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Item Analysis and treatment of paint industry wastewater(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MAQSOOD ANWARThe samples of paint industry effluent were collected from outlet pipe of the paint industry located at 9 Km Raiwind road Lahore. Different techniques have been employed for the reduction and removal of heavy metal and other harmful parameters. For this purpose wheat straw, rice husk and animal charcoal were used. The samples were characterized by UVVisible Spectroscopy. The industrial effluents included the different amount of various parameter such as pH 8.90, TDS 1860mg/lit, electrical conductivity 428 µs/cm, TSS 540mg/lit, COD 370mg/lit and BOD 120mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 9.4 mg/L, Zn 4.8 mg/L and Fe 0.13 mg/L. The results of untreated wastewater of paint industry effluents were quite different from treated wastewater. By using rice husk treatment the pH changed to 8.87, EC 251µs/cm, TDS 910mg/lit, TSS 343mg/lit, COD value of 140 mg/lit and BOD value of 68mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 4.0 mg/L, Zn 2.1 mg/L and Fe 0.06 mg/L. By the use of wheat straw for the treatment of wastewater, pH variation of 7.33, EC 290µs/cm, TDS 890 mg/lit and TSS 245mg/lit, COD 146 mg/lit, BOD 90 mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 3.90 mg/L, Zn 1.99 mg/L and Fe 0.05 mg/L. By using animal charcoal treatment the pH changed of 7.10, EC 215µs/cm, TDS 780 mg/lit and TSS 165mg/lit, COD 150 mg/lit, BOD 55mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 1.40 mg/L, Zn 0.98 mg/L and Fe 0.03 mg/L. These experiment for heavy metals analysis were done by using spectrophotometer at 510 nm. Animal charcoal reduced the concentrations of these heavy metals almost 60-75%.Item Analysis and treatment of gelatin industry wastewater(UMT, Lhr, 2016) KABIR AHMADThe study is based on the analysis of the gelatin industry waste and their possible treatments to make it less hazardous. The wastewater of gelatin industry show alkaline nature, high levels of total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and also contains toxic metals such as Lead and Chromium. This research is based on the possible and cheaper treatment of wastewater of gelatin industry using agricultural waste (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The samples were collected from outlet of gelatin factory. The wastewater contain pH 8.5, TDS values 1700mg/lit, EC 408µs/cm, TSS 720mg/lit, COD 478mg/lit, BOD 120mg/lit, Cr 1.4mg/lit, Pb 8.9mg/lit and Fe 8.3mg/lit. This wastewater was passed through a bed of (0.5mm thick) rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal. The results of treated wastewater were quite promising. By using rice husk treatment, pH changed to 6.5, EC 240µs/cm, COD value to 80 mg/lit, BOD value to 65mg/lit, TDS 768mg/lit and TSS 138mg/lit, Cr 0.13mg/lit, Pb 4.1 And Fe 4.6mg/lit. By using wheat straw treatment pH reached to 6.9 while EC 274µs/cm, COD 124mg/lit, BOD 72mg/lit, TDS 930mg/lit and TSS 142mg/lit, Cr 0.05mg/lit, Pb 0.4mg/lit and Fe 4.8mg/lit. By using animal charcoal treatment pH changed up to 7.3, EC 250µs/cm, COD 130mg/lit, BOD 78mg/lit, TDS 870 mg/lit and TSS 140mg/lit, Cr 0.09mg/lit, Pb 2.1mg/lit and Fe 5.2mg/lit.Item INCIDENCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF KLEBSIELLA SPECIE FROM DIFFERENT CLINICAL SAMPLES(UMT, Lhr, 2016) HAFIZ HASSAN IQBALK. pneumonia is one of the specie of Enterobacteriaceae family which is the cause of most of the community acquired and nosocomial infection. The prevalence of Klebsiella infection is because to its resistance towards different antibiotics. Klebsiella contains beta lactamases enzyme which shows resistance to beta lactam antibiotics. There for its prevalence and incidence is different in different region of the world. Klebsiella is considered as second in raking, among gram negative bacteria which cause nosocomial infection. It is broadly distributed among hospital patients and 3 to 8 % nosocomial infections are due to Klebsiella.The prevalence of Klebsiella is associated with the other kind of infection such as respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection and soft tissue infection.Antibiotic Susceptibility has been determined againstinfection produced by Klebsiella species at various infection sites. Method: The samples were obtained from the various sites of infections such as from Blood, URTI, UTI and wound infection from the Jinnah hospital Lahore. The samples of Klebsiella species infections have been tested for the confirmation of Klebsiella specie presence by using the various kinds of biochemical test such as Gram staining, Lactose fermentation test, Motility test, Catalase test and Colony formation on MacConkey agar, indole test, urease test, Vogas proskauer test, Citrate utilization test. The susceptibility pattern and resistance pattern has