Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Pos tagging: an analysis of animal farm by george orwella(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Areeba SarfrazThis research explores the nature of computational tagging of lexical categories and analyzes how natural language processing handles language on computational level which is juxtaposed with manual tagging to highlight the difference between the two constraints of lexical tagging. The researcher aims to seek how POS manual tagging differs from computational tagging heeding the restrictions and executed limitations of computational tagging and how POS tagging can be incorporated in ELT by the instructors as a helpful material for designing language activities at undergraduate levels. For this purpose, chapter one and ten are taken from the novel “The Animal Farm” by George Orwell for the computational tagging by using the Brill Tagger software executed on Command Prompt. Each chapter has been analyzed data and represented in the form of tables and pie charts individually. A mixed-method approach has been inculcated to accomplish the data analysis on the source text as it includes both the qualitative and quantitative data. This research suggests that many issues are considered as a limitation of the online computational tagger in which the use of phrasal expression and the lexical placement according to the context is evident. The software lacks to analyze the lexical categories that change their class on the grounds of word placement and needs a manual re check in order to authenticate the results. Moreover, the role of lexical categories in English Language Teaching has been highlighted and derives that lexical categories are crucial to the effective language teaching which is why Lexical Syllabus along with task based approach has been incorporated in classrooms. This research is also further helpful for the teachers in designing the activities related to the POS with the reference of text because the selected novelItem A study of english curriculum for intermediate classes(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Fareha HarunThe study aimed to find out the students’ perceptions about the effectiveness of English Curriculum and identify the difficulties faced by the students of intermediate classes in Punjab. This research is done using mixed method approach. English language teachers of intermediate reviewed the questionnaire to check the face and content validity. The researcher used 5 point lickert scale in the questionnaire which consisted of 30 statements; and an interview consisted of 4 questions. The data were collected from 150 students and random number of male and female students participated in this study. He researcher also conducted interview sessions from curriculum developers. The findings showed that some areas of the curriculum need to be revised. Most of the participants considered that the course of English language at intermediate level is lengthy. It was suggested that curriculum should have some practical portion or activities related to speaking, listening, critical thinking and cultural related contents. Moreover, learners recommended that assessment questions should cater the thinking skills of students instead of rote learning.Item Communicative language teaching in language teaching institutes in lahore, pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2021) MINAHIL AMIRCommunicative Language Teaching (CLT) is the most dominant method of language teaching in many countries of the world. It is considered as a revolutionary method for teaching English as a second language (Farhad, 2013). CLT has been adopted in many EFL countries but it has been observed by many researchers that implementing CLT in EFL countries has faced many problems. Types of problems are varying to different countries. It includes educational system and government resources. ESL teachers who are the main stakeholders to adopt CLT in their teaching has their perceptions, beliefs and hopes about CLT approach. Their perceptions can be varied and it plays major role in teaching of English language in private institutes of Pakistan. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate barriers in applying CLT in Language centers of Lahore and teachers’ perceptions about the theory and practice of CLT at private English language institutes of Lahore. This is a mixed study of private English language institutes. The data collection tools for this study are interviews, observations and questionnaire. The qualitative data is analyzed through thematic analysis and quantitative data is analyzed using statistical analysis. The finding shows Teacher’s dominant role in class, Focus on rules of Grammar, Lack of knowledge of communicative activities, Subordinate role of learners and effects of other traditional approaches are few barriers in language teaching in Lahore. This study helps ESL teachers, private institutes, management and policy makers in knowing the resistance and working on it.Item Repression of pakistani women through sana munir’s unfettered wings(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Mubiha IrfanThis research paper established the representation of Pakistani women’s sufferings. Sana Munir through her book ‘Unfettered Wings’ portrays the repression of Pakistani women. She mainly represents the stories of ordinary women in her book. The book depicts the patriarchal society that men are dominant on women. Men who are meant to be the protector of women have become the hunter of women. Every story reflects oppression on women that how they are being treated by their families and society that they are not safe even in