2016

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Comparison of oxalate content of food and beverages available in gujranwala
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) IQRA MALIK
Diet is very important in the pathogenesis of kidney stones. the metabolism of dietary factors, as calcium, alter with the passage of time, there is direct link between diet and kidney stones which ultimately due to the presence of by product oxalic acid or oxalate. The research was accomplished to find out the total oxalate content in food and beverages that commonly used as food materials. Each food materials were randomly collected from main market of Gujranwala, Pakistan. Total oxalate content of food stuff was measured by titration method and UV-Visible. The studied food materials showed the normal range of oxalate content but among them the highest concentration was found in tea among beverages and nuts in food stuff. And least amount was found in rice. Both methods show the similar results but little fluctuations. The sample was dried to eliminate the effect of moisture to obtain the extract. Extract for ttitration is done by 0.05M of KMnO4 and oxalate content was measured. The dilution of the sample ranges from 0.2g-1g was made for UV visible analysis.
Analysis and treatment of paint industry wastewater
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MAQSOOD ANWAR
The samples of paint industry effluent were collected from outlet pipe of the paint industry located at 9 Km Raiwind road Lahore. Different techniques have been employed for the reduction and removal of heavy metal and other harmful parameters. For this purpose wheat straw, rice husk and animal charcoal were used. The samples were characterized by UVVisible Spectroscopy. The industrial effluents included the different amount of various parameter such as pH 8.90, TDS 1860mg/lit, electrical conductivity 428 µs/cm, TSS 540mg/lit, COD 370mg/lit and BOD 120mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 9.4 mg/L, Zn 4.8 mg/L and Fe 0.13 mg/L. The results of untreated wastewater of paint industry effluents were quite different from treated wastewater. By using rice husk treatment the pH changed to 8.87, EC 251µs/cm, TDS 910mg/lit, TSS 343mg/lit, COD value of 140 mg/lit and BOD value of 68mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 4.0 mg/L, Zn 2.1 mg/L and Fe 0.06 mg/L. By the use of wheat straw for the treatment of wastewater, pH variation of 7.33, EC 290µs/cm, TDS 890 mg/lit and TSS 245mg/lit, COD 146 mg/lit, BOD 90 mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 3.90 mg/L, Zn 1.99 mg/L and Fe 0.05 mg/L. By using animal charcoal treatment the pH changed of 7.10, EC 215µs/cm, TDS 780 mg/lit and TSS 165mg/lit, COD 150 mg/lit, BOD 55mg/lit and heavy metals such as Pb 1.40 mg/L, Zn 0.98 mg/L and Fe 0.03 mg/L. These experiment for heavy metals analysis were done by using spectrophotometer at 510 nm. Animal charcoal reduced the concentrations of these heavy metals almost 60-75%.
Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of proteus species in different clinical sourcesspecimens
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Bilal Aziz
Proteus is one of the specie of family of Enterobacteriaceae which is cause of most of the community infection. There are various reasons for different diseases. They may be spread from contact with the effected persons. This type of infection is dangerous one. The occurance of infection of Proteus is due to the resistance and susceptible pattern with different types of infection. Methodology: Different types of samples were collected from various patients including sites of infections like urine, wound, tissues, puss, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), vaginal tract infection (VTI), upper transparatory infection (UTI). The sample were collected in culture of blood bottle. All the sample were collected for culture in laboratory through Mac Conkey ager and blood ager plates at 37 C for 1 day. The resistance and susceptibility pattern of proteous specie was determine using different sites of infection. Different antibiotics were compare on the each site of infection. Results: This study of proteous specie include total samples of 955 patients and out of these 173 (18.12%) were positive for proteous specie. Forty two antibiotics were used against susceptibility pattern for proteous specie. The most samples were Puss 152 (87.86 %) sample. The wound samples were 12( 6.94% ), tissue sample was only 1 (0.58%), blood samples were 2 (1.76%), Csf was only 1 (0.58%), urinary tract infection was only 1 (0.58%), and no sample was found in upper respiratory tract infection and vaginal tract infection. In our study Azythromycin and Norfloxacin were showed 100% resistant and Amoxicillin was showed 64.40% sensitivity antibiotic for the treatment of Proteous specie in different sites of infection. Conclusion: It is clear from above data that efficiency of each antibiotic was different for different sites of infections. Doctors should recommended that before giving antibiotics should aware susceptibility of each patient, because susceptibility is different from patient to patient. This type of study demands that at national level, before recommendation should confirm susceptibility and resistant pattern.