also been evaluated by using eighteen different antibiotics. Mullar Higton agar is used for the determination of Susceptibility and Resistance pattern. The susceptibility and resistance pattern has also been determined for each sites of infection. The effect of one antibiotic has been tested on varies sites of infections and results are compiled to determine which antibiotic is most effective against each site of infection. Result: The forty antibiotic are used for Susceptibility while eighteen antibiotics selected on the basis of the number of sample tested and their results are compared against each site of infections. The result showed that the effect of one antibiotic against various infection site is not same its susceptibility varies with the site of infection. The most susceptible antibiotic is clindamycin 100% while the most resistant antibiotic is Ofloxacin 100%. The results with respect of site of infection showed that the most susceptible antibiotic for blood infection is Ciprofloxacin 28.6% for upper respiratory tract is Amoxicillin and Clindamycin which are 100% and 90.5 % susceptible respectively. For urinary tract infection the most susceptible is the Cotrimoxazole which sensitivity is 43%. For wound infection the most susceptible drug is Gentamicin minocycline and ceftriaxone which are respectively 75%, 67% and 54% susceptible. Conclusion: It is concluded from the above study that the effect of each antibiotic is different with respect of site of infection and kind of infection so it is recommended that the doctor should determine the susceptibility test before to prescribe the antibiotic which would help us to cure from the disease in few days. This study confirms that the susceptibility pattern varies from person to person and with different sites of infection of the same person. This study should be conducted on the large scale to determine the susceptibility of antibiotics against each kind of infection and should be implemented on the recommendations of the study at national level.Item Analysis and treatment of leather industry wastewater(UMT, Lhr, 2016) WAQAR ASLAMThis research work illustrates the analysis and treatment of wastewater of leather industry using agricultural low cost material (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The sample of leather industry wastewater was collected from outlet pipes of the leather industry. During analysis of wastewater it was recorded that wastewater having pH 7.4, and contain high amount of BOD 115mg/L, TSS 740mg/L, COD 456mg/L and also high amount of metals such as Zinc (2mg/L), Lead (2mg/L) and Chromium (0.5 mg/L). These values were much greater than the National Environment and Quality Standards (NEQS) limits. To treat this wastewater wheat straw, animal charcoal and rice husk were used. Rice husk reduced pH to 6.9, TSS to 416 mg/L, COD to 180 mg/L, BOD to 56 mg/L, Zinc metal to 1 mg/L and Chromium metal to 0.1 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. Animal charcoal reduced pH to 6.1, TSS to 360 mg/L, COD to 168 mg/L, BOD to 67 mg/L, zinc metal to 1 mg/l and Chromium metal to 0.1 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. Wheat straw reduced pH to 6.7, COD to 175 mg/L, BOD 78 mg/L, Zinc ions to 1 mg/L and Chromium metal to 0.2 mg/L which are within NEQS limits. These methods were very cheaper and suitable to reduce such high amounts under NEQS limits. The concentration of Iron, TDS and electrical conductivity were also recorded for the wastewater sample but these values were already within NEQS limits. By using rice husk treatment the percentage removal of metals was recorded as Chromium of 60%, Zinc of 62%, Lead 50% and Iron 75%. By using wheat straw treatment the elimination of Chromium of 52%, Zinc was observed up to 48%, Lead as 53% and Iron as 50%. By using animal charcoal treatment the percentage removal of Chromium, Zinc, Lead and Iron were achieved up to 30%, 15%, 17% and 31% respectively.Item Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of proteus species in different clinical sourcesspecimens(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Bilal AzizProteus is one of the specie of family of Enterobacteriaceae which is cause of most of the community infection. There are various reasons for different diseases. They may be spread from contact with the effected persons. This type of infection is dangerous one. The occurance of infection of Proteus is due to the resistance and susceptible pattern with different types of infection. Methodology: Different types of samples were collected from various patients including sites of infections like urine, wound, tissues, puss, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), vaginal tract infection (VTI), upper transparatory infection (UTI). The sample were collected in culture of blood bottle. All the sample were collected for culture in laboratory through Mac Conkey ager and blood ager plates