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Genome wide sequence analysis of the genus tombusvirus
(UMT Lahore, 0000) Muhammad Saqlain
The Tombusviruses belong to family Tombusviridae is a gathering of plant disease causing viruses with broad host range. The disconnects having a place with the class are portrayed by icosahedralsvirions containing a RNA genome of size 4.7-4.8 kb long with five ORFs. ICTV has perceived 17 species identified on the basis of following criteria. a) degree of serologicalerelationship as dictated by immunodiffusion(normally not <3),and/or ELISA, b) under 85% succession personality in the CP, c) differentialwcytopathological highlights; organelles from which multivescular bodies emerge, d) regular host range, and ultimately, e) counterfeit host range responses. While concerning <85% characters in the CP, the expanded pace of transformations and recombination potential which could add to the mosaic idea of the virus genome diminishes the unwavering quality of utilizing a solitary ORF for ordered purposes. Moreover, metagenomics and the high throughput sequencing add to the always developing number of accessible successions. This thusly have diminished the degree of extricating and assessing natural importance and pertinence. Derivation from the total genome is, consequently, important. We here broke down and looked at the sequencing utilizing full length accessible genomes and proposed a limit of 84% where entire genome disconnects could more readily be arranged by recommending eight tentative species.
Analysis of HBV and HCV prevalence in the general population of chaghi, balochistan
(UMT Lahore, 2018) Jahangir Alam
Hepatitis viruses are threat for public health and considered as a depressing health issue globally. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is main as well as leading reason for the liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development and they are also considered as one of the major reasons for TTIs (Transfusion Transmitted Infections) with considerable infection burden. Due to similar transmission mode the co-infection of both viruses are frequent. According to the reports of World Health Organization (WHO), there are 2 billion of HBV and 185 million HCV victims, which is 3% of the world’s population and three to four million adds to the list every year. The patients with co-infection of HBV and HCV have greater chances to develop further disease of liver. The medical assessment for the control of HBV and HCV viral diseases extremely needed because they both are affecting massive residents worldwide. The vaccine for HBV is approved when the techniques of suppression and elimination significantly improved. The current study consequences showed the prevalence of HBV and HCV in chaghi from 2001 to 2016. The samples are verified and analyzed by both test ICT and ELISA. Among the general population who visit the OPD, blood samples were collected from Sheikh Zaid Bin Sultan Hospital Chaghi, Balochistan, Pakistan. All the patients were the resident of District Chaghi and the studied time period of these patients are from June 2001 to July 2016. The prevalence of HBV in Chaghi within 17 years is 9.07% and prevalence of HCV is 6.9% out of 3288 individuals. There are many treatment options are available for the cure of HBV and HCV but still its number of victims per year is very higher and even deaths, because of hepatitis, are of great number. It can be prevented by taking simple precautionary steps, like never let anyone use already used syringe around you, avoid unsafe sex activities, keep the healthcare settings around you according to the international standards. The government should take serious steps for spreading the awareness of HBV/HCV virus and how they can be avoided. Along with Government, it is a moral responsibility of every citizen, who is aware of HBV/HCV virus, to play it’s role in preventing HBV/HCV around him/her and aware the people about it and the chain will keep growing and one day we will be able to beat this virus.