Production of green ethylene from Bioethanol
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) IJAZ HUSSAIN
Sugarcane molasses are being produced in sugar industry by processing of sugarcane during the production of sugar. The demand for molasses is increasing day by day for the production of bioethanol, therefore cost of sugarcane molasses is also increasing. Bioethanol is produced from molasses by fermentation in the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonasmobils.Bioethanol acts as precursor of other chemicals.Different factors i.ethe effect of temperature, effect of pH, effect of impurities and effect of nutrients during fermentation were studied.The main countries which are producing bioethanol are Brazil and United state of America.The present workis targeted on the ethylene production from bioethanol.Three different methods were adopted for the production ofethylene frombioethanol. Method-I consist of bioethanol as raw material and alumina as a catalyst for the production of ethylene.Method-II consists of bioethanol as raw material and concentrated sulfuric acid as dehydrating agent and clean sand as catalyst. Method-III consists of bioethanol as raw materialand concentrated phosphoric acid as dehydratingagent.Method-IIproduced fruitful results for the production of ethylene but other methods did not produce satisfactory results. The main focus remained in the present work was analysis of ethylene who proved its confirmation and green nature.Ethylene was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
Analysis and treatment of paper industry wastewater
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) AAMIR SHEHZAD
With the development of industries the environment is affected by elimination of huge amount of waste water in ponds, rivers, streams and oceans. The waste water of paper industry show alkaline nature, high levels of TDS, TSS, EC, COD and BOD, also contains toxic metals such as Lead and Zinc. This research show that the analysis and treatment of waste water of paper industry using agricultural waste (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The sample was collected from outlet of pulp and paper mill. The untreated waste water had pH 7.4, TDS values 1488mg/lit, EC 408µs/cm, TSS 720mg/lit, COD 478mg/lit and BOD 120mg/lit. The results of treated waste water were quite different than untreated wastewater. By using rice husk treatment, pH changed to 6.9, EC 241µs/cm, COD value to 182 mg/lit, BOD value to 61mg/lit, TDS 856mg/lit and TSS 431mg/lit. By using wheat straw treatment pH reached to 6.7 while EC 280µs/cm, COD 180mg/lit, BOD 82mg/lit, TDS 950mg/lit and TSS 520mg/lit. By using animal charcoal treatment pH changed up to 6.8, EC 228µs/cm, COD 163mg/lit, BOD 70mg/lit, TDS 707 mg/lit and TSS 380mg/lit. The results shown by animal charcoal treatment in the reducing the wastes from effluents were better than other two treatments. The elimination of Zn, Pb and Fe from waste water were studied via rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal treatment. The experiment was conducted by using spectrophotometer. By using rice husk treatment the percentage removal of metals was recorded as Zinc of 62%, Lead 50% and Iron 75%. By using wheat straw treatment the elimination of Zinc was observed up to 48%, Lead as 53% and Iron as 50%. By using animal charcoal treatment the percentage removing of Zinc, Lead and Iron were achieved up to15%, 17% and 31%respectively.