at 37 C for 1 day. The resistance and susceptibility pattern of proteous specie was determine using different sites of infection. Different antibiotics were compare on the each site of infection. Results: This study of proteous specie include total samples of 955 patients and out of these 173 (18.12%) were positive for proteous specie. Forty two antibiotics were used against susceptibility pattern for proteous specie. The most samples were Puss 152 (87.86 %) sample. The wound samples were 12( 6.94% ), tissue sample was only 1 (0.58%), blood samples were 2 (1.76%), Csf was only 1 (0.58%), urinary tract infection was only 1 (0.58%), and no sample was found in upper respiratory tract infection and vaginal tract infection. In our study Azythromycin and Norfloxacin were showed 100% resistant and Amoxicillin was showed 64.40% sensitivity antibiotic for the treatment of Proteous specie in different sites of infection. Conclusion: It is clear from above data that efficiency of each antibiotic was different for different sites of infections. Doctors should recommended that before giving antibiotics should aware susceptibility of each patient, because susceptibility is different from patient to patient. This type of study demands that at national level, before recommendation should confirm susceptibility and resistant pattern.Item Prediction of protein solubility in escherichia coli and experimental verification(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Shahid MehmoodSoluble protein in proper concentration is very important for different experimental studies. Solubility of protein can be estimated by the sequence of amino acids in protein. The solubility of protein is important for biophysical and structural development. To achieve the soluble protein in high concentration is a major challenge. The protein which are heterologous expressed are often insoluble and their solubilization is highly trial and error process with low success rate. Although very highly overexpression in inclusion body is some time desirable which result in clean protein. A new method is develop which will predict the solubility of protein on overexpression in E.coli. This method use four classifier named as Multilayer Perceptron, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Bayes Classifier. Theses classifier were trained for the prediction of recombinant protein solubility. Many features are used by this method such as canonical variable (CV),Surrounding hydrophobicity, Solubility index composition, Intrinsic aggregation propensity, Intrinsic Z-scores for aggregation, = tripeptide score, AI = aliphatic index, II= instability index, Fn= frequency of occurrence of Asn, Ft = frequency of occurrence of Thr, Fy= frequency of occurrence of Tyr. It is very simple and easy method for the prediction of recombinant protein solubility. To evaluate the validity of this method test is performed. For this purpose dataset consist of 1500 proteins, out of which 1000 are soluble and 500 are insoluble. Each classifier was trained for the prediction of 450 protein sequences. This method will predict the protein solubility with greater accuracy of about 95.9%. The accuracy of this method is also compared with the previous work or methods. Results shows that this method has more accuracy and precision then other previous works.Item Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of abutilon indicum and its antimicrobial, antioxidant, photocatalytic dye degradation activities(UMT, Lhr, 2016) FAHEEM IJAZThe study reports a superficial method for the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles by a solution combustion method using Abutilon indicum water extract. The Copper oxide Nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and UV–Visible studies. XRD data indicates the formation of pure monoclinic crystallite structures of CuO Nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the particles have sponge like structure with large surface area and the average crystallite sizes were found to be 60–120 nm. These observations were confirmed by TEM analysis. Photocatalytic activity studies of CuO Nanoparticles revealed that they act as very good catalyst for the effective degradation of acid black 210 in the presence of Sunlight. The CuO Nanoparticles found to inhibit the activity of 1,1-Diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals effectively. CuO Nanoparticles exhibited significant bactericidal activity against E.coli,Staphyloccus aureus, Klebsiell and Bacillus subtilis. This research revealed a simple, ecofriendly and robust method for the synthesis of multifunctional CuO nanoparticles employing under utilized medicinal plants.Item Synthesis, characterization and applications of metal complexes of schiff base derived from 4-chloro-3- trifluoromethyl aniline(UMT, Lhr, 2016) HAFIZA BENITA AQDASA novel Schiff base (E)-2-(((4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)-6ethoxyphenol