An estimation of hepatitis B virus prevalence in Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan
(UMT Lahore, 2018) Ali Raza
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a main health issue all around the world. Regardless the availability of vaccines and various treatment strategies HBV is the main cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the World. The control of HBV is extremely important as it affects the huge number of individuals worldwide. The process of eradication and elimination of infection of HBV have improved significantly after the approval of vaccine against HBV. The pilot study was designed to check the seroprevalence of HBV in the capital of Baltistan Division. For this purpose male volunteer blood donors were enrolled in this study. In total 3377 individuals (aged between 20-30 years) who visited District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital Skardu Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan from January to June 2016 were screened for HBV infection. The results of current study show the prevalence of HBV in Skardu from January to June 2016. In total 3377 individuals (aged between 20-30 years) who visited District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital Skardu Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan from January to June 2016 were screened for HBV infection. The prevalence of HBV in the month of January was 1.7% out of 645 blood donors, February 3.36% out of 625, March 1.7% out of 648, April 4% out of 480, May 3.2% out of 220 and June was 5% out of 759. The overall prevalence of HBV in Skardu within six months is 3.16% out of 3377 blood donors. Awareness can be increased regarding HBV infection by educating the medical staff, medical subordinates and paramedics in the government and private sector. Primary physicians should be trained by giving short time trainings with respect to active screening, initial treatment and outreach. Apart from awareness from the infectious disease there is a dire need of mass vaccination to reduce the current prevalence of the disease. The prevalence of HBV is expected to decrease by improved treatment strategy. Early treatment of HBV prevents chronic HBV and liver cirrhosis and allows preventing liver transplantation. Government must take steps for providing reasonable treatment for HBV, which avoids more infections.
Style guidelines for final year project reports isolation and characterization of extremophilic microorganisms from industrial effluents
(UMT Lahore, 2018) Muneeba Waseem Ghauri
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify extremophiles from the industrial effluent of Pakistan. Characterization of identified extremophile using biochemical and molecular approaches, their biotechnological potential in the production of extracellular enzymes and studying the phylogenetic affiliation of the extremophilic microbes in comparison with others. The range of temperature for the growth of the isolated strain ranged from 35°C to 37°C with its optimum growth at 37°C. Physiological analysis of strain were colonies in light yellowish cream color and spherical in shape. The range of pH for the isolated strain to grow ranged from pH 9 to pH 12 with its optimum growth at 37°C. Optimum NaCl and pH concentration for the strain to grow were 5% and 9.0, respectively. The full-length 16S rRNA sequence was 92.50% homologous to that of Alishewanella jeotgali strain MS1 and Alishewanella agri strain BAB6492.
An estimate of HBV and HCV seroprevalence in Muzaffarabad, AJK, Pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2018) Iffat Rashid
Viral hepatitis is an issue affecting people all over the world. Around the globe hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most important health issue. HBV and HCV are the most important cause of death and morbidity throughout the globe, despite the accessibility of vaccines and different treatment methods. These diseases (HBV and HCV) are major reason of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The co-infection of these viruses is frequent because they shared same modes of transmission. HBV and HCV co-infected patients have higher chances of movement, rapid fibrosis, and other liver disease. Patients that have dual infection of HBV and HCV, have higher chances of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), when compared to those who are mono-infected. The control of both of these viral diseases is tremendously important as they affect the enormous number of population globally. The procedures of eradication and elimination have improved considerably after the approval of vaccine against HBV and HCV. The testes were performed to verify the prevalence of HBV and HCV in Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Because of this reason male and female patients were registered in this study. The blood samples of 3,000 individuals who visited Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zyad and Combined Military Hospital, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir from June 2016 to July 2017 were screened for HBV and HCV infection. Total 3,000 samples were collected and tested. Out of which 1,000 were male and 2,000 were female. ICT was used for antibodies findings. Among the 3,000 samples, 40 (1.33%) were shown HBV ICT positive result and 76 (2.53%) were shown HCV ICT positive result. To overcome these infections it is necessary to create awareness among the medical staff, subordinates and paramedics in the private and government areas. Physicians should be educated by giving short time trainings of active screening, initial treatment and outreach. Apart from awareness from the infectious disease there is a dire need of mass vaccination to reduce the current prevalence of HBV and HCV infection. The prevalence of HBV and HCV is expected to decrease by improved treatment strategy. Government should take different steps for giving reasonable treatment for these viral diseases, to avoid more infections. Early treatment to prevents chronic and liver cirrhosis and allows preventing liver transplantation