their own houses. Pakistani women are oppressed in a way that they are not given equal rights, gender discrimination is there as society gives priority to men rather than women. Sana Munir through her writings portrays women’s struggles throughout their whole life. Three stories have been taken from the book ‘Unfettered Wings’ named ‘Reema’, ‘Habiba’ and ‘Nazia’. These stories have been analyzed by the theory ‘Can the Subaltern Speak’ by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Through this theory, she gives voice to women who are oppressed and are ruled by men. This theory has been applied to depict the sufferings of Pakistani women that they should raise their voice for themselves and take a stand for themselves so they can also prove their identities like men. Sana Munir represents oppression in her book that how women suffer physically, emotionally, and psychologically. This research leads the readers to explore more about Sana Munir’s writings in perspective of the sufferings of Pakistani women and the oppression of Pakistani womenItem Success indicators: outcomes and barriers of the e-learning at the undergraduate level(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Ayesha Mansoor KhanThe progression of online learning is giving another way to help to learn in a more customized, adaptable, versatile, and on request. A decade ago the commercialization has happened in the field of instruction, and the information-based economy has expanded a great deal. The creative and better approaches for conveying training have surfaced causing some sensational changes in learning innovation and associations. E-learning or electronic learning is one such interaction that is acquiring energy at an exceptionally high speed. In this paper, the examination has been done to track down the positive and adverse consequences of e-learning. The times of the customary homeroom are a long way from being done; e-learning will turn into an amazing enhancement to conventional showing strategies, not supplant them completely. In this research, a brief sample is collected from 10 teachers of UMT DLC with specifically designed questions under communicative language teaching CLT. These interviews are considered as milestones in understanding the outcomes and berries of the e-learning that are faced by students and encountered by language instructors.Item Parental involvement in english language learning of their children(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Haffiza Muniba FatimaThis study aims to investigate Pakistani ESL adult learners’ perception of influence of informal learning environment with regard to parents’ attitude and involvement, educational level and cultural background on learning English. Thus, answers to the following research questions will be explored in this research; a) what is parents’ attitude and involvement in their English language learning according to the Pakistani ESL adult learners? b) What is Pakistani ESL adult learner’s perspective on the role of home environment in their English learning? c) What is the perception of Pakistani ESL adult learners about the role of education level and culture of the parents on English learning? d) According to the Pakistani ESL adult learners, how can a home environment become effective for learning English language? Halliday’s environmentalist and nativist theories are used as the theoretical framework of this research. This research has used a survey questionnaire and interview as instruments. 129 adult ESL learners, who are enrolled in different English courses (English I, II, III and IV) at University of Management and Technology, were selected as samples of the study. Further, 18 students from 129 students were randomly selected for the interview survey. The data collection procedure was done totally online due to the current Covid-19 pandemic. The findings revealed that the home environment plays a significant role in making English language learning process easier. When parents have a positive attitude towards English learning then the learners’ English language learning process is impacted in an effective manner. However, the importance of parents’ educational level and cultural background in learning English cannot be denied. Hence, it is recommended by the learners that in order to ensure the effectiveness of the home environment in learning English, awareness should be raised among the parents about the importance of English language. Future research can be conducted on students’ perception of the influence of parents’ social and economic background on ESL adult learners’ language learning process.Item Women in pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Ezzah KhalidThis study aims to highlight the issue of gender discrimination faced by women and treatment of men to them as sub dominant group based on patriarchic mindset in Pakistan. The major concern of research is to discuss the portrayal of identity crisis, gender bigotry, power of men dominated language and silencing of women in Hijabistan as a feminist discourse. This discourse is a collection of short stories written by Pakistani Feminist writer Sabyn Javeri giving an account of way women are treated in a patriarchic Pakistani society. This collection with all its protagonists being female is an eye opening, thought provoking and socially addressing piece of literature. This study will highlight the theme of suffering based on superior patriarchic mindset. Muted group theory is used as the theoretical framework of research. The selected discourse is analyzed using qualitative methods in light of the theory. The findings of study aim at pointing out reasons women face identity