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Item Evaluation of fatty acids from the seed of litchi chinensis(UMT, Lhr, 2019) RIFFT ZAHOORLitchi chinensis as an emerging crop of Pakistan is a member of Sapindaceae. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed oil of Litchi chinensis by GC-MS analysis, physicochemical studies, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The chromatogram of GC-MS indicated the presence of terpenoids, fatty acids and sterols. The main fatty acids observed were oleic acid (26.52 %), unusual fatty acid (16.14 %) and palmitic acid (8.54 %) of total composition. The iodine number, saponification number and free fatty acid values obtained were 42.3, 173.6 and 8.41 respectively. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities were carried out using DPPH assay and well diffusion method respectively. For antibacterial activity the best result of zone of inhibition (16 mm) was obtained against gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The result of antioxidant activity (79.1 %) proved it to be a very strong antioxidant.Item Portable opto-electronic method for instant quantification of arsenic in water(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Muhammad Umar MianThe most toxic element arsenic is found in different oxidation states in environment and has serious health concerns about humans. The contamination by arsenic is both by natural and anthropogenic processes. The currently employed methods for the detection and quantification of arsenic are costly, sophisticated and time consuming. But image scanning densitometry (ISD) method is appropriate for on-site analysis. It is based on the generation of arsine by the reduction of arsenite by sodium borohydride in a specific reaction assembly. Arsine gas is passed through the filter paper which is impregnated with mercuric bromide. A color spot appears which is scanned and the color intensity of the spot is measured by image scanning densitometer (ISD) or optical raw density (ORD). The result of this method is compared with conventional reflectance spectrophotometer. This technique is effective and reliable for detection of arsenic at trace level amount having linear response at the concentration range of 2 to 20 ppb or (2-20 μg /L). The detection limit of arsenic has found to be 0.733 ppb. The results of ISD method are reliable and comparable with sophisticated method e.g. Vis-spectrophotometry, Gas chromatography and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This method requires only 1μL of analyte or reagent for spot development. The result of this technique is followed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS).Item Immunomodulatory activity of meloxicam.(UMT, Lhr, 2019) QURAT-UL-AIN ABIDMeloxicam is an enolic acid derivative which is widely used and has well-known anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Many new studies have emerged which display the immuno-pharmacological behavior of NSAIDs. The immunomodulatory activity of meloxicam was evaluated in this work by using immunological experimental mice model and estimating tools like cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assay, delayed type hypersensitivity assay, hemagglutination assay and mice lethality test. Cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia and delayed type hypersensitivity assays were performed to evaluate cell mediated immunity while the other two models were used to evaluate the effect of flurbiprofen on humoral immunity. Meloxicam was administered intraperitoneally into swiss albino mice at the doses of 1 mg/kg, 1.5mg/kg and 2 mg/kg body weight of mice. The drug in all doses decreased the circulating antibodies and did not prevent the mortality induced by a deadly bovine Pasteurella multocida, evaluated by hemagglutination antibody titre and mice lethality test respectively the decrease in skin thickness in delayed type hypersensitivity assay indicated the inability of meloxicam to stimulate the T cells. WBCs and neutrophil count reduction showed lack of meloxicam effectiveness in preventing cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia. In conclusion, meloxicam decreased both humoral and cell mediated immunity in mice.Item Preparation and characterization of a. Barbadensis (aloevera gel) and c. Aurantium (orange juice) based anti-ageing cream for skin care(UMT, Lhr, 2019) RIDA FATIMAA creamy formulation based on alovera gel and orange juice having potential antiageing effects has been developed. In-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial studies revealed the higher zone of inhibition (p<0.05) for the potential antiaging effects of the formulation. In-vivo studies (Swiss albino, rat) showed absence of edema, inflammation, pallor and itching. The formulation was also analyzed for saponification value, acid value, UV-visible, FTIR and particle size. The physical analysis of the cream revealed good emolliency and acceleration ability, less greasy with washability and homogenized form. The pH and viscosity of cream was computed as 5.10 ± 0.02 and 29,430 ± 0.04 cp.Item Kinetic study of transesterification reaction of neem oil using ni doped Zno nano-particles(UMT, Lhr, 2019) AFIFAEnergy demands of the world are increasing with the passage of time. The sources of energy are however, less than the demands and also