Extraction and purification of lipase from aspergillus niger
(UMT Lahore, 2018) NIMRA BABAR
Lipase belongs to the serine class and catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides to fatty acid and glycerol. Lipase is water soluble enzyme. Lipases have great importance in industry. Lipase used in different industries such as food processing, pharmaceutical, detergent, leather, cosmetics. Several plants, animals, fungi and bacteria are recognized to produce lipases. One of the major applications of enzymes is in durable detergents for household laundry. Lipase show different positional specificities and can catalyze different reactions like esterification, interesterification, and hydrolysis. Isolate the lipase from Aspergillusniger. Purification step was performed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis. Titrimetric method was used to estimate the specific activity of the enzyme. Bradford assay method was used to estimate the concentration of protein. SDS-PAGE was used to check the molecular weight of enzyme. The maximum extracellular lipase was purified 2.74 folds with an overall yield of 0.65% through purification procedure of ammonium sulfate precipitation. Maximum lipase activity of 0.23 U/ml and specific activity 21.9 U/ml was observed using olive oil as substrate. Protein estimation showed the concentration of enzyme present in the sample that was 420 mg/ml. Molecular weight determination was done by SDS-PAGE bands were not visualized on the gel, due to low concentration of protein,
Production, purification and characterization of asparaginase from bacteria E. Coli (Escherichia coli)
(UMT Lahore, 2018) FATIMA IMAN
Asparaginase is an enzyme having (E.C. 3.5.1.1.), belongs to amidase group. This enzyme plays an important role in the treatment of tumor and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; it can act as anti-tumor agent, also necessary agent of chemotherapeutic agent against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. From last 50 years it has been used for the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), in the form of drugs. This was first identified from guinea pig serum in 1963. L-Asparaginase performs catalytic reaction, and involve in the conversion of asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. Both normal and tumor cells needs Asparagine for nutritional condition. Currently the clinical sources of ASNase are Erwinia chrysanthemi and Escherichia coli. The benefit in the use of this enzyme is that, it causes L-asparagine reduction; subsequently these amino acids are not synthesized by tumor cells. In a meanwhile there long term usage can causes allergic reactions, hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. L-Asparaginase (L-AsnA) is broadly present in many microorganisms. This enzyme is also useful in different clinical research field like food industry, medicine and pharmacologic. The main objective of this research was isolation, production, purification and characterization of an extracellular L-Asparaginase from Escherichia coli. Production media were performed for asparaginase synthesis. By using the enzyme assay it has been characterized, having the principle of hydrolyzing l-asparagine into l-aspartic acid and ammonia. Enzyme assay proceed by nesslerization method. Crude enzyme of l-asparaginase was moderately purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation (70%) and dialysis. In the purification step, the specific activity of L-Asparaginase from E. coli was increases from 42.2 U/mg to 6.73 U/mg. In ammonium sulfate precipitation step, the total protein increased from 0.38 mg to14.54 mg. After that the last step is characterization where the SDS-PAGE was determined the molecular weight of the purified enzyme. Our thesis work exposed that only a single distinctive protein band of purified L-Asparaginase from E. coli was found the molecular weight is 32 kDa.
Antimicrobial activity of nigella sativa plant leaves
(UMT Lahore, 2018) Ayesha Chaudhry
In recent century, chemicals that used as anti-agents in medicines have become less active and more toxic. Due to this reason herbs have become vital source of clinical medicines because they have more resistant against organisms and are less toxic. Nigella sativa is a medicinal plant belong to family Ranunuclease. It contain many certain phytochemicals that exhibit activities i.e. antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal etc. This plant have been widely used to cure diseases. In this research, antimicrobial activity of N. sativa plant leaves Ethanolic extract was identified against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Aspergillus niger). Three antimicrobial techniques were applied: agar disk diffusion method, Agar well diffusion and Microdilution assay. Extract showed inhibition against gram negative bacteria but no inhibition seen in case of B. subtilis & A. niger. The extract did not inhibit the growth of gram positive bacteria. E. coli and P. aeruginosa has shown growth on media in presence of the extract. This study narrated that phytochemicals in leaves of Nigella sativa have potential to resist growth of gram negative bacteria. After further in vitro and in vivo trials, such extract can be used to treat ailments in animals and humans.