is synthesized by the reaction between 3-Ethoxysalicylaldehyde and substituted aniline in equimolar quantity. Chelates of Schiff base with transition metals Zn and Co are prepared in alcoholic solution with metal to ligand ratio of 1:2. The resulting compounds are characterized by FT-IR indicating that the ligand is a bidentate and the complexes are of ML2 type. The compounds are also tested for in vitro antimicrobial screening which show that complexes have moderate activity against tested microbial strains but slightly higher as compared to the Schiff base ligand.Item Proximate analysis, mineral composition and bioactivity of Verbena bonariensis(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MUBEEN AKHTARVerbena bonariensis belongs to family Verbenaceae which is famous due to its medicinal properties. The aim of this study is to analyze the antimicrobial activity, antifungal activity, mineral contents and proximate analysis of the plant extract. Verbena bonariensis exhibited significant antimicrobial and antifungal activity and it shows good antimicrobial behavior against Salmonella enteric (18mm) bacterial strain. Verbena bonariensis also shows good response against Fusarium oxysporum (14mm) and Aspergillus flavus (14mm) fungal strain which is helpful in the medicinal field. Proximate analysis shows its nutritional importance. The protein is present in large quantity (11.19%) and shows medicinal importance of plant in food supplement products. The Mineral analysis was performed on atomic absorption spectrometer which shows Fe is present in large quantity (3129 mg/kg) and it is helpful in treatment of anemia disorder diseases. The above work shows that this plant has medicinal value and can be helpfull in treatment of different diseases.Item Examination of nutritional and medicinal potential of apple juice(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MARIA KAYNATMalus domestica is a family of flowering plants having 2830 species and 95 genera. This family is mostly found in a wide variety of habitats, in the north temperate zone. Commonly it is found all over the world. The Rose family produces many edible fruits. It is valuable medicinal plant, having acid it promotes digestion process of stomach. It provides protection from constipation if has been taken at night. Rotten apple used as home remedy for sore eyes. Leaves of plant having huge amount of phenolic acids. Fresh apple contains cancer fighting quality. It works as antidiarrheal according to body needs. For removal of toxic metal from body apple helps. By consumption of this fruit daily, reduce the cardiovascular diseases. As a cleaner apple has been reported to reduce radioactive radiations. Samples of apple juices were collected from the market. Three samples were of famous brand Nestle, Shezan and fruiten while the one was fresh juice purchased from the market. From these samples phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was performed. Phytochemical tests were performed for the screening of secondary metabolites in all the samples, alkaloids were absent but flavonoids and tannins were present. From the total phenolic content assay, it was evaluated that Fruiten juice has high phenolic contents in the range from 1.24nm to 1.38nm 765nm wavelengths. After fruiten juice, Shezan juice gave the good result. Fresh juice also showed some results and better then nestle. FRAP assay showed that Fresh juice samples have high value 0.5834nm at 1 minute but after 2 and 3 minutes its value was decreased from 0.5834nm to 0.4012nm. These FRAP assay indicated that fresh apple juice is rich in phenolic compound like flavonoids.Item Incidence and resistance pattern of bacteria associated with wound infection(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MUHAMMAD BILAL KHANBackground: Microorganisms are so infectious and active that they can cause diseases in relatively healthy individuals. There are various reasons for these diseases. These may spread from the contact with a diseased person such as influenza. When any pathogen invades the host cell then it may break its cell wall and rupture it. This type of infection may be a dangerous one. Well it also depends upon the ability of host cell to resist against this infection with the help of its immune system. Some pathogens called primary pathogens invade the healthy and normal host and maintain their activities within its host. Methods: The blood, wound and urine samples were collected from different patients. The blood sample was collected in blood culture bottle. In the laboratory all samples were culture aerobically through blood agar and MacConkey agar plates for 24h at 37oC temperature. The prevalence and resistance of antibiotic determine through catalase test, oxidase test. Results: The study included 800 samples from different patients. In which 337 samples were of wound infection, 179 samples of blood and 284 urine samples. In wound infection, the most prevalence bacteria’s which cause wound infections were Staphylococcus aurous, Klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas spp. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Clindamycin on Staphylococcus aurous was 19% and sensitivity is 81%. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Clindamycin on Klebsiella pneumonia was 6% and sensitivity was 94%. Conclusion: Our study showed the incidence and resistance pattern of bacteria associated wound infection. Many bacteria’s that causes infection but Staphylococcus aurous is the most prevalence bacteria in wound infection. The most sensitivity antibiotic on the Staphylococcus aurous was Clindamycin.Item Metal complexes of schiff base derived from 2-trifloromethyl aniline;(UMT, Lhr, 2016) FARKHANDA SARWAROver the past some years Schiff bases attracting the intention of chemist and they were applied in both biological and chemical processes. The aim of this study to check the antibiotic activities of Schiff base and its metal complexes. Schiff base was prepared by reacting 2-triflouromethylanilin with 3-ethoxysalisyldehyde and complexes were formed with three metals Ag, Fe. Characterization of these complexes was done by physical as well as spectroscopic technique. It reveals that ligand behaves as a bidentate. Furthermore antibiotic activity was checked against various species of bacteria and fungus and it was found that Fe-complex is more effective antimicrobial drug as compared to other compound.Item Incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E.COLI in different clinical specimens(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Sidra MariumAntibiotic drug resistance is a major public problem which leads to the ban on many antibiotics. The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli in different clinical specimens. 800 samples of urine, tracheal secretion, wound and blood were collected. The microbe identification was carried out by using standard method. The antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli were determined through Disk diffusion method. The result showed the maximum incidence of E.coli was observed in urinary tract infection. The maximum antibiotic resistance was observed for cefixime 90% followed by co-trimaxazole 89.6%, ciprofloxacin 85.7%, ceftriaxone 84.2%, ceftaidime 80.3%, amoxicillin+clav 73.2%, tobramycin 44%, pipercillin+tazob 20%, imipenam 12.6% and amikacin 122.2%. Maximum sensitivity was showed by amikacin 87.7% and imipenam 87.3%, cefoprazone+sul 84.6%, pipercillin+tazob 80%, tobramycin 55.2%. This study showed that single antibiotic showed different resistance pattern according to different sites of infection. This proved that single antibiotic cannot be used for different infection sites. The incidence pattern of E.coli was changing according to time period. E.coli changing resistance pattern is need to be addressed.Item Exploration of zaleya pentendra for its medicinal profile(UMT, Lhr, 2016) AMINA SHABBIRMedicinal plants play a great role in the disease management due to their world-wide availability and less side effects. Zaleya pentandra belongs to the family Aizoaceae. It is widely distributed as prostrate herb. Its common names are as Itsit, Wisah. Traditionally, this plant was used as astringent. It was used to cure malaria, influenza and phlegmatic cough. It was locally used against stomach ailments and snake bite. Z. pentandra contains natural products like Glycosides, saponins and steroids. Plant roots held tightly around the neck like a necklace to cure jaundice. The present study was conducted to investigate the medicinal value of Zaleya pentandra. Medicinal examination involve the preliminary phytochemical investigation, antimicrobial study and antioxidant study. Antimicrobial study includes antifungal and antibacterial study. Antifungal study was carried out against the fungus strain Candida albicans. Antibacterial study was evaluated by using three strains of bacteria including one from Gram negative bacteria (E. coli), two from Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus) and antioxidant study was determined by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and total phenolic content (TPC) was measured by Folin-Ciocaletu reagent method. Z. pentandra showed antibacterial activity against tested organisms. Antibacterial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method. Ethyl acetate extract of Z. pentandra leaves showed maximum antibacterial activity against S. aureus with zone of inhibition 16mm at concentration 100mg/mL, 13mm at concentration 50mg/mL and 11mm at concentration 10mg/mL. Plant extracts showed also antifungal activity against Candida albicans, it was determined by agar well diffusion method. Methanolic extract of Z. pentandra leaves showed maximum antifungal activity against Candida albicans with zone of inhibition 18 