Department of Islamic Thought and Civilization

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/720

The Department of Islamic Thought and Civilization (DITC) was established in January 2008. DITC offers MS/MPhil in Islamic Thought and Civilization followed by a PhD program. The unique feature of this MPhil program is that it is opening its doors to all those who have completed 16 years of education in any discipline whether it is social or natural sciences, engineering, medicine, commerce, Islamic studies, languages, etc.

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    Bernard Lewis on Islam
    (University of Management and Technology, 2011) Hanna-E-Kalbi
    In his sixty years of career, Bernard Lewis emerged as the most celebrated and influential Oriental Scholar of America. His work on Islamic History is the cause of it being known to the European and American world. He has conveyed the knowledge about the pre-modern and modern Muslim world. Lewis has played a great role in formation of contemporary Middle Eastern history. His studies of rebellious Muslim sects, slaves, and Jews in Muslim societies broke new ground by expanding the scope of history beyond the palace and the mosque. It is crucial to study and analyze Bernard Lewis for he is the most cherished Western scholar. His advice and thoughts on the region's current events are sought by the most senior current and former members of the U.S. government. Though Lewis is a great scholar of Islamic, Middle Eastern and Ottoman History, there are some areas which need to be critically analyzed. Edward W. Said and A.L. Tibawi are great names among the critiques of Bernard Lewis. Said addresses the issues related to Arabs and Tibawi analyses him as a Zionist Jewish writer. However, I have addressed some other issues which can be ignored by a common Muslim, who does not understand the twists and curls of the language. Not understanding the way of writing of Oriental class of scholars can easily make one think what they right is unquestionable. This dissertation is an endeavor to distinct right from wrong in one of the widely read writers and thought provokers of West: Bernard Lewis.
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    Conceptual paradigms of West and Islam: a study in terminology
    (University of Management and Technology, 2011) Shafia Jamil
    “Conceptual Paradigms of West and Islam: A Study in Terminology” is basically a comparison between concepts of two major civilizations of West and Islam. In this thesis Western worldview is discussed which primarily is based on Humanism, Secularism, Enlightenment etc. whereas Islamic worldview is a product of divine revelation. Comparing Epistemology of the two, it has been discussed that Scienticism, a product of Western worldview, is the source of Western knowledge, while divine knowledge is the source of Islamic Epistemology, without negating the subordinate role of reason. In the comparative study of religious terminologies, it has been noticed that the role of religion (Christianity) is limited in the Western society, while in Islamic paradigm religion (Deen) plays a pivotal role in organization and working of society and state. Political terminologies of Western and Islamic concepts have also been analyzed. It is pertinent to note that sovereignty in Western civilization belongs to humans and individuals while in Islamic civilization sovereignty belongs to Allah which leads to domination of Shariah (divine law) over human intellect but it does not negate role of reason rather it regulates it in the form of Ijtehad giving it a subordinate position.
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    Punishment of blasphemy in Islam and other semitic religions
    (University of Management and Technology, 2011) Iffat Khalid
    Right of respect and honor is the birth right of a human being which should be granted to each and every individual without discrimination cast, color or creed. If the right of respect is violated, it leads to hatred and enmity among the people and situation turns worst if this violation takes the form of blasphemy. This research study is related to the same issue, that is, “Punishment of Blasphemy in Islam and Other Semitic Religions”. The main reason of selecting this topic is to search out the laws regarding punishment of blasphemy in different Semitic religions and identify the reasons behind the raise in acts of blasphemy. It also aims at suggesting some ways to stop such kind of abhominal incidents in order to overcome the tension created by these acts between followers of different religion in the world. Descriptive method of research has been applied in this study by providing sufficient literature in the form of various chapters divided into several headings and subheadings.The research findings show that acts of blasphemy are not encouraged by any of the Semitic Religions; rather such acts are condemned and even considered punishable. However, every case of blasphemy must be brought before the court of law for careful investigation before announcing any punishment.
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    The impact of deconstruction on Islamic thought
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Abida Khan
    Ideologies are directly albeit not always perceptibly related to methodological and epistemological themes. Social psychology also reveals that knowledge depends upon the policy of rejection or incorporation of various philosophies. In the journey of human thought dawned the age of reason with the Era of Enlightenment. Gradually universal values and scientific method gained supremacy. And then all the grand narratives stood redundant and rejected giving rise to the need to re-search, re-analyze, and re-think every work done thus far with the aim to de-construct the now-discarded. This research studies the greatly admired post structural theory of deconstruction and its proponents in both the Western and Muslim civilizations to have a better understanding of it as well as evaluating its impact on the contemporary Muslim thought. The rationale of the study is a critical appraisal of the theoretical concepts in the Muslim world in response or reaction to the current epistemological influences from the West. This exploration led to the conclusion that the scholars of the Islamic world missed the point by going a bit too far as the Holy Quran and collections of authentic Ahadith explicitly state what Muslims should reject or incorporate. The remedy comprises updating the conventional way of thinking and interpreting things, acquiring the ability to think the unthinkable and the previously unthought, honest hard word, incessant striving for excellence, as well as discarding getting overwhelmed by whatever gains ‘currency’ in the largely impulsive Western thought.
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    The Impact of Deconstruction on Islamic Thought: A Critical Analysis of Mohammed Arkoun’s Work
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Abida Khan
