Results showed that the grafting was a unique technique which induced the biodegradation that was not present in the synthetic polymers. The nanoparticles imparted the resistance against the microbes; therefore these nanocomposite polymers are best for the packing of foodItem Grafting of starch with methyl methacrylate for the preparation of biodegradable polymers(University of Management and Technology, 2015) Bilal Ahmad ChheenaGrafting of starch with methyl methacrylate was carried out using free radical mechanism. Free radicals were generated by the thermal disintegration of potassium per sulphate at the temperature of 60 degrees celsius. A variety of experimental methods were investigated to check the effect of different parameters such as (temperature, amount of starch, quantity of monomer) for efficient grafting. The optimum temperature found for good grafting was 60 degrees Celsius. The initial amount of starch was taken as 0.75g. Keeping the amount of starch constant, the quantity of monomer was reduced gradually from 10ml to 2ml in portions of 5ml and 3 ml. The controlled biodegradability of grafted product was obtained by using 3ml monomer in 0.75g starch. This grafted polymer showed 27.29% biodegradability in 60 days. The nanocomposite of starch grafted methyl methacrylate was prepared by incorporating 0.02g Ni nanoparticles in reaction flask 15 minutes prior to the completion of reaction time. The starch grafted polymer and nanocomposite of this were fully characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA and DSC techniques. Soil burial method was applied to estimate the biodegradability of samples. The polymer containing Ni nanoparticles was less biodegradable than without nanoparticle. Such polymers can be efficiently used as packaging material for food items.Item Grafting of starch with acrylic acid for the preparation of biodegradable polymers(University of Management and Technology, 2015) Humayun IrshadThe graft polymerization of starch with monomer like acrylic acid was carried out using free radical polymerization mechanism. To generate free radicals, ammonium per sulphate was thermally disintegrated by heating it in aqueous solution at the temperature of 80 degrees celsius. Different experimental methods were performed to investigate the effect of different parameters like (temperature, amount of starch and the ratio of monomer acrylic acid on grafting. The temperature of 90 degrees celsius was found to be optimum for good grafting. The amount of starch was taken as 0.75g in experimentally designed method. The best grafted product was obtained by adding 3ml monomer acrylic acid in 0.75g starch. For the preparation of nanocomposite of starch grafted acrylic acid 0.02g of Ni nanoparticles were incorporated in reaction kettle at 15 minutes prior to completion of the reaction time. SEM, TGA/DSC, FTIR techniques were used to characterize the grafted polymer and its nanocomposite. To investigate the biodegradability soil burial method was applied. The biodegradability of 23.21% in 60 days was shown by starch grafted acrylic acid polymer while its nanocomposite showed 16.19% biodegradability in same period of time.Item Salt free dyeing(University of Management and Technology, 2015) Babur SaleemColors are in constant association with man since Stone Age to modern era.This study primarily focuses on; the reduction of salts during the dyeing of cotton, investigate the effectiveness of selected pre-treatments in the reactive dyeing process, determine optimal requirement of salt when using a fabric that has been pre-treated, measure the effectiveness of rinsing when using a fabric that has been pre-treated, ascertain the dye exhaustion after per-treatment and determine the basic economics surrounding the take up of pre-treatment for industry use.The dyeing method used was Pad steam dyeing. It is suitable for dyeing the pale to medium shades. The dye strength used was 20 g/L as it is generally recognized as the upper limit in the industry while carrying out commercial production. Fabric sample were dyed by padding. After padding steaming was done in a steamer for around 60 seconds. The alkali which was used during the dyeing was sodium carbonate.After dyeing, washing off was carried out to remove any un-reacted dye.To remove any unfixed dye which might have been left after washing off, the fabric was further boiled with DMF solution to strip off any unfixed dye on it then was the stage oftesting and measurements.The current study has led to the following outcomes; Pad steam dyeing of cotton using bio-degradable salt such as Tri-sodium nitrilo triacetate has shown better dyeing results and improved effluent quality and a novel industrially applicable method of application of reactive dyes on cotton fabrics using Tri-sodium Nitrilo Triacetate a bio-degradable salt has be developed.Although the cost of dyeing with inorganic salts seems to greater than with conventionally used salts but the cost of removing them from the effluent and the penalties which are paid to government for not complying with the standards can overcome the increased cost. The study shows that the selected bio-degradable salt can be used for pad-steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes to take the place of conventional salt. Tri-sodium nitrilo triacetate gave better dye fixation and color fastness as compared to the conventional salts.Item Synthesis and characterization of metal ferrites and