Analysis and treatment of gelatin industry wastewater
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) KABIR AHMAD
The study is based on the analysis of the gelatin industry waste and their possible treatments to make it less hazardous. The wastewater of gelatin industry show alkaline nature, high levels of total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and also contains toxic metals such as Lead and Chromium. This research is based on the possible and cheaper treatment of wastewater of gelatin industry using agricultural waste (rice husk, wheat straw) and animal charcoal. The samples were collected from outlet of gelatin factory. The wastewater contain pH 8.5, TDS values 1700mg/lit, EC 408µs/cm, TSS 720mg/lit, COD 478mg/lit, BOD 120mg/lit, Cr 1.4mg/lit, Pb 8.9mg/lit and Fe 8.3mg/lit. This wastewater was passed through a bed of (0.5mm thick) rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal. The results of treated wastewater were quite promising. By using rice husk treatment, pH changed to 6.5, EC 240µs/cm, COD value to 80 mg/lit, BOD value to 65mg/lit, TDS 768mg/lit and TSS 138mg/lit, Cr 0.13mg/lit, Pb 4.1 And Fe 4.6mg/lit. By using wheat straw treatment pH reached to 6.9 while EC 274µs/cm, COD 124mg/lit, BOD 72mg/lit, TDS 930mg/lit and TSS 142mg/lit, Cr 0.05mg/lit, Pb 0.4mg/lit and Fe 4.8mg/lit. By using animal charcoal treatment pH changed up to 7.3, EC 250µs/cm, COD 130mg/lit, BOD 78mg/lit, TDS 870 mg/lit and TSS 140mg/lit, Cr 0.09mg/lit, Pb 2.1mg/lit and Fe 5.2mg/lit.
Role of cadmium toxicity in kidney disease incidence in pakistan
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Fozia Yaseen
Background: High level of Cadmium can cause serious health problems including kidney dysfunction. The high level of cadmium can cause kidney disorder in human beings. Objective of the present study was to evaluate serum uric acid as biomarker like blood urea and serum creatinine biomarkers of kidney diseases and to check the co-relation of high level of cadmium with serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid. Methods: Hundred subjects were randomly enrolled in this study, having kidney diseases such as renal failure, kidney stone, hematuria and proteinuria and concentration of cadmium was checked by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Serum uric acid level was elevated in 55 patients while blood urea and serum creatinine level was found raise in 72 and 83 patients respectively. The co-relation between Cadmium (Cd) and serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid was found insignificant. Conclusion: Serum Uric Acid is raised up to abnormal level in patients with impaired renal function significantly in all participants. Increased levels of serum uric acid were not significantly associated with serum creatinine and blood urea level in all patients. But on the other hand co-relation between Cadmium (Cd) and serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid level was insignificant.
Role of mercury toxicity in kidney disease incidence in pakistan
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Muhammad Abubakar
Background: High level of mercury can cause severe effects on kidneys including mental disorder. If its level exceeded from 50 µg/dL then it can be very harmful for people. Goal of the present study is to evaluate serum uric acid as biomarker like blood urea and serum creatinine biomarkers of kidney disorder and to check the co-relation of abnormal level of mercury with serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid. Methods: Hundred subjects were randomly enlisted in this study, having kidney disorders, for example, renal disorder, and co-relation of mercury with biomarkers was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Serum uric acid level was raised in 55 patients while blood urea and serum creatinine level was found in 72 and 83 patients individually. High serum uric acid concentration was observed in 70.73% females (p=0.0003) and 44.07% males (p=0.2692). The co-relation between mercury (Hg), serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid was found insignificant. Conclusion: co-relation between mercury (Hg), serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid level was insignificant. Serum uric acid is raised up to high level in patients with impeded renal function in all members. Higher levels of serum uric acid were not essentially associated with serum creatinine and blood urea level in all patients.
Synthesis, characterization and applications of metal complexes of schiff base derived from 4-chloro-3- trifluoromethyl aniline
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) HAFIZA BENITA AQDAS
A novel Schiff base (E)-2-(((4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)-6ethoxyphenol is synthesized by the reaction between 3-Ethoxysalicylaldehyde and substituted aniline in equimolar quantity. Chelates of Schiff base with transition metals Zn and Co are prepared in alcoholic solution with metal to ligand ratio of 1:2. The resulting compounds are characterized by FT-IR indicating that the ligand is a bidentate and the complexes are of ML2 type. The compounds are also tested for in vitro antimicrobial screening which show that complexes have moderate activity against tested microbial strains but slightly higher as compared to the Schiff base ligand.
Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of onion, garlic and ginger
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MEHWISH JAMEEL
Allium cepa, Allium sativum, and Zingiber officinale have been identified as a source of natural antioxidants. These plants have also been recognized as a great source of antimicrobial agents. In this research work, assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal potential of onion (Allium cepa), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) were carried out. For this, extracts of onion, ginger, and garlic were prepared by using methanol and juices were prepared by squeezing onion, ginger, and garlic. Further, dilutions of 1000µg, 500µg, 250µg, 125µg, 60µg were prepared from methanolic extracts and juices of each plant in methanol. Antioxidant potential of each sample was determined by different assays (Total Phenolic Contents Determination, DPPH Assay, Total Antioxidant Activity by Phosphomolybdenum Method, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay and Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) Assay by Linoleic Acid). Plants extracts and juices were microbiologically tested against diverse bacteria such as Rhodococcuss, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and also against fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida and Acetomyceta. Methanol extracts and juices of Allium cepa disclosed highest antifungal activity in comparison to Allium sativum and Zingiber officianle. Allium cepa juice and Allium sativum extract exhibited maximum antibacterial inhibition activity in contrast to Zingiber officianle. It was concluded that Allium cepa and Allium sativum are an opulent source of phenols that are responsible for inhibitory influences on bacteria and fungi. Overall results anticipated the plants (Allium cepa and Allium sativum) antibacterial and antifungal potential. Both plants are valuable contender for the cure of several kinds of therapeutic illness.
Role of lead toxicity in kidney disease incidence in pakistan
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Gul Tasam
Background: High level of Lead (Pb) and high serum uric acid (SUA) level can cause serious health problems including mental disorder and renal insufficiency respectively. The normal level of Lead (Pb) in the body is 5ug/dl, if its level exceeds up to (20ug/dl) then it can cause mental disorders. Objectives: Objective of the present study was to evaluate serum uric acid as biomarker like blood urea and serum creatinine biomarkers of kidney diseases and to check the co-relation of high level of lead with serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid. Methods: Hundred subjects were randomly enrolled in this study, having kidney failures and many other diseases and quantification and co-relation of serum Lead (Pb) samples with biomarkers was checked by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Serum uric acid level was elevated in 55 patients while blood urea and serum creatinine level was found raise in 72 and 83 patients respectively. High serum uric acid value was observed significant in 52% kidney failure patients (p=0.001) and 37% with chronic kidney disease (p=0.0005). The co-relation between serum Lead (Pb) level and serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid level was found insignificant. Conclusion: Serum uric acid is raised up to abnormal level in patients with kidney failure, chronic kidney disease, hypertensive patients and hepatitis. The co-relation between serum Lead (Pb) and serum creatinine, serum urea and serum uric acid level was insignificant.
INCIDENCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF KLEBSIELLA SPECIE FROM DIFFERENT CLINICAL SAMPLES
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) HAFIZ HASSAN IQBAL
K. pneumonia is one of the specie of Enterobacteriaceae family which is the cause of most of the community acquired and nosocomial infection. The prevalence of Klebsiella infection is because to its resistance towards different antibiotics. Klebsiella contains beta lactamases enzyme which shows resistance to beta lactam antibiotics. There for its prevalence and incidence is different in different region of the world. Klebsiella is considered as second in raking, among gram negative bacteria which cause nosocomial infection. It is broadly distributed among hospital patients and 3 to 8 % nosocomial infections are due to Klebsiella.The prevalence of Klebsiella is associated with the other kind of infection such as respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection and soft tissue infection.Antibiotic Susceptibility has been determined againstinfection produced by Klebsiella species at various infection sites. Method: The samples were obtained from the various sites of infections such as from Blood, URTI, UTI and wound infection from the Jinnah hospital Lahore. The samples of Klebsiella species infections have been tested for the confirmation of Klebsiella specie presence by using the various kinds of biochemical test such as Gram staining, Lactose fermentation