the extinction of these reservoirs is a serious threat to human race. To overcome this crisis alternative sources are under consideration. Biofuels are one of them. Biodiesel produce less toxic emissions than petro diesels. They can be obtained through plants and animals based sources. Plants oils and animal fats cannot use directly as the fuel because of their high density and viscosity. Therefore they are converted into the fuels of low viscosity, low density, high cetane numbers and low flash points. Transesterification is a reaction which converts these oils of plants and animals into biodiesels with the help of catalysts. This catalyst can be homogenous or heterogeneous. In this research work Ni doped ZnO nano-particles were used as catalyst for the transesterification of neem oil. The nano-particles were synthesized by co precipitation method by using Nickel nitrate hexa hydrate and Zinc nitrate hexa hydrate. The surface morphology of the synthesized catalyst was analyzed by SEM and XRD techniques. The extent of doping was evaluated by EDX analysis. Then these particles prepared biodiesel from neem oil using methanol as a transesterifying reagent. The produced biodiesel was analyzed by its characteristics i.e. kinematic viscosity, cetane number, density, cloud point, flash point and pour point. The values obtained for these parameters were 3.9mm2/s, 51, 898kg/m3, -1°C, 119°C and 1°C respectively. The effect of different reaction conditions like temperature, catalyst amount and reactants ratio on the yield of the biodiesel was then determined through various experiments. The temperature was varied between 45°C-60°C. Amount of catalyst varied from 0.2grams to 1.2 grams and methanol to oil ratio was taken 4:1-15:1. The present work also observed and describes many competitive reactions and mechanism of the reaction with the help of kinetic model. An extended objective of this research is to predict reaction rate, enthalpy, rate constant, entropy, activation energy and Gibbs free energy of the transesterification reaction of neem oilItem Synthesis, spectral characterization and photocatalytic applications of sulfur doped graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite with cobalt doped zinc oxide(UMT, Lhr, 2019) NOOR FARRUKHIt is the need of era to develop contender to utilize in degradation of the environmental pollutant by solar energy. Photocatalysis is a promising and ideal technology for environmental remediation. A facile approach to prepare ZnO nanoparticles and doping influence on structures and photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanostructures at optimum concentration is presented. Moreover, enhanced photocatalytic performances making composite with sulphur doped g-C3N4 is also presented. Cobalt is used as dopant on ZnO nanostructures. Undoped and doped (0.1%,0.5%,1%,2%,4%) doped nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemical and annealing was done at 550˚C with 3˚C/minute ramping rate for 3 hours. Sulphur doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosample was prepared by using thiourea. Nanocomposites of sulphur doped graphitic carbon nitride with cobalt doped zinc oxide were prepared. Various kinds of characterization techniques were used to analyze the structural properties like Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Photocatalytic response of all the samples was done by the degradation of methylene blue (MB), employed as organic pollutant. Photocatalytic activity was checked by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Solar light was used for UV-Visible light irradiation. For degradation of waste dyes these nanocomposites are new attractive candidates.Item Gas chromatogrphy flame ionization detector physico chemical studies of oil from the roots of moringa oleifera(UMT, Lhr, 2019) RIZWAN HABIBMoringa oleifera is an important medicinal and a multi-nutritional plant being useful for the treatment of a variety of diseases. This research evaluates the physico chemical properties of Moringa oleifera root oil by standard procedure. The fatty acid profile was measure by gas chromatography flame ionization detector analysis, also study was carry out at the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of oil from the roots of Moringa oleifera. The Moringa oleifera root oil was extracting through reflux by using n-hexane. The liquid black colored oil was obtaining with % yield of 5.1906. Saponification number and acid value are 208 and 7.0775 respectively. The chromatogram of GC-FID analysis indicated the presence of various fatty acid. The main fatty acids were palmitolic acid (28.4442 %), linoleic acid (52.9744 %), linolenic acid (3.2052 %), archadic acid (3.3438 %), behenic acid (2.962 %), and cerotic acid (1.677 %). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity were carry out using 2, 2-diphenyl-1 picryhtdrazyl (DPPH) assay and well diffusion method respectively. The maximum concentration of 50 uL showed maximum % inhibition about 87.0421%. Antimicrobial activity of plant root oil was testing by disc diffusion method against bacterial strain such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli. It exhibited strongest activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. While no activity observed against Bacillus subtilis. The oil of Moringa oleifera contains low and high molecular weight, fatty acids, which are suitable for the application in soap, cosmetic industries and pharmaceutical industries.Item Evaluation of candelilla wax based plant coating for improving shelf life of fruits and vegetables(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Umaima ArshadFruits and vegetables are seasonal edibles that are needed to be stored for a long time. For this purpose different processes are used; some of these are synthetic and others are natural. Moreover remarkable effects with less side effects have been observed with edible coatings which are prepared naturally. In present study, a plant Azadirachta indica was selected for this research because it has strong antifungal effects. Extracts of this plant was used with Candelilla wax which showed good results to enhance life. The wax blend formulation was applied to fresh fruits/vegetables including Banana, Persimmons, Tomato, and Cucumber to analyze their freshness and prolonging life under room temperature for about 21 days and examined selected parameter such as percent weight loss, pH value, physical appearance and taste at after every 24h. Weight loss in case of Edible coatings Methanolic extract ranged from 2.6 to 10.7%, in Edible coatings Aqueous extract 2.4 to 14%, in Edible coatings Candelilla wax 5.1 to 10.6% in Banana. Persimmons had weight loss variation by the use of methanolic extract (2.8 to 16.9%), in aqueous extract (3.15 to 14.1%), pure candelilla wax (3.2 to 14.9%). Similarly in vegetables cucumber had weight loss ranged from 1.5 to 6.4% in methanolic extract, 1.4 to 4.06% in aqueous extract, 1.5 to 6.4% in candelilla wax. In tomatoes weight loss was 2.1 to 8.7% in methanolic extract, 1.3 to 6.7% in aqueous extract, 1.7 to 6.4% in candelilla wax. pH ranges showed that aqueous extracts in persimmons and tomato have more significant result (4.7) as compared to methanolic extracts (4.9 and 4.8). Simple candelilla wax also showed appreciable results to store shelf life. These edible coatings proved beneficial in terms of effectiveness and economics.Item Edible candelilla wax coating with solanum nigrum leaves extract to increase shelf life of fruits and vegetables(UMT, Lhr, 2019) SHAISTA JABEENHerbal medicines are less harmful and cheap as compare to synthetic drugs. Solanum nigrum was selected because it is one of the significant medicinal herb which is used to cure various ailments and is commonly found everywhere in open and wild field. Various coatings were prepared by Methanolic extract added with Candelilla wax, Aqueous extract blended with Candelilla wax and pure Candelilla wax was used as positive control. The results of all formulations were compared with the negative control (fruits and vegetables without coating). Oranges, Apples, Tomatoes and Lemons were the samples which were coated. This analysis was carried out for 21 days (every 24 hours) to investigate different parameters like weight, pH and skin appearance of fruits and vegetables under observation. In Oranges, weight loss with methanolic extract coatings ranged from 0.94% to 7.14%; with aqueous extract coatings, it ranged from 0.2% to 17.75% while Positive control showed the weight loss from 0.46% to 18.19%. Weight loss in methanol extract coating apples ranged between 0.15% to 4.97%, apples coated with aqueous extract coatings ranged 0.59% to 2.63% and positive control ranged 0.25% to 3.65%. In case of methanolic blend and aqueous blend lemons, maximum weight loss ranged till 20.97% and 12.86% respectively. While positive control in lemons showed the range 3.58% to 42.63%. In weight measurement of Tomatoes, aqueous blend, methanolic blend and pure Candelilla wax (positive control) showed highest weight loss range of 14.79%, 8.21% and 6.39% respectively. Analysis of pH depicted that the best effect was of methanolic extract coatings in all the samples under observation. Methanolic extract blend was proved to be best in case of skin appearance of the vegetables and fruits. Hence, edible coatings can be used to prevent microbial attacks and it showed the significant results to prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.Item Edible candelilla wax coating blended with calotropis procera to increase shelf life of fruits and vegetables(UMT, Lhr, 2019) MADIHA KANWALEdible coating is a very promising and economical way to enhance the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The effect of edible coating containing Candelilla wax along with extract of Calotropis procera was investigated to check its effect against different seasonal fruits and vegetables. Calotropis procera possess great anti-fungal and antibacterial properties. Aqueous and Methanolic extracts of leafs of plant with candelilla wax were used. Extraction was carried out using Soxhlet. Then wax containing extracts were applied to cucumber, lemon, banana and apple by dipping method. Different physiochemical parameters e.g. weight loss, pH, and physical appearance were analyzed for 21 days. Among all four groups Methanolic extracts gave better results. Methanolic extract coated cucumber remained fresh for 11 days. It also helped to prevent cucumber from fungal attack, only 8.1% weight loss was observed much less than other formulations. 