Extraction purification and characterization of xylanase from bacillus subtilis
(UMT Lahore, 2018) MASOOMA IQBAL
Enzymes play spearhead role in many industrial processes and lessen the cost that is why used for many years. Interest in xylanase has increased because of its applications and degrading abilities. It is an enzyme which is commonly found in all organisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoans etc, whereas the biological system of mammals is unable to produce it. Xylanase hydrolyzes the molecules of the xylan into xylose monomers that are used by many bacteria and fungi as a source of energy. In the present study Bacillus subtilis producing xylanase enzyme were taken for production, purification and characterization. In this study xylanase was isolated from Bacillus subtilis strain and partial purification was done using Ammonium sulphate precipitation. DNS method was used to estimate the activity of the enzyme. Xylan was used as a substrate and xylose standard curve was constructed to check the activity of the xylanase. Cell free culture was saturated with 70% ammonium sulphate, centrifuged at 10,000 rpm and supernatant and precipitates were separated. Cell free sample, ammonium sulphate supernatant, ammonium sulphate precipitates and dialysis samples showed different activities which were 314.6, 245, 5.54 and 2.48 U/mg protein with enzyme activity 5.6, 3.6, 7.5 and 3.96 U/ml. Protein estimation of all the samples showed 178, 140, 21.6 and 14.52 mg/ml of proteins in respective samples. The enzyme was purified to 0.007 folds with 2.14 % recovery. Molecular weight was determined by SDS-PAGE which was 32kDa.
Isolation and characterization of thermophilic bacteria
(UMT Lahore, 2018) Ulfat Ali Shah
In assessing the bacterial diversity present in hot springs, extremotolerent and extremophiles bacteria (need tough environment for growth) were isolated. Several approaches were employed to identify bacteria and not survive in room temperature environment but exist in stressed environment. Samples were collected from Darkot and Hunza valley of Northern area of Pakistan. Temperature up to 4°C to 80°C and pH of neutral medium prior to selecting for extremophile bacteria. Hot springs are the best example of naturally existing extremophelic environment. In our research Bacillus Lichniformis_umt bacterial strain was isolated from the hot spring Hunza Murtazabad and Darkot where bacterial flora is not as much of explored. The thermophilic isolate was screened on the basis of various temperature of 37°C, 50°C and 60°C, and pH of 7 and 9 respectively. The biochemical characterization like sugar fermentation and chemical reactions studied compressively and phylogenetic tree was constructed and Bacillus Lichniformis_umt have 91% homology with neighbor specie strains. The isolate have potential applications in medicine, industry and biotechnology. This grows at optimum temperature of 50°C. It is sensitive to antibiotics of market include Leofloxacin, Erythromycin, HCL monohydrate, Azithromycin and Linofloxacin. This microbe can be a high good source to get industrially important thermostable enzymes
Isolation and characterization of culturable extremophile from potential areas of pakistan.
(UMT Lahore, 2018) Aisha Ashraf
The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of extremophilic bacteria from the hot springs of Hunza from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. One microbe was isolated which showed optimum growth at 50°C at pH 7.0± 0.2. Antibiotic sensitivity of the microbes was tested against various antibiotics which included azithromycin, levofloxacin, lincomycin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. The microorganism showed sensitivity against all the above mentioned antibiotics. Furthermore, growth curve was checked using the UV spectrophotometer at absorbance of 600nm against time. The bacterial isolates were also tested for extracellular enzyme plate assay for amylase and protease, which exhibited positive and weak activity, respectively. Different biochemical tests including catalase, oxidase, nitrate reduction, gelatinase etc. were performed along with fermentation of different sugars and amino acids. When the biochemical characterization of the sample was performed, it revealed that it was Bacillus stearothermophilus. The study confirmed that the bacteria was a true thermophile which can provide a good source for biotechnological purposes. This microbe can be a potential source to get industrially important thermostable enzymes. The indigenous product of such enzymes can contribute in national development of the country.