mm at concentration 100mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was determined by FRAP assay and TPC measurements. Maximum total phenolic content and FRAP value of methanolic extract showedItem Extraction of oleic acid from natural sources(UMT, Lhr, 2016) FAIQA TABASSUMFatty acids are important for biotechnology industries from many years. These fatty acids were obtained from different sources such as plants and animal fats. Production of fatty acids was done by different chemical methods that were costly and time consuming. In this study potassium hydroxide catalyzed reactions were utilized to hydrolyze mustard oil. Different parameters for percentage of free fatty acids were investigated (temperature and reaction time) and optimum conditions for maximum free fatty acids percentage was achieved. This hydrolyzed mixture of free fatty acids consisted of erucic acid, oleic acid, omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid. Mixture of free fatty acids was treated with methanol and urea and then filtrated to get high purity oleic acid. After separation of high purity oleic acid chemical tests (saponification value, acid value and ester value) were performed and results shows that these values are 168.3, 157.08 and 11.22 respectively. GC-MS shows only one major peak of oleic acid having retention time 7.58 mints.Item Impact of water quality on properties of parboiled rice(UMT, Lhr, 2016) SAJIDA NISARDifferent improved physical qualities have been observed at TDS, hardness, total chlorides contents and moisture contents of all water samples were carefully analyzed. The length, width and breadth of the processed rice from all these mills were determined the length of rice from Khokhar rice mills, Allahmadad rice mills and Ayesha rice mills was maximum boiled that of rice processed at Fatima rice mills was minimum. The width of rice processed at Allahmadad rice mills was maximum while the width of rice at Anwar rice mills was minimum among all samples. Breadth was also analyzed and it was found that the breadth of rice processed at Allahmadad rice mills was significantly better than rest of races samples. It was found that water quality having TDS 4500-6000, hardness 440 and chloride 580 was proved very good for processing of rice. The parboiling with gelatinizing of starch of rice gives an additional strength to rice grains which results in enhanced resistance of rice grains against pressure exerted during the paddy trashing procedure. The moisture contents also having cast impact on the high production of head rice. It was found that head rice having moisture contents of grains up to 14 to 16% proved increase yield of head rice. The main source of water in the rice mill is underground water. So, the quality of water varies from place to place in different regions of Pakistan. The underground water has different dissolved salts concentration, different pH, different ions such as chlorides, carbonate and bicarbonate. Presence of chlorides from 800 to 2000 in raw water was proved better impact on rice qualities.Item Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of pseudomonas species in different clinical sources/specimens(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MUHAMMAD AZEEM BHATTIBackground: Pseudomonas is a gram negative aerobic bacterium of relatively low virulence and belonging to the bacterial family pseudomonadaceae. Pseudomonas is abundant in moist environment, mostly as waterborne and soil borne organisms. Pseudomonas species have been found in water, plants, soil and animals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization apparently occurs in more than 50% of humans. Pseudomonas is an opportunistic pathogen, causing nosocomial infections. These organisms show innate resistance to many antibiotics and can develop new resistance after exposure to antimicrobial agents. It causes respiratory system infections, blood infections, wounds infections, urinary tract infections and variety of systemic infection in patients. Methods: The blood, wound and urine sample collected from different patients. The blood sample was collected blood culture bottle. In the laboratory all sample were culture aerobically through blood agar and MacConkey agar plates for 24h at 37 0c temperature. The prevalence and resistance of antibiotic determine through catalase test, oxidase test. Results: Total 800 samples were collected in clinical sample and 234 samples give positive test against pseudomonas specie. Four different infection site samples were collected in clinical patients, wound, blood, upper respiratory tract, urinary tract infection. Pseudomonas was found 39.74% in wound infection, 46.86% in upper respiratory tract infection, 9.4% in blood infection and 4.7% urine infection. Twenty different types of antibiotics use against this type of infection which cause Pseudomonas specie. Pseudomonas specie was highly prevalence in