study of their magnetic properties in polymer thin films(University of Management and Technology, 2015) Abdul SattarNanoparticles of Nickel ferrites have been prepared using the modified co-precipitation technique; the methodology involved the controlled mixing of Nickel chloride 0.2M solution and Ferric chloride 0.4M solution in the ratio of 1:2 respectively. The precipitates were dried at 105oC for 24h, annealed at 600oC for one hour and characterized using SEM and XRD techniques. The SEM and XRD results showed that prepared particles were in nano range. Prepared material having good surface morphology was incorporated into starch grafted methylmeth acrylate copolymer by in-situ polymerization method. The nano composite prepared in this way was characterized by SEM, FTIR and VSM for the magnetic properties. The results of these techniques proved the usefulness of the material as biodegradable thin films having controllable magnetic properties for potential use as magnetic strips.Item Synthesis and biological screening of some azomethine derivatives of 2,4-dimethylcarbolic acid(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Ata Ur RehmanThe molecules comprising azomethine group are famous to possess biological activities. In the present work, the synthesis of N'-Substitutedbenzylidene-2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy) acetohydrazide (5a-d) has been performed using 2,4-Dimethylphenol(1) as precursor. The molecule 1, was transformed into ethyl 2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)acetate (2) on refluxing with ethyl 2-bromoacetate in ethanol medium in the presence of base KOH. Ethyl ester 2, was refluxed with hydrated hydrazine (80%) in ethanol medium to produce 2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy) acetohydrazide (3). The target molecules 5a-d, were manufactured by stirring 3 with phenyl/aryl carboxaldehyde (4a-d) in methanol medium in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The synthesized molecules were characterized by physical spectral data and estimated for antibacterial and anti-enzymatic activities.Item Cu-doped zno nanoparticles: Synthesis, charecterization and antibacterial properties(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Shaista JabinIn the present study, synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties of copper doped zinc oxide nanoparticles have been investigated. Pure and copper doped ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized by using co-precipitation method. The synthesized copper doped ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques such as XRD, SEM, EDAX and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of copper doped ZnO nanoparticles was carried out based on the agar diffusion method.Item Preparation of gelatin grafted vinyl acetate-methylmethacrylate nanocomposite(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Urooj FatimaThe thought to make the environment green and restrict fossil sources is increasing day by day. Scientists are taking interest in producing green materials from renewable sources as they are biodegradable and non-toxic to living being and atmosphere. To get better response of those materials in technological terms, in particular thermal, mechanical and barrier properties, nanocomposites are commonly used. The alteration of natural polymers is a capable method for the synthesis of novel materials. In few years, great deal of attention has been exposed in the improvement of the production of natural-based nano composites. It is true that polymers and their yield have altered the appearance of the world in all the playing field of the expertise but these synthetic non biodegradable polymers have produced a dangerous condition for a hale and hearty life. So at this time our main concern to alter our research from non-biodegradable polymeric product to the biodegradable polymeric products. Proteins are extensively spread in nature. We select gelatine in our study because it is a self-assembled, nontoxic, biodegradable and inexpensive material. It is mostly used in pharmaceutical, food, photographic industries etc .Moreover, peptide units show high selectivity to interact with metal oxide. Conversely, toughness and brittleness of gelatin films caused difficulty in synthesis, which comes from their slight swelling behaviour in aqueous medium. In this study Gelatin-g-vinyl acetate methylmethacrylate Nanocomposite was prepared by free radical polymerization technique. Graft polymerization of vinylic monomers on their backbones in the existence of cross linkers is a competent approach to alter natural polymers. Results shows that this novel Nanocomposite can help in alter non-biodegradable polymeric product to the biodegradable polymeric products. That's why, in this study, we illustrate the preparation and characterization of a gelatin-g-poly(vinyl acetate methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite as a new natural-based polymer. The degradation studies showed degradation of polymer up to 44.39% and degradation with nanoparticle showed 46.67% degradation. The results showed that the grafting was a flexible tool to impart biodegradation to non biodegradation polymers. In addition of nanoparticle gave them a resistance against microbes up to an extent. Therefore this nano composite can be used successfully as biodegradable food packaging material.Item Characterization of sunflower oil for its oleic acid