Isolation and characterization of Begomovirus (ES) infecting ornamental plants
(UMT Lahore, 2018) Syeda Kissa Ali Gardezi
Begomoviruses is a group of the viruses that affect plant production in different countries including Pakistan. Begomovirus is an emerging threat to dicot crops specifically in Punjab and Sindh. Cotton leaf curl disease (ClCuD) causes losses in billions to the economy of Pakistan thereby affecting 80-85% crop yield per year. Begomovirus genome consists of single stranded circular DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), transmitted exclusively by whitefly (Bemisia Tabaci). Identification of begomoviruses on weeds and fruit plants is important because they can serve as an alternative host and provide shelter, mixing vessel and inoculum source for next season field crops. Two Rhynchosia plant-leaf samples were collected from Johar town Lahore showing typical begomovirus symptoms. Total DNA was extracted using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide method. The DNA was subjected to polymerase chain reaction. No amplification was obtained using Beta01/02 and SON-A-F/R primer set. A 2.8 kb band size was obtained by using KTB-F/R primers. The sequence (identified as 26CG) was confirmed with sequencing. Sequence analysis showed that 26CG is a member of Rhynchosia yellow mosaic virus DNA-B (RYMV DNA-B). As predicted, Open Reading Frame (ORF) finder identified two orfs: NSP (Nuclear Shuttle Protein; 28.3 kDa) and MP (Movement Protein; 33.68 kDa). Sequence Demarcation Tool showed 96% identities of 26CG with RYMV DNA-B. Furthermore, Recombination Detection Program showed that 26CG may not be a recombinant due to its lower recombination score. Lastly, phylogenetic analysis performed with MEGA7 showed that it is a close relative of RYMV DNAB.
Study of anti-microbial activity and molecular docking of phytochemicals in asclepias curassavica
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Fariha Amir
Plants are widely used for many purposes. Traditionally plants are used as medicine from ancient time even when science of medicine never existed. At that time people used plants as a medicine and that was a natural way to cure any disease which was a slow process but had no side effect. Now a day’s synthetic drugs are use as antimicrobial agent, antioxidant agent and for many other treatments, which have many side effects but the major, problem is that our body started showing resistance against these drugs, due to which drugs generation increases day by day which is an alarming situation. The purpose of this study is to confirm that either the selected traditional plant shows high activity as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent or not, if yes then what is the mechanism behind it and also to examine the toxic phytochemicals present in it which can harm human beings. The antimicrobial activity of 3 bacterial strains E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and 1 fungal strain A.niger were examined against the methanolic, ethanolic and distilled water extract of roots, stems and leaves of Asclepias currasavica. These extracts inhibit all bacterial strains as leaves ethanol, leaves distilled water and leaves methanol showed inhibition zone of about 12mm, 9mm and 6mm against P. aeruginosa while root methanol showed inhibition zone of 6mm against E. coli. These extracts also showed inhibition against B. subtilis, but do not showed any inhibition against selected fungal strain. The antioxidant activity of all extracts was examined by using DPPH assay. The result demonstrated that stem distilled water showed high antioxidant activity. The mechanism of action of nontoxic phytochemicals were also examined by molecular docking after checking their ADME and ProTOX properties. Out of 100 phytochemicals, only two phytochemicals were nontoxic for human health and can be used as a drug.