crisis due to silencing and dominance. It shows the association of language with establishing a dominant common discourse in practice. Study highlights women in Pakistan as a sub dominant group and the reasons behind this. It highlighted the portrayal of real life social issue in Pakistani literature and its importance.Item The radical notion that women are people under the lens of resistance theory in sana munir’s “unfettered wings”(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Arooba NaeemThis research aims to explore the radical notion that women are people in Sana Munir’s Unfettered Wings. Sana Munir in her collection of short stories portrays the picture of Pakistani society in which women are subjugated yet she gave the notion that women in the society not only supposed to be fragile and weak but they can be brave and resistant who fight against the society and tends on the idea that they are people. Furthermore, the research would be descriptive as well as textual type. Though, in this research justification would be provided semantically and through primary and secondary sources. Moreover, the resistance theory by Manuel Castells would be applied on the research as women by going through different traumas become brave and resistant to flushed out the dominant authorities. This study focuses on the motif that how women from different walks of life survived in an extraordinary environment where they are the victims of violence and oppression.Item The battered woman(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Afifa ArshadThis study explores the idea of cultural-feminism concerning the concepts of socio-cultural influence in a stereotypical society, in Afia Nathaniel’s drama-thriller film, “Dukhtar” (2014). The Pakistani cinema has been gradually flourishing since the mid-2000s after almost a complete decline. The main reason behind this revival is the multiple social issues, which are being filmed in Pakistani cinema, like terrorism, social identity, violence, and gender discrimination. “Dukhtar” is one of the masterpieces which specifically argue on the topics of oppression and patriarchy. Mary Daly’s (1978) concept of “battered woman” is the main concern in the movie. Nathaniel has presented the plight of this “battered woman” through the character of the female protagonist, Allah Rakhi. Moreover, she has also critically shown the socio-cultural influence of patriarchy in the movie. This study explores the concepts of gender profiling, patriarchal stereotypes and femicide in the movie. This qualitative descriptive study presents a visual analysis of “Dukhtar” by using the feminist approach. Furthermore, J. R. Searle’s theory of Speech Acts has been applied in this research to highlight the feminist aspects in the movie through the critical analysis of the dialogues. This study prioritizes the importance of social change to come from within the community, by providing the possible role model for a Pakistan that is free of oppression and gender stereotypes. It will also provide an aperture for the cultural feminist exploration for the future researchers.Item An analysis of existential & counterfactual presuppositions in mustansar hussain tarar’s short stories.(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Tazeen FatimaThis research is about the use and impact of existential and counterfactual presuppositions found from Mustansar Hussain Tarar’s Urdu short stories. The author has found out the most prevailing one out of the two and the triggers and impact of existential in Urdu. There are two fundamental purposes behind this examination; to discover the information investigation and distribute it accordingly in the two kinds of presuppositions existential and counterfactual. Furthermore, it is associated with the partitioning of models found from 5 stories from the two sorts and afterward investigation about which one is prevailing. Yule's hypothesis of presuppositions 1996 has been used for the distinguishing proof of the two kinds of presuppositions in the content. The hypothetical establishment depends on Yule’s theory of presuppositions to label the statements according to the idea of each proposed by him in terms of types and their qualities. Further dissection of the short stories and interpretation has been done as indicated by the social setting. By and large, there are 38 utterances and narrations examined from all stories. Out of these 7 are counterfactual and 31 are existential. Consequently, from the results of the findings it has been declared that Existential Presuppositions are predominant. While this paper has likewise given the potential interpretations and their clarifications in accordance to the context they are uttered or narrated. From the results of this research, it has been found out that existential presuppositions are those that show a function happening or something in the present situation. This research provides a ground for the beginners who want to explore literary text linguistically through the idea of theoretical techniques and the way of data analysis for any research to be done with regards to presuppositions. An analysis of existential & counterfactual presuppositions in mustansar hussain tarar’s short stories.Item An analysis of connotative meanings in short stories “nawabdin electrician” and “about a burning girl” by daniyal mueenuddin(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Maha AmarThis research examines the connotative meanings of selected sentences found in Daniyal Mueenuddin's short stories, "Nawabdin Electrician” and “About a Burning Girl.” Daniyal Mueenuddin is an American-Pakistani writer and his book, "In Other Rooms, Other Wonders" is