test, Motility test, Catalase test and Colony formation on MacConkey agar, indole test, urease test, Vogas proskauer test, Citrate utilization test. The susceptibility pattern and resistance pattern has also been evaluated by using eighteen different antibiotics. Mullar Higton agar is used for the determination of Susceptibility and Resistance pattern. The susceptibility and resistance pattern has also been determined for each sites of infection. The effect of one antibiotic has been tested on varies sites of infections and results are compiled to determine which antibiotic is most effective against each site of infection. Result: The forty antibiotic are used for Susceptibility while eighteen antibiotics selected on the basis of the number of sample tested and their results are compared against each site of infections. The result showed that the effect of one antibiotic against various infection site is not same its susceptibility varies with the site of infection. The most susceptible antibiotic is clindamycin 100% while the most resistant antibiotic is Ofloxacin 100%. The results with respect of site of infection showed that the most susceptible antibiotic for blood infection is Ciprofloxacin 28.6% for upper respiratory tract is Amoxicillin and Clindamycin which are 100% and 90.5 % susceptible respectively. For urinary tract infection the most susceptible is the Cotrimoxazole which sensitivity is 43%. For wound infection the most susceptible drug is Gentamicin minocycline and ceftriaxone which are respectively 75%, 67% and 54% susceptible. Conclusion: It is concluded from the above study that the effect of each antibiotic is different with respect of site of infection and kind of infection so it is recommended that the doctor should determine the susceptibility test before to prescribe the antibiotic which would help us to cure from the disease in few days. This study confirms that the susceptibility pattern varies from person to person and with different sites of infection of the same person. This study should be conducted on the large scale to determine the susceptibility of antibiotics against each kind of infection and should be implemented on the recommendations of the study at national level.
Structural and electrical properties of LaXO3 (X=Fe, Ti) perovskites:
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) EJAZ AHMAD
In this study we have calculated the structural and electronic parameters of LaTiO3 and LaFeO3 in phase at 0 Kelvin and ambient pressure using the density functional theory in basic Ab initio calculations. For this purpose we have used the software code WIEN2k. The structural and electronic properties such as band gap and lattices constants predicted over here are in good agreement with those cited in literature. The results show that LaFeO3 is metallic in nature and LaTiO3 has indirect band gap and it is semiconductor in nature. These cubic LaTiO3 and LaFeO3 have potential applications in solid oxide fuel cell cathodes, gas separation, superconductors, memory devices, electronic sensors, amplifiers, optical devices and photo catalysis.
Prediction of protein solubility in escherichia coli and experimental verification
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Shahid Mehmood
Soluble protein in proper concentration is very important for different experimental studies. Solubility of protein can be estimated by the sequence of amino acids in protein. The solubility of protein is important for biophysical and structural development. To achieve the soluble protein in high concentration is a major challenge. The protein which are heterologous expressed are often insoluble and their solubilization is highly trial and error process with low success rate. Although very highly overexpression in inclusion body is some time desirable which result in clean protein. A new method is develop which will predict the solubility of protein on overexpression in E.coli. This method use four classifier named as Multilayer Perceptron, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Bayes Classifier. Theses classifier were trained for the prediction of recombinant protein solubility. Many features are used by this method such as canonical variable (CV),Surrounding hydrophobicity, Solubility index composition, Intrinsic aggregation propensity, Intrinsic Z-scores for aggregation, = tripeptide score, AI = aliphatic index, II= instability index, Fn= frequency of occurrence of Asn, Ft = frequency of occurrence of Thr, Fy= frequency of occurrence of Tyr. It is very simple and easy method for the prediction of recombinant protein solubility. To evaluate the validity of this method test is performed. For this purpose dataset consist of 1500 proteins, out of which 1000 are soluble and 500 are insoluble. Each classifier was trained for the prediction of 450 protein sequences. This method will predict the protein solubility with greater accuracy of about 95.9%. The accuracy of this method is also compared with the previous work or methods. Results shows that this method has more accuracy and precision then other previous works.