Isolation and screening of mannanase producing bacterial co-cultures from soil using submerged fermentation
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Sadia Tabassum
Endo-1,4-β-D-mannan mannohydrolase cleaves the backbone of β-1, 4 mannosidic linkages in mannan chains and releases linear/branched oligosaccharides of various length. In plants, mannan is the dominant hemicellulosic polysaccharide having β-1, 4-linked backbone that contains mannose or a mixture of mannose and glucose residues. Mannanase play a vital role in the paper, pulp, food, feed industry, and considered as potential for biofuels production. Besides other sources, microbial mannanase are preferred because the presence of all desired characteristics for industrial applications. This study aims to isolate and screen high potential mannanase producing bacterial strains from soil samples and produce mannanase from bacterial co-culture using submerged fermentation. Minimal agar media was used to isolate mannanase producing bacterial strains. The strains were sub-cultured and preserved on Nutrient agar media. After that, the preserved strains were tested for their compatibility and then were further screened using submerged fermentation. After fermentation, enzyme assay was performed. The strains of bacterial co-culture no.11 shown maximum absorbance at 560 nm were further identified by morphological and biochemical tests. It was shown that the strain 1 of bacterial co-culture no.11 was identified as bacillus rod shape, irregular and was positive for gram staining, Voges Proskauer test and catalase test and negative for endospore staining. As for strain 2, it was observed as cocci and it was positive for gram staining, endospore staining, catalase test and Voges Proskauer test. From this study, it was concluded that strains of bacterial co-culture no.11 can important for the production of mannanase as this co-culture released maximum mannose sugar in the solution. The results need to be confirmed at large scale for statistical analysis.
Study of HLA-A and HLA-DR polymorphism in local population, Pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2019) MISHAL SHAHZADI
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) is a group of genes on chromosome six. The genes of HLA is highly conserved and exhibit polymorphism. Determination of HLA polymorphism is crucial for treatment as well as for better therapy response in cases of kidney transplantation. Co-dominant expression of HLA genes and inheritance in a mendalian fashion had observed. To avoid severe cases of HLA polymorphism and transplantation rejection, blood test including HLA typing, cross match test and blood typing is performed to determine if donor and recipient has a kidney match. Hundred samples from different areas of Pakistan had collected. Extraction of DNA was done by using Trizol method and then quantify it on Nano Drop kit. SSO typing was then performed as stated by Mondal et al. Furthermore, systematic literature from 2009-2018 was studied for analysis of HLA polymorphism and their aspects on kidney transplantation in Pakistan. In Punjabi and Saraiki, Locus 68 had observed with peak frequency whereas locus 1, 2, 3 were found to be rare or at least frequencies. Frequent number of individuals had found with locus 3 in case of Pashto. When compiled the study of literature review, indication of different locus was observed. Maximum frequencies were observed in A2, A24 and A30 in Sudanese and Arab’s people. Although in case of class-II HLA-DR, HLA-DR 13 and DR 15 were indicated frequent number of individuals. The study highlights HLA-A and HLA-DR polymorphism in different areas of Pakistan. Transplantation management and therapy response had depended on study of HLA polymorphism. Different locus of HLA-A and HLA-DR highlighted. To avoid polymorphism and rejection, HLA typing, blood typing and cross match test are effective and a good match of kidney among donor and a recipient found. Less rejection (graft versus host reaction GVHD) and high tolerability had approached by HLA typing before transplantation.
Computer aided investigation of phytochemicals as inhibitors against hemagglutinin protein of human influenza a (PDM09) by collecting and screening phytochemicals, and molecular docking
(UMT Lahore, 2019) KAFILA KOUSAR
H1N1 (pdm09) have become a severe warning to human lives. Phytochemicals are acknowledged to have high potential to eliminate viral, bacterial and fungal-borne infections in human being. These have been used for the cure of several pathologies in human for long-time and produce naturally in Pakistan. It was found that from them only JacarelhyperolA, JacarelhyperolB, Oroxin B, 7-O-galloylsilybin showed the effective results.This study was designed at computer based drug development softwares against hemagglutinin protein of Human Influenza A virus (pdm09). The molecular docking based analysis was carried out to describe the binding affinities of these phytochemicals.