a collection of his 8 short stories out of which 2 are chosen for this research. The connotation is a type of meaning that depends upon the context, culture, and any kind of association. It does not contain the literal meanings, but the cultural and associational ones. As the connotative meaning of a word has nothing to do with its literal meaning, it is also not obvious for everyone to have the same idea regarding a particular word. The objective of this research is to find connotative meanings and cultural references. For this purpose, a descriptive qualitative research methodology has been implemented. The researcher has read the stories, found out the relevant data, and interpreted them by applying Barthes' Semiotics theory. This theory by Roland Barthes proves that a sign is broken down to explore its hidden meanings. The researcher has found several connotations after interpreting the data that explain a lot about the culture and the language usually used in Pakistan. As the author of both stories has his roots in Pakistan, he has added essence of Pakistani culture and language in his work. Due to this feature of Daniyal Mueenuddin's work, the findings of this research give much idea of Pakistani culture and practices.Item The representation of women on pakistani mass media: an analysis of feminine roles in aurat march and its socio cultural impacts(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Noor Ul AinThis research examines the role of Pakistani mass media in the representation of women. The study aims to identify the media as the reason for constructing a new feminine identity that leads to the initiation of women marches in Pakistan. Besides, this paper tends to recognize how these marches influence the cultural and traditional values of Pakistan as well as the religious values. This paper begins with the introduction, which covers further sub-categories including the background of the study along with its purpose and objective. The primary goal is to highlight the role of mass media in shaping people’s minds and leading towards the modification of their mentality. This paper can be used as an example to examine how media is being influential in bringing transformation individually, culturally, and socially. This paper has adopted the theory of objectification by Roberts and Fredrickson to prove the hypothesis used in this paper. Besides, the foremost tool to collect the data is the survey which has been distributed online to several female individuals of different age groups and classes. The data has been collected through qualitative methodology by taking the opinions of different people and interpreting their notions regarding the main topic of the research. After collecting the data, the whole data has been analyzed to carry out the precise results. Eventually, the researcher has talked over the final results and discussions in which that answers the fundamental research questions through the support of collected data and implemented theories. It has been found that media plays a vital role in depicting women that resulted in the initiating of women marches in Pakistan. Besides, it has also been discovered that the objectification of women by the media impacts substantially on Pakistani cultural and traditional ethics. In the end, the whole research has been concluded, and the researcher has also provided some suggestions about how the resulting situations can be improved by remaining in a particular context.Item Gendered violence and psychological suppression on women in light of “the young wife and other stories” by zaib un nissa hamidullah (1958)(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Ayesha AfzalThis study is particularly aimed at exploring the acts of violence and the psychological suppression of women in the award-winning composition of Zaib un Nissa Hamidullah, “The Young Wife and Other Stories,” (1958). Hamidullah has chiefly unveiled feminine issues of marginalization, objectification, and gendered violence in her short stories. Spivak (1998) in “Can the Subalterns Speak?” has unearthed that women have been continuously deprived of raising voice for themselves throughout history. Using this specific notion of Spivak, this paper argues that Hamidullah's female characters are forced to be silent, and to sustain this situation, men unleash violence on them. Connell (2005) states, “hegemonic masculinity was understood as the pattern of practice that allowed men's domination over women to continue” (p. 832). The study has been carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner via the theory of 'The Excitable Speech' by Judith Butler (1997) to explore Marxist feminist perspective, the acts of violence, and measure the dreadful impact of patriarchal society on suppressed women. The acts of violence are both physical and verbal. Verbal violence is the injury caused by hurtful speech acts. As Butler (1997) says in ‘Excitable Speech: A politics of the Performative’ “Linguistic injury appears to be the effect not only of the words by which one is addressed but the mode of address itself, a mode: -a disposition or conventional bearing- that constitutes a subject, (p. 1).” The study will provide a gateway for future feminist literary critics to explore and analyze the concerns of hegemonic masculinity, cultural stereotypes, and gender roles in the post-colonial paradigm.Item Exploration of allusions to historical texts in the narrative of ‘the secret history’ by donna tart(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Mishel RaufAs the title suggests, the research aims to explore the realm of allusions to historical texts in Donna Tart’s debut novel ‘The Secret History’. The