upper respiratory infection and wound infection as compare with urine and blood infection. The antibiotic resistance rate varies in different types of infection with same antibiotic. Mostly resistance lies in upper respiratory tract and wound infection. The Ceftriaxone showed 92% resistance, Ciprofloxacin showed 68%, Levofloxacin showed 59%, Cefixime showed 98%, Amoxicillin showed 100% resistance. Minocycline showed 91% Tigecycline showed 94%, Meropenam showed 81%, susceptibility against pseudomonas species. The results showed that the Pseudomonas specie give maximum resistance against Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Cefixime, Amoxicillin and Piperacillin Conclusion: Total 800 samples were collected from different clinical sources and 234(29.24%) samples give positive test against Pseudomonas specie. Pseudomonas specie showed maximum infection in upper respiratory tract (46.86%) and wound infection (39.74%). Amoxicillin antibiotic showed (100%) resistance against pseudomonas specie. It can be concluded in study that single antibiotic showed different results at different infection sites.Item Synthesis of magnetic nanopaerticles & their application in water purification(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MOHSIN HANIFCobalt oxide nanoparticles are p-type semiconductors and have boiling point of 900 oC. It appears white in color and has spinal crystalline structure. It has great potential in lithium-ion batteries. In contrast with nickel and iron, these particles have been proved to be great ion carriers due to short path length. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles can sense a number of gases like toluene, acetone and other organic vapors. Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrothermal route from CoCl3.6H2O. KOH solution was used as reducing agent and triton X-100 was used as stabilizer. The particles thus synthesized were analyzed using XRD and SEM. XRD results showed that the particles was of cubic shape and there was no impurity of other product like CoO. SEM results showed that that particle size was in the range of 20 nm to 60 nm. In order to check the utility of these particles for the purification of water, three activities were performed i.e. antibacterial activity, photo catalytic activity and adsorption activity. Antibacterial activity was performed against four species of bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus oralis, and Bacillus subtillus. The results were very good and quite comparable to standard drug. As a photo catalyst, it degraded about 91 % of the dye at conc. of 0.03 gram and 30 minutes of exposure time to luminous light. Similarly as an adsorbent it adsorbed 90% of dye at conc. of 0.03 gram and 90 minutes standing time. The current research work will be an ice breaker in the purification of water projects. Though cobalt oxide NPs are toxic to human being but complete separation from water after purification will be a real challenge.Item Physical and mechanical properties of rice(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MUQADDAS TAHIRAPhysical properties of Super Basmati kernels and Kainat 1121 rice varities are assential for the design of equipment to store and transport the seeds for handling purpose. Physical properties of both varities have been observed at moisture content(MC) 11.2% and 10.6% respectively. Three mutually mutually perpendicular dimensions for both varities were measured by using vernier caliper having least account 0.001mm at spacific moisture content. The sphericity, volume, surface area are described as 0.364% and 0.335%, 10.08 and 12.03 and surface area 20.83 m and 24.09 m respectively for both varities. The true density of both varieties were 1990 kg/m3 for kernal and 1980 kg/m3 for kainat and bulk denisities were 1174.3 kg/m3 for kernal and 1150 kg/m3 for kainat. While porosity variation were described as 40.85% for Kernal and 41.91% for kainat . Static coefficient of friction was recorded on four different surfaces plywood, stainless steel, glass and rubber with PVC lining. The maximum static coefficient 0.531 for kernal and 0.624 for kainat was observed on the rubber sheeet and lowest was recorded on glass surface having values 0.466 and 0.420 respectively. Moderate coefficient of friction 0.487 and 0.531 was recorded on plywood. The angle of repose were measured 27 an33 respectively.Item Characterization of proteolytic machinary of pyrobaculum calidifontis in vitro vs in silico(UMT, Lhr, 2016) HIRA AMJADProtease and peptidase are imperative constituents for every complex living entity and play crucial roles insides and outside the cell. They are paramount for development and even survival of any organism. They play a vital role in foraging for proteins thus having a special alliance with proteolysis and cellular roles. The present dissertation is focused on analysis of the proteolytic activity of such a few proteases. The