3.37% weight loss was observed in apple on day 21. Only 4.03% weight loss was observed on day 16 in lemon with least firmness. A gradual weight loss change was observed in all formulations. Methanolic extract based coatings showed least weight loss and it remained fresher for longer time. pH changes were slightly nonlinear as compared to weight loss as according to lab environment. Banana pH was between 5.2 and 5.8 for all formulations. pH of 5.4 was same in all formulations observed on day 2. Lowest pH of 2.01 was observed in aqueous extract coated lemon on day 12. Maximum and minimum pH change in apple was 3.0 to 3.9 from results it was concluded that plant extract in methanolic based wax coating gave best results for maintaining shelf life of fruits and vegetables. It also helped in maintaining better turgidity with better physical appearance.Item Kinetic study of transesterification of castor oil using mn doped zno nano-particles(UMT, Lhr, 2019) MUHAMMAD ZAHID MUKHTARA paradigm shift from ongoing industrial development to environmental friendly resources have been observed in scientific researchers from last two decades due to rapid increase in average temperature of the earth called global warming. A threat of extinction of natural fuel resources is another scaring issue in the line of human development. The alarming situation of the environmental changes increased the apprehension of the scientist to phase out traditional energy recourses and move on environmental friendly biofuels. In this study, a non-edible castor oil was transeterified by methanol in the presence of Mn doped ZnO nanocatalyst. Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst was prepared by sono-chemical method. XRD was consulted to get information abouit the crystal lattices, EDX was performed to find out purity of nanocatalyst produced while TEM was used to investigate morphology of the crystals and the average size of the nanoparticles produced. Transesterification reaction was studied in different conditions of temperature, methyl alcohol to castor oil ratio, amount of catalyst to get optimim conditions at maximum yield of biodiesel produced. Maximum yield (90.3%) of biodiesel was observed at 55 , oil to methanol ratio 1: 12 while the amount of nanocatalyst taken was 1.2gm by weight.1st order kinetic model was found most suitable, keeping in view the applied reaction conditions. The kinetic model was extended to calculate rate constant, activation energy, enthalpy of the reaction, entropy and Gibb’s free energy. The thermodynamical factors revealed that transesterification reaction was endothermic and need constant heat energy while converting the reactants into product.Item Cellulose grafted biodegradable polymer nanocomposites(UMT, Lhr, 2019) KIRAN TARIQGrafting of cellulose using acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate and 2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate has been achieved through free radical polymerization. Ammonium persulphate (0.1g) was used as free radical facilitator to generate free radicals along with Leutensol-100 (1 ml) as an emulsifier. The temperature was maintained at 80℃ with continuous stirring for 90 min. To achieve the carbon nano composite of the grafted cellulose 0.005g of carbon nanoparticles, obtained from carbon soot of millet were added during the course of reaction. Characterization of grafted cellulose and its carbon nano composite was carried out using (FTIR) fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, (SEM) scanning electron microscopy, (TGA) thermo gravimetric analysis, (DSC) differential scanning calorimetry, tensile strength, electrical conductivity and biodegradation. Soil burial test revealed the biodegradation of cellulose grafted ter-polymer nano composite. This material may be used in various applications having controlled biodegradation in advanced materials.Item Edible candelilla wax coating blended with bryophyllum pinnatum extract for enhancing the shelf life of fruitsvegetables(UMT, Lhr, 2019) AMBER FATIMAStorage of fruits and vegetables has great importance in present era. Different films are used for coating purpose to prevent fruits and vegetables from fungal attack and preserve from dehydration. B. pinnatum is a medicinal plant used for coating purpose. Phytochemicals which are present in plant extract are bufadienolides, coumarins, lectins, tocopherol, quinens, malic acid, anthocayannins, sitosterol, glycosides, carotenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of B. pinnatum were blended with candelilla wax then coated on fruits/vegetables. Fruits and vegetables which were used for coating purpose included cucumber, banana, lemon and apple. All these fruits were coated by dipping method. After coating fruits and vegetables were divided into four different groups controlled, edible coating of simple wax (ECSW), edible coating of aqueous extract (ECAE) and edible coating of methanolic extract (ECME). Different parameters like weight, pH and physical appearance were examined. Fruits and vegetables coated with methanolic extract of B. pinnatum showed highest weight loss as compare to aqueous extract. Maximum weight loss 3.84% was observed in cucumbers coated with methanolic extract coated cucumbers. While in lemon it was 53.2%. Minimum pH value was also observed in methanolic extract coated banana that was 5.6. Weight loss in banana coated with aqueous extract was 0.36% to 3.2% and these remain fresh till day 6 and showed highest