study endeavors to narrow down the types of allusions that enrich the novel and how they shape its meaning and plot. Allusions as much as they are strung up in Tartt’s novel would have seemed quite out of place if not for Tartt’s strategies. Thus, in addition to the previous two objectives the study also aims to identify the techniques Tartt has used to camouflage the unorthodox abundance of allusions in the narrative. The study has been carried out in light of the framework of intertextuality. The allusions have been categorized ranging from minor to major, precisely into six categories. Each category will include an account of its role, type and the strategy it was utilized through. The study has uncovered that Tartt uses a variety of vehicles for portraying allusions, which are; Academic, Scholarly, Dialogue in Greek and Latin, Genres and authors and the main subtext of the plot (The Bacchae by Eurpides). The main strategy Tart has applied, that allows so many allusions, is the Academic setting the five characters are exposed to as students of Classical Greek and no ordinary students at that since Julian Morrow their mentor has handpicked them after much scrutiny and interrogation. Although many of the allusions fall under the category of optional intertextuality there are quite some allusions that contribute to the meaning of the plot for instance its subtext as being the major allusion. The research aims to highlight the importance of allusions in literary texts, which can serve as a handy tool in writing to give a deeper meaning, to propagate other works into the minds of the readers, brew propaganda; it can also give insights into the personality of characters and elevate the reading experience. Furthermore, the study can be beneficial for the students of Critical thinking and comparative literature in analyzing texts, literary appreciation, interpretation, building connections while also being useful for the pedagogical end.Item Black skin white masks(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Kainat ZahraThe research paper is about the effects of racism on the psychology of people. For this research the novel “The Bluest Eye” by Toni Morrison is selected and it will be analyzed by applying Frantz Fanon's theory “Black Skin White Masks”. The significance of the study is that it is beneficial for both, students as well as for their teachers and can also be beneficial for other researchers as they can get help from this research regarding how racism effects the mind of people. Students can also get benefits in a way that they can learn how identity is important for a person. The data is collected from the novel The Bluest Eye by using the qualitative method. A deep descriptive analysis is done on the novel by applying Fanon’s theory to evaluate how the mental health of colored people is disturbed due to racial discriminatory effects, that how black men and women become the victim of inferiority complex. Always dark skin complexion points towards slavery and depression, even the psyche of people gets disturbed. Many researchers have worked in the novel written by Toni Morrison but the theory of Black Skin White Masks could not be applied. The deep analysis of the novel is done by applying Fanon’s theory.Item Perception of students and teachers on online language i learning at undergraduate level(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Ayesha MasoodThis study was conducted in the area of future progress by learning strategies during COVID-19 which is considered chaos in ESL teaching and learning. In universities, more emphasis is placed on students' needs and motivations because students there can know their needs as their choice of a particular background. A multidisciplinary approach is used to achieve research objectives with data collection, including 18 ESL students of the Department of Linguistics and Communication UMT campus with the equivalent 22-year age group. The top five DLC scholars are considered the facts information to determine the ratio between teachers and students. Therefore, the findings of the survey were established directly in the case of teachers and students using a list of questions for online teaching and learning through ZOOM. This study utilizesmix method research to examine the perception of students and teachers of UMT regarding the worth of online education based on their own e-learning experience. Semi structured Interviews and questionnaires were conducted among 18 students and 5 teachers. The good and bad experiences of the students were tested. A factor contributing to the experience was also identified. Poor student experiences are caused by delays in the comment, occupied technological support from teachers, lack of self-motivation and inspiration, a sagacity of isolation, confusing teaching method, and poorly intended curriculum content.Item Causes and effects of language anxiety in esl undergraduates of lahore(UMT.Lahore, 2021) ISMAIL BUTTLanguage anxiety is an important and effective variable in ESL learning and teaching that must not be overlooked. Language anxiety should be studied because it interferes negatively with the ESL learning process. It affects learner's performance and achievements. ESL learners find it difficult to share their opinion in class participation with having feelings of nervousness and discomfort. This current study is designed to find the language anxiety factors and their effect on ESL learners on undergraduates at UMT Lahore. To investigate the factors, model of foreign language classroom anxiety scale by Oda (2013), is used, Moreover, interviews of ESL learners and teachers were conducted to find out the impact of these