exposure of high temperature to proteins denature it and ends its fuction while the special behavior of proteins from Archaea that resists such extreme conditions enables us to work on its protease for observing different tasks of protease including the distinctive proteolysis. Their special outer membranous structure with isoprene unit and saturated fatty acids makes them a great area of interest. . For this purpose, the Archaeal specie Pyrobaculum calidifontis was chosen. The organism is facultative aerobic obligate hyperthermophilic archaeon. Three open reading frames, identifying Pcal_0773, Pcal_0842 and Pcal_0970, were selected from genome and primers were designed for their gene amplification using PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis and sequenced. The Pcal_0773 which is prolyl oligopeptidase was found to have an amplified size of 1.6kb while that of Pcal_0842 as glutamyl aminopeptidase was 1.12kb and Pcal_0970 as glycosylasparaginase precursor protease was 914b only. The homology modelling predict the 3D structure, protein blast was performed followed by docking with different substrates and ligands too find their binding in order to minimize the prolonged laboratory work. The predicted molccular model of prolyl oligopeptidase (Pcal_0773) have 13 α-helices and 35 β-strands and found to have β-propeller domain which confirmed it to be prolyl oligopeptidase with seven blades which are formed by the clusters of β-sheets. The protein blast gave maximum identity of 33% with Aeropyrum pernix and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The multiple alignment sequences also showed the conserved and important Asparagine residue which is important during the formation of oxyanion hole during proteolytic activity. Moreover, it was docked with GLY-PHEARG-PRO and SUC-GLY-PRO substrate for confirmation of binding sites while docking with Z-PRO-PROLINAL inhibitor proved the presence of catalytic triad which is Ser431, His545 and Asp513. The predicted molecular model of Pcal_0842 which is glutamyl aminopeptidase was predicted by homology modelling which was very managed and orderly having 13 αhelices and 22 β-strands. The protein blast and phylogenetic tree gave a similarity with protease from Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis with percentage of 51% while aligned sequences showed conserved active site. The docking was performed with glycerol ligand which expressed its binding site to be Glu208. The docking with GLU-ALA, ASP-ALA and SER-ALA substrate defined its catalytic site to be Glu208 residue while the inhibitor wasd also predicted by this process. Hence the Thiol derivatives of glutamate and aspartate were docked as inhibitor to figure out their impact on catalytic site. The molecular structure glycosylasparaginase precursor peptidase (Pcal_0970) was made by homology modelling. The protein blast and phylogenetic analysis proposed its closed evolutionary relation with Escherichia coli glycosylasparaginase precursor peptidase with 49% while aligned sequences disclosed the conserved Thr residue at different sites. The docking with NAG (N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) and BMA (Beta- mannose) substrates was performed to analyse the autoproteolytic activity of protease along with the activity of conserved Asp165 residue. The docking was also performed with aspartic acid and glycine which act as inhibitor to express the binding site at Thr169 as well as Asp165. The catalytic site on substrate protein was introduced with high accuracy rate and convenience. The properly folded proteins were analyzed having most hydrophilic residues exposed and mostly hydrophobic residues buried. This fact compelled to find relative solvent accessibility (RSA) as solvent accessibility that plays a key role in prediction of proteolysis. The solvent accessibility was evaluated by finding the exposed and buried residues in protein and their availability. The hydrophobicity was also analyzed and it was considered that the exposed bulky groups may hinder proteolysis.The system was designed that automatically conveys the information of all the buried and exposed residues in short time and with high accuracy of about 95%. The accessibility and availability of residues were analyzed and proteolytic cleavage mechanism was applied on it computationally. Thus the proteolysis by almost all the protease in P. calidifontis was predicted very efficiently and within very less time of 0.02 milliseconds per protease. In this thesis, the molecular structures of three proteases i.e. Pcal_0773, Pcal_0842, Pcal_0970, were successfully predicted using homology modelling. The docking process showed the binding of ligands, substrates and inhibitors which confirmed its active sites. The software was designed to analyze the proteolytic activity of all possible protease in P. calidifontis.
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