Study of antimicrobial activity of the extracts obtained from the alcea setosa leaves and flowers
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Anwal Raza
The increased resistance of microorganisms to the currently used antimicrobials has led to the evaluation of other agents that might have antimicrobial activity. Medicinal plants are sources of phytochemicals which are able to initiate different biological activities including antimicrobials. The use of medicinal herbs in traditional system of medicine is a common practice in many cultures around the world especially in Asian societies. Alcea setosa plant is belong to a family Malvacae and is found in different regions of the world. The Alcea setosa plant is used to treat cough, chest pain, intestinal inflammation, respiratory diseases, pectoral diseases, wound healing and female urinary system disorders. It flowers and leaves are also used as a skin laxative, demulcent, diuretic and emollient. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial property of Alcea setosa leaves and flowers against certain bacterial strains. The test organism were Bacillus subsitlis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of Alcea setosa was checked by two different methods, the disc diffusion method and dilution method. All the different extracts (methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous) of leaf and flowers exhibited the significant anti-microbial activity against different strains. Results showed that leaf ethanolic extract showed highest zones of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, while leaf methanolic shown highest inhibition against E.coli. Similarly, flower ethanolic and flower methanolic and leaf ethanolic showed zones of inhibition only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in dilution method. The phytochemical test shows that the flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tennis, saponins, phlobatanin and alkaloids are present in the plant extracts. These results therefore justify the traditional use of Alcea setosa leaves and flowers to treat different diseases.
Prophylactic vaccine development against chikungunya by epitope mapping
(UMT Lahore, 2019) SHEHRBANO FAROOQ
Chikungunya began to emerge in the territory of Tanganyika. The outburst was abrupt and it started to invade different territories of Asia. Due to lack of information related to the disease and its similar symptoms to dengue, the search for its treatment was very hectic. Chikungunya belongs to the family Togaviridae with the genus Alphavirus; that attack the host through the process of endocytosis. The major vectors for CHIKV are A.aegypti and A.albopictus. Advances in its treatment began to appear quickly in the late 20th century 1971.The first ever treatment that came in to the upfront was that involving formalin-inactivated virus preparations. Chikungunya E1 protein was observed as it is one of the structural proteins involved in the spread of the disease. Its consensus sequence was obtained with the help of NCBI, Clustal omega and Jalview. The sequence was sent to I-TASSER and results for the best protein models were obtained. VAXIJEN SERVER VERSION 2.0 was used to check the antigenicity of the epitopes. The epitopes with the most efficient scores were observed and picked out .They were then mapped on the available protein model. Five efficient epitopes were observed that can be made the focal point to develop vaccines against Chikungunya. The importance of these epitopes can be observed by their presence on the surface of the protein.
Analysis of phytochemicals as inhibitors against neuraminidase (NA) from influenza virus a H1N1 (PDM09) using molecular docking.
(UMT Lahore, 2019) AFIA NADEEM
Influenza virus commonly known as swine flu is well known virus which is infecting large number of population globally. It becomes threat to human lives. Phytochemicals are used to cope virus related, and other infectious diseases in people. The purpose of study is base on to known about phytochemicals which is used to treat influenza virus A Neuraminidase (pdm09). Total 105 phytochemicals were docked from which fourteen have binding affinity -6.3kcal/mol or more. Out of these fourteen phytochemicals only three showed good inhibitory effect on influenza A virus Neuraminidase. This study was based on computer based drug development software against Neuraminidase protein of Human Influenza A virus (pdm09). Molecular Docking is used to calculate binding affinities of phytochemicals.
Green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their characterization
(UMT Lahore, 2019) SHANZA LIAQAT
Background in recent study nanotechnology is the emerging field of science in which researchers take great interest in nanoparticles synthesis. Word Nano means “small”. Nanoparticles are very small in size that range from 10-100nm in one dimension. These particles are very reactive and can penetrate in cell easily due to their small size and optical properties. There are various physical, chemical and biological methods for their synthesis. Biological method is mostly use for their synthesis because this method is environment friendly and less toxic and easy. Nanoparticles have great use in the field of physics, chemistry, bio-medical science and agriculture.

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