language anxiety factors on ESL learners, this study concludes that negative evaluation, lack of confidence, communication apprehension and grammar or pronunciation affects ESL learner’s speaking skill. These language factors make them nervous and afraid, so they stop using English language. Some of the participants suggested it can be decrease if teachers do not interrupt them while they are speaking in English or do not correct their mistakes in front of a whole class.Item A stylistic analysis of figures of speech in ‘the kite runner’ by khaled hosseini(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Aleena KashifThe aim of the study is to investigate figures of speech in Khaled Hosseini’s novel ‘The Kite Runner’. Following research questions will be answered through stylistic analysis of the novel; (a) What figures of speech are used in the novel ‘The Kite Runner’ by Khaled Hosseini? (b) How does the novel "The Kite Runner" employ figures of speech? This study has explored seven types of figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery, alliteration and onomatopoeia. Leech & Short’s (2007) approach to stylistic analysis is the theoretical frame work of the study. The writer found out that the author used animals, other living beings, inanimate objects, visible and invisible things in those figures of speech to convey human emotion, attitude, and characteristic toward something in a specific circumstance and condition so that the readers would clearly understand the author's intention. The findings revealed that Khaled Hosseini used simile extensively as compared to other figures of speech. In addition to that alliteration is the least common device used in the novel. Future researchers may focus on lexical and grammatical categories of this novel.Item Communicative language teaching in efl university context(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Amna ZubairModern science and technology gradually make the planet a 'cultural community,' which often communicates with people from various parts of the world. In the worldwide use of English, globalization is also mirrored. English plays a key role in many areas: education, science, technology, politics and business. As a consequence, a large number of Asian Nations have shifted from a traditional form of teaching English to the language of communicative education (CLT). The first objective of the thesis is an investigation into UMT EFL teachers' comprehensions and behaviors while taking up CLT in their classroom instruction, so that their teaching practice is better able to appreciate the suitability and efficacy of CLT tasks. The second objective of this study is to examine and understand the factors that support and prevent the adoption of CLT by UMT teachers in their classrooms. The qualitative methodology for this project is the best way to explore UMT EFL teacher's perceptions, attitudes and the causes that communicate and obstruct teaching at UMT level that follow CLT for classroom practice. Five teachers have been chosen for in-depth interviews from one department of a UMT school. The interviews were organized, and one teacher was interviewed in UMT in April 2021, due to Covid'19's precautionary steps interviewed four remaining teachers through Zoom App. Due to the emphasis on teamwork, the implementation of CLT in an EFL classroom was suggested by most students. In comparison to a grammatical teaching scheme, teachers prefer CLT. Since they not only encourage passive students with low English skills to develop communication but also to increase their classroom interactions. It is important to inspire, promote and enhance the communication competences of students rather than relying on conventional grammar- oriented teaching approaches that seek to learn test-taking skills. In conclusion, CLT implementation should recognize not only the efforts of the teacher but also the voice of the teacher and incorporate them into instructional policies and practices.Item The effectiveness of zoom assisted teaching and learning for esl learners at undergraduate level(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Khubaib Ur RehmanThis study is executed in the milieu of looming evolution in study techniques during the COVID 19 which is considered as an upheaval in teaching and learning. The vision of language learning in the pandemic situation is modified with the use of e-classrooms. ZOOM is precise software of e-classroom that is used for prolonging the cascade of study in the COVID-19 through remote learning. In universities, the supplementary focus is on students' necessities and motives because students at that level are cognizant of their needs as per their selection of the particular subject domain. A mixed-method strategy is applied for accomplishing the aims of the research through the data assortment, includes the questionnaire database of 50 ESL students of DLC UMT main campus having the same age group of 19 years. Likewise, with the help of the research gate, interviews from teachers will be conducted by getting their reflection on the 5 selected subsidiary questions leading to the main research question. The 10 most senior professors of DLC are visualized as 1:5 in the data report to mention the ratio between teachers and students. Questions for teachers and students are designed under the eclectic approach and the number of questions remains 15 respectively. Hence, the investigation results are precisely established on the stance of teachers and students by using a questionnaire on online teaching and learning through ZOOM. SPSS is incorporated as a tool of data analysis for the precise and justified prognosis of the quantitative data.