pH (5.7) at day 1 and day 6 which was better as compare to methanolic extract coated bananas. Aqueous extract of plant effected weight loss in cucumber. Its shelf life was 11 days and it showed highest pH (5.7) at day 2. Lemons depicted weight loss from 4.21% to 29.3% with aqueous extract, with shelf life of 16 days and highest pH (2.9) at day 8. Apple had weight loss in the range of 0.29% to 1.8% with aqueous extract, they remained fresh for 21 days and had highest pH 4.0. This study can be applied on fruits/vegetables to retain their nutritional values.Item Poly (vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate) based membranes for desalination(UMT, Lhr, 2019) NAZISH SABANovel blended membranes of Polyvinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate /Polyethylene glycol PVCA/PEG with various ratios of tetraethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) and Halloysite nanoclay were synthesized through solution casting methodology for reverse osmosis water desalination. The functional group analysis, water content percentage, antibacterial activity, permeation flux and percentage of salt rejection are observed for Reverse Osmosis (RO) purposes. Optical density (OD) of control and modified membranes of both series indicated characteristic values, which inhibit the growth of bacteria. FTIR analysis, confirmed the existence of different groups which give specific broad peak value of O-H stretching band observed at 3650-3250 cm1 in both series. The control and modified membranes of PPAH-6 to PPAH-10 series showed broad band of N-H stretching at 3500-3360 cm1. Furthermore, C-Cl was observed at 730-550 cm1 due to the presence of vinyl chloride group in PVCA copolymer membrane series.Item Effectiveness of cuo nanoparticles for the development of latent fingerprints(UMT, Lhr, 2019) NAZIR AHMAD FARAZFingerprints are getting more and more attention in criminal justice system now a days. They are used for the criminal’s identification and are playing very vital role in crime solving. There are various methods for the development of latent fingerprints. Fingerprint powdering is very effective and traditional method. Various metal oxide powders are used for this purpose. Nanotechnology has many applications in various disciplines of forensic science. For the development of latent fingerprints, copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were dark colored. These nanoparticles were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Characterization studies proved the formation of pure nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. The size of nanoparticles determined through SEM was between 65-70 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were applied on plastic, glass and metal surfaces with the help of fiber glass brush and produced excellent results on these surfaces. They also developed the latent prints on ceramic surface but result was not as good as on metal, glass and plastic. Their dark color produced very good contrast on the light colored surfaces, which is a very important factor in fingerprint development. Good contrast provides better view of friction ridges on the substrate. Another very important surface particularly used in the terrorist activity is the sticky side. These nanoparticles were also used to develop the latent prints on the sticky sides of the tapes by making its suspension in azflo solution and water but it could not develop the prints on these tapes. Further research is needed in order to make these particles also useful for sticky side of the tapes.Item Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their bioactivities(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Rimsha SajjadThis research work includes green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles by utilizing Eucalyptus globulus as chelating agent and their bio activities. The crystalline structure, shape and morphology studied by different characterization techniques i.e. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The XRD analysis confirmed the purity and crystallinity of Zinc oxide nanoparticles. The XRD pattern showed 9 sharp distinguishable peaks around (101), (100), (002), (112) and (201). The synthesized nanoparticles were tested for different bio activities. The antioxidant activity of Zinc oxide nanoparticle gives significant percentage of free radical scavenging activity. The synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Eucalyptus globulus enhanced anticancer activity due to active bio components from plant extract. The percentage of cell viability in different concentration (1µg/ml, 5µg/ml, 10µg/ml, 15µg/ml, 30µg/ml, 60µg/ml, 120µg/ml) of zinc oxide nanoparticles by green method ranges from 29-95 %. Moreover, antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles were demonstrated at four different bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococus pseudopneumonie) taking gentamycin as positive control and DMSO as negative control. All bacterial strains give remarkable percentage of zone of inhibition.Item Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of cotula anthemoides l.(UMT, Lhr, 2019) ISHRAT FATIMACotula anthemoide is a famous plant for medicinal purposes. Presence of bioactive molecules makes it active against pathogens. The aim of present work was to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cotula anthemoides extract fractions against bacterial strains. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bordetella bronchiseptica microbial strains were used for antimicrobial activity. Leflox was used as positive control. All fractions n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were active against pathogenic organisms. To check the effectiveness of Cotula anthemoide antioxidant activity were performed for all fractions by DDPH (free radical scavenging activity) and FRAP (ferric reducing power analysis). Results showed that ethyl acetate and chloroform soluble fractions have highest percentage of DDPH free redical as compared to n-hexane and n-butanol fractions. While results of FRAP activity showed that only ethyl acetate (298.3 TE µM/ml) soluble fraction gives highest inhibition as compared to n-hexane, chloroform and n-butanol soluble fractions. For the extraction of essential oils hydro distillation method was used. Time of extraction of oil was 4 to 5 hours. GC-MS technique was used for the evaluation of oils. Results of GC-MS showed the presence of the aromandendrene (6.646 min), caryophyllene (5.933 min), β-bisabolene (8.771 min) and caryophylene oxide (7.834 min) retention time. Aromandendrene, caryophyllene have greater concentration in oils of leaves and stems.Item Optimization of methods of water purification using moringa oleifera(UMT, Lhr, 2019) SHARQA MUKHTARIn this study adsorption properties of adsorbent prepared from the seeds of Moringa oleifera were studied. The adsorbent was used to remove heavy metal ions copper(II) from water. Two methods were used in order to find out the best method for removal. In method 1 orbital shaker was used and in method 2 magnetic stirrer was used. Different parameters that affect the adsorption were optimized with the help of these methods like dose, contact time, pH, temperature and speed of stirring. The result have shown that the maximum removal was found at 1.0g which is 99.57% for method 1 and 99.02% for method 2.The maximum removal of copper (II) ion at 50 minutes contact time was 91.14% for method 1 and 90.13% for method 2. The maximum removal of copper (II) ion was at pH 10 which was found to be 90.72% for method 1 and 90.60% for method 2. The maximum removal of copper (II) ion was at 230 rpm which is 85.46% for method 1 and 74.67 % for method 2. The maximum removal of copper (II) ion at 40°C was found to be 76.19% for method 1 and 60.70% for method 2. It was established that adsorbent prepared from Moringa oleifera seeds have great efficiency for removal of copper(II) ions from water. Orbital shaker has shown superior removal of ions because it is more close to jar test apparatus.Item Extraction of chitosan from tiger prawn collected from arabian sea and its applications in biomaterials(UMT, Lhr, 2019) SONIA TABASSUMThe current research work depicts the synthesis of chitosan. Chitosan is a deacetylated form of chitin. It is extracted from tiger prawn shells, which were collected from Arabian Sea of Karachi. Extraction process used to get chitosan. Extraction process is very cheap economically. By this method get huge amount of chitosan easily. In this research work, chitosan effectiveness checked against termites. Chitosan can repress termite assault in papermaking. Acetic acid concentrations also used for this purpose but they show not satisfied results. The weight reduction level of paper without utilizing Chitosan in antitermite testing was 50.72%. 3% chitosan shows 0.97% weight reduction. 4% gives 0.33% weight loss rate. 5% shows no weight reduction. Chitosan concentrations are more effective for weight reduction of paper as compared to acetic acid concentration.Item Estimation of heavy metal removal potential of moringa oleifera from aqueous media(UMT, Lhr, 2019) SHAMA FARYADIn this study adsorption properties of adsorbent prepared from the seeds and leaves of Moringa oleifera were studied. The adsorbents that were prepared used to remove heavy metals ions Aluminum and Arsenic ions from water. The determination methods for the Aluminum and Arsenic ions were EDTA back titration and Iodiometric titration. Different parameters that effect the adsorption were optimized with the help of these methods dose, pH, temperature, initial metal concentration and effect of seeds and leaves. It was established that adsorbent prepared from Moringa seeds have great efficiency for removal as compared to leaves and seeds have great efficiency for removal of aluminum ions as compared to arsenic ions. As the initial metal concentration increase removal efficiency decrease in both metals. The highest removal efficiency obtained in both metals at the 10 (mg/L) conc. The pH effect was direct on efficiency of adsorbent as the pH increases, removal efficiency also increases and at pH =6 removal of both metals become higher. As the concentration of adsorbent dose increases, the removal of heavy metals aluminium and arsenic also increases and the highest removal efficiency for both metals obtained at 1.1g. As the temperature increased the removal efficiency also increased in both metals. The highest removal efficiency obtained at 70(°C). Seeds give higher removal percentage in both metals as compared to seeds because seeds contain more amount of carbohydrates, proteins and essential amino acids as compared to leaves.