content(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Shahzadi, MehwishSunflower is cultivated all over the world not only as an ornament plant but also for the purpose of getting oil. It is the third most cultivated plant in the history because its oil considered best for health. The present study deals with the analysis of sunflower oil sample which was obtained from local market. The physicochemical properties of the oil were determined which included saponification value, acid value and ester value. Results showed that saponification value of the oil was 191.675, acid value was 0.94 and ester value to be 190.735 for the sample under observation.Item Extraction and characterization of rice bran oil(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Muhammad Amjad AliRice is used as staple food throughout the world from Australia to American continent. Processing of this rice produces a number of value able byproducts. Rice bran is one of these byproducts. Other byproducts include rice hull and rice husk. Rice bran oil is rich in starches, minerals, vitamins, proteins and oil. Rice bran oil can be extracted using physical and chemical processes. In this study rice bran oil is extracted from the pallets of rice bran using soxhlet apparatus. N-hexane is used as solvent. After its extraction saponification value, acid value and ester value are determined. Crud, protein value, ash value, moisture content and fiber value of rice bran are also determined. Saponification value 148.80, Acid value 46.0, Ester value 102.80, Crude protein value 11.62%, Ash value 12.8%, Moisture content 8.2%, and Ester value is 17%.Item Synthesis, characterization and biological activity study of sulfonamide derivatives of disubstituted anilines(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Younas, TahirSulfonamides due to their medicinal importance are under consideration by the researchers. Chloro substituted sulfonamide, 3a-b, has been synthesized with high yields by a single step nucleophilic substitution reaction of disubstituted anilines, 1a-b, and 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in a weak basic aqueous medium. The synthesized sulfonamides, 3a-b, were further subjected to electrophilic substitution reaction using ethyl iodide. (4), benzyl chloride. (5) and. 4-chlorobenzyl chloride. (6) in such a solvent which is polar aprotic to get N-substituted derivatives, 7a -b, 8a-b and.9a -b, respectively. The suggested structures of all the prepared molecules were characterized using IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS spectroscopic analysis.Item Analysis of n-Hexane extract from leaves of cedrela toona for its medicinal potency(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Anam MushtaqMedicinal plants are the backbone in the treatment of the traditional medicine. Cedrela Toona has been used for various ailments. C.Toona belongs to the family Meliacace which has significant medicinal values. Traditionally, it is useful in chronic dysentery, ulcer, cures fever, headache, blood complaints, cardiotonic, aphrodisiac, anthelmentic, good for scabis and expectorant. The various parts of the plant have been explored for antioxidant, analgesic, antifeedant, antiulcer, antimicrobial and many other activities. The present study was undertaken to find out the antibacterial activity and evaluation of the compounds, which presnt in its non-polar profile. The inhibition zone diameters and minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) against three tested bacteria are studied in antibacterial activity.Item Isolation and characterization of stearic acid(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Mhouddin, GhulamFatty acids are naturally distributed as components of animal and vegetable fats (triglycerides of saturated fatty acids) and oils (triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids). They are the characteristic constituent of lipids and play vital role in functions such as fluidity, flexibility and material transfer in bio-membranes. Fat or oil, can be hydrolyzed into corresponding fatty acids and glycerine. Fatty acids have found their many commercial applications today thus their production on commercial scale is the aim of fatty acid producing industries. The present research work is aimed to find out the suitable route to extract the stearic acid from its natural source “tallow”. For this purpose meat tallow is hydrolysed at a constant temperature of 80 °C, achieved on hotplate equipped with continuous stirrer, with strong hydrochloric acid while varying its strength from 2M to 10M and effects of acid strength on degree of release of target fatty acid has been studied. Another important parameter that remains the focus of this work is the effect of reaction time on successful release of fatty acid under the same set of reaction conditions. Different tests i.e. Degree of hydrolysis, Acid value, Saponification value, Free fatty acid value and Ester value helped to characterize the process success. These entire characterization tests agree on the point that increasing the strength of hydrolysing acid increase the percent release of fatty acids from their triglycerides. Increasing the time duration for hydrolysis also makes it possible to achieve high yields of stearic acid from its natural source “tallow”. The factor of hydrolysing acid strength is important and a controlling factor but high yields can only be achieved at high reaction time. ix