Impact of water quality on properties of parboiled rice
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) SAJIDA NISAR
Different improved physical qualities have been observed at TDS, hardness, total chlorides contents and moisture contents of all water samples were carefully analyzed. The length, width and breadth of the processed rice from all these mills were determined the length of rice from Khokhar rice mills, Allahmadad rice mills and Ayesha rice mills was maximum boiled that of rice processed at Fatima rice mills was minimum. The width of rice processed at Allahmadad rice mills was maximum while the width of rice at Anwar rice mills was minimum among all samples. Breadth was also analyzed and it was found that the breadth of rice processed at Allahmadad rice mills was significantly better than rest of races samples. It was found that water quality having TDS 4500-6000, hardness 440 and chloride 580 was proved very good for processing of rice. The parboiling with gelatinizing of starch of rice gives an additional strength to rice grains which results in enhanced resistance of rice grains against pressure exerted during the paddy trashing procedure. The moisture contents also having cast impact on the high production of head rice. It was found that head rice having moisture contents of grains up to 14 to 16% proved increase yield of head rice. The main source of water in the rice mill is underground water. So, the quality of water varies from place to place in different regions of Pakistan. The underground water has different dissolved salts concentration, different pH, different ions such as chlorides, carbonate and bicarbonate. Presence of chlorides from 800 to 2000 in raw water was proved better impact on rice qualities.
Incidence and resistance pattern of bacteria associated with wound infection
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) MUHAMMAD BILAL KHAN
Background: Microorganisms are so infectious and active that they can cause diseases in relatively healthy individuals. There are various reasons for these diseases. These may spread from the contact with a diseased person such as influenza. When any pathogen invades the host cell then it may break its cell wall and rupture it. This type of infection may be a dangerous one. Well it also depends upon the ability of host cell to resist against this infection with the help of its immune system. Some pathogens called primary pathogens invade the healthy and normal host and maintain their activities within its host. Methods: The blood, wound and urine samples were collected from different patients. The blood sample was collected in blood culture bottle. In the laboratory all samples were culture aerobically through blood agar and MacConkey agar plates for 24h at 37oC temperature. The prevalence and resistance of antibiotic determine through catalase test, oxidase test. Results: The study included 800 samples from different patients. In which 337 samples were of wound infection, 179 samples of blood and 284 urine samples. In wound infection, the most prevalence bacteria’s which cause wound infections were Staphylococcus aurous, Klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas spp. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Clindamycin on Staphylococcus aurous was 19% and sensitivity is 81%. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Clindamycin on Klebsiella pneumonia was 6% and sensitivity was 94%. Conclusion: Our study showed the incidence and resistance pattern of bacteria associated wound infection. Many bacteria’s that causes infection but Staphylococcus aurous is the most prevalence bacteria in wound infection. The most sensitivity antibiotic on the Staphylococcus aurous was Clindamycin.
Screening of camellia sinensis (black tea) for its active constituents
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) SAMREEN HAMID
Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) L. is a tea plant which is most drunk beverage in the world. India, china and Iran are famous for the cultivation of tea. C. sinensis is a medicinal plant which belongs to the theaceae family. Its medicinal value was proved by alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins present in its leaves extract. These all compounds of this plant are very effective and have pharmacological effect such as anticancer, analgesic and antiviral. In Pakistan these infectious diseases are so common because bacterial strains have been developing with the passage of time and they show resistance to all antibodies. So we should make more antimicrobial agents that have minimum effect. Camellia sinensis extracts showed both antibacterial and antioxidants activities. From the last two decades most of the work has been done on these two activities. As it is found in Pakistan on wide land so it should be used as medicine in an economical way. Three brands of black tea (Tapal, Supreme and Lipton) were taken and their extracts were prepared in methanol, ethanol and in aqueous. Aqueous extracts were prepared at three temperatures 70oC, 80oC and 100oC. All the extracts showed significant activity against three bacterial strains. Samples of Tapal showed good results in all solvents against E. coli in the range of 7mm to 20mm. Low activities were displayed by Lipton in the range of 7mm to 12mm against E. coli. Whereas Supreme behaved consistently in aqueous extract at all temperature but in compared to ethanolic and methanolic solvents it gave higher activity against E. coli. The highest activity was shown by alcoholic samples of Tapal and Supreme. Values of Tapal ranges from 13mm to 20mm and for Tapal it was from 17mm to 20mm that indicate that alcoholic extracts are good source of medicine against viral disease. Antioxidant activity was performed of these extracts using gallic acid as standard. Absorbance showed that which sample is more antioxidant. Maximum absorbance was shown by Tapal black tea in methanol which was 2.5885.
Wastes of sugar industry and their eco-friendly dispos
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Nadeem Abas
The wastewater of sugar industry has been analyzed for various parameters including PH, Electrical conductivity, TDS, TSS, Hardness, BOD, COD, and heavy metals such as Zn, Pb and Fe. A very cheaper method has been devised for treatment of mentioned parameters which was based on rice husk, wheat straw and animal charcoal. The results obtained were very fruitful and Zn, Fe and Pb have been successfully removed up to 77.77% from the wastewater of sugar industry. Adsorption of Pb, Zinc and iron by using three different inexpensive adsorbent having to be more preferable preferences for waste water management. Iron and Lead have been frequently estimated in higher numbers in sugar industry waste-water. Adsorption competences different as role of PH By using heavy metal’s aqueous solution with animal charcoal, wheat straw, and rice husk adsorption isotherms have been investigated. Adsorption isotherms have been dependable along with Langmuir´s adsorption model. Here it were compared undertaken the adsorption effectiveness of animal charcoal, wheat straw, and rice husk. The consequence of PH, constituent part size also special adsorbent on the adsorption isotherm of animal charcoal, wheat straw, and rice husk were premeditated into batch system. In point of fact the percentage of removing Zn, Fe as well as lead reached highest to 75%, 56% and 77.77%, (Pb > Zn > Fe) correspondingly. The results shown by animal charcoal treatment in the reducing the wastes from effluents were better than other two treatments.
Molecular detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in environmental samples and mutational analysis of PNCA gene by multiplex allele specific PCR
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) Saema Salim
Tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as one of the main sources of death in the most recent decade. Tuberculosis (TB), one of the basic human diseases, brought about by species from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, creating 3,000,000 deaths for each year around the world (WHO, 1996). Five species are included in MTBC. These are M. tuberculosis, M. canetti, M. bovis, M. microti and M. africanum. The spread of TB is because of migration, the rise of drug resistant strains. This study is aimed to identify the M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in environmental samples (drinking water, sewerage water, hospital waste) and bovine milk samples using PCR method. DNA was extracted from bovine milk samples, drinking water samples (tape water), hospital waste (waste water) and sewerage samples. The primers M and S were used to generate amplicons of sizes 318 and 291 bp which represented M. tuberculosis and M. bovis respectively. 55 samples of milk were tested and the prevalence of TB in these samples was 5.4%. 30 samples of drinking water were tested in this study and the prevalence of TB in these samples was 3.3%. 5 samples of waste water from hospitals were tested and the prevalence of TB in these samples was 40%. 10 samples of sewerage water were tested and the prevalence of TB in these samples was 40%. The mutations of pncA gene were analyzed in these positive TB samples. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important first-line drug in the treatment of MDR-TB. These TB positive samples were subjected to multiplex allele specific PCR. Two mutations were targeted in this study with one being the leucine replaced by proline in the amino acid position 85 and the other being the aspartate changing to alanine in the amino acid position 12. The substitution being the aspartate to alanine at amino acid 12 was more frequent as compared to substitution being the leucine replaced by proline in the amino acid position 85. Presence of TB in these samples is a great health hazard. So control measures are required to stop the transmission of TB.
Study of fluoride in drinking water of district kasur
(UMT, Lhr, 2016) IMRAN ALI
This study was carried out to investigate flouride concentration in the 23 drinking water schemes of District Kasur, Punjab Pakistan. The recommended legal level of flouride by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) is 1.5 ppm in drinking water. Fluoride pollution in drinking water causes many negative effects on the development of the natural body. APHA analyzing standards were observed completely. Study was conducted by the cooperation of PCRWR Lahore divisional water quality labs. Colorimeter DR2800 was used for fluoride analysis. It was found that 20 samples of the targeted area were fit for drinking purpose with permissible limits i.e. less than 1.5 ppm, while three samples from areas (Bhilla face, Khudian and Rasoolpur village) were found with higher concentrations of flouride and rendered unfit for drinking purpose.

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