    Ideologies are directly albeit not always perceptibly related to methodological and epistemological themes. Social psychology also reveals that knowledge depends upon the policy of rejection or incorporation of various philosophies. In the journey of human thought dawned the age of reason with the Era of Enlightenment. Gradually universal values and scientific method gained supremacy. And then all the grand narratives stood redundant and rejected giving rise to the need to re-search, re-analyze, and re-think every work done thus far with the aim to de-construct the now-discarded. This research studies the greatly admired post structural theory of deconstruction and its proponents in both the Western and Muslim civilizations to have a better understanding of it as well as evaluating its impact on the contemporary Muslim thought. The rationale of the study is a critical appraisal of the theoretical concepts in the Muslim world in response or reaction to the current epistemological influences from the West. This exploration led to the conclusion that the scholars of the Islamic world missed the point by going a bit too far as the Holy Quran and collections of authentic Ahadith explicitly state what Muslims should reject or incorporate. The remedy comprises updating the conventional way of thinking and interpreting things, acquiring the ability to think the unthinkable and the previously unthought, honest hard word, incessant striving for excellence, as well as discarding getting overwhelmed by whatever gains ‘currency' in the largely impulsive Western thought.
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    The impact of Europe on the economy of muslim colonies: A case study of the Indian subcontinent
    (UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2012) Zahra Shafiq
    The focal point of this study is a comparison between the economic conditions of the Indian sub-continent, one of the many colonies of the Great Britain, before the arrival of the East India Company in India and till the end of the British rule. In this regard statistical evidence has been compiled in a tabular form to show the actual situation in a clear way. Moreover, the conclusions drawn from the statements of some well-known English officers employed in the Sub-continent during that time period by the Great Britain have been included. As my study is related to history so the old books about the history of that time period and area helped me to gather facts and figures about the condition of the Indian economy before and during the British rule. Interestingly, India had been a much advanced and enlightened civilization since 17th century. The rate of literacy in India at that time period, despite its strictly conventional education system, had been higher than that in England and even in the rest of the Europe. Similarly, in all probability, the Indian Sub-continent was way ahead in the provision of civic facilities too. The general condition of common people in Europe was awful and compared very unfavorably with the conditions prevailing in the Indian Sub-continent during that time.
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    Dr. Ali Shariati on Islamic thought (an analytical study)
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Neelam Bano
    Dr. Ali Sharīatī emerged on the intellectual horizons of Iran in 1970’s, and his ideas proved forerunner for the Islamic revolution. He believed that modernization would be reliable with traditional Islamic belief that’s why he was most popular among young revolutionaries of Iran. Sharīatī’s fame in Iran is that of a promoter and advocate of Revolution, a political activist, and a Sociologist. With his powerful pen and eloquent mode of expression he was able to provide the most complex scientific and sociological issues. His ideas have still strong resonance within Iranian society. This paper seeks to explore his biography and also underlines the major works through which he tried to regenerate the Muslim society. The paper probes into analysis of the intellectual contribution of Ali Sharīatī to Muslim thought by exploring his Islamic, sociological and political ideas and evaluation of his thought by other contemporary scholars.
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    Daniel Pipes’Critique on Islam: A Case Study
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Sheikh, Sajid Iqbal
    History of criticism on Islam is as old as the existence of Islam itself. Scholarly criticism has always been valuable to the researchers and intellectuals. Present-daycriticism demands evidence and logic of one’s thoughts. This case study investigateswhat evidence and logic Daniel Pipes has given in hisdecades-long critique on Islam.The study aims to examinestrength of Pipes argumentin the coinage of his terminology like Radical Islam, Militant Islam, Moderate Islam and Islamism etc in the light of sacred Islamic texts and renowned Islamic scholars of the contemporary world.Islam has been ruling in the world for a long time and it is considered as one of the main religions of the world in the present era. Being a widely acclaimed religion, Islam and its political history and futuristic approach has always been topic of a great debate among the scholars.This study will have a practical utility for the scholars around the world as it will enhance understanding about the basis on which the Muslims are being grouped.The study will further attempt to make it clear how far Daniel Pipes has been unbiased in his critique on Islam.
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    English literature on seerah studies in Pakistan (21st century)
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Syed Tauqeer Mahmood
    Seerah books of 21st century in English by Pakistani writers have been reviewed and compiled. In this thesis Seerah literature of 21st century brought under discussion in which different topics and multidimensional aspects of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) have been presented for the benefit of the readers. Lovers of Muhammad (S.A.W) consider this topic as a noble cause, so the conspicuous effort has been made to make it prominent that Seerah writing is a constant and permanent topic in the present era. The advent of Muhammad (S.A.W) as last prophet of Allah in the world scriptures such as Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Christianity and Judaism has been mentioned. Muhammad (S.A.W) his superiority, exalt and reverence as shown by Allah and the responsibility of Muslim Ummah to defend his honour has been expressed. The heinous act of blasphemy of Prophet (PBUH) and its punishment as mentioned in Quran, Sunnah, verdicts of the companion of Holy Prophet, opinions and Fatawas of renowned Muslim scholars have been described realizing the dearth regarding the subject of blasphemy in the Seerah books of 21st century. The thesis writer has resorted to the original sources with utmost effort to make it more comprehensible and comprehensive to see this topic in its vast perspective. The Holy Prophet as an embodiment of peace, security and salvation is immensely necessary for the world in the present global scenario. It is a dire need of time for modern world and particularly the world of west to comprehend the personality of Muhammad (S.A.W) as role model to set aside all the prejudices about Islam and the Prophet of Islam, so that eternal peace and prosperity may be achieved. The work on Seerah by the Pakistani biographers of 21st century has been reviewed who have shown the greatest devotion and love to the last Prophet of Allah with his lasting Message.
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    Behind the economic crisis of the Muslim world
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Kashif Iqbal, Muhammad
    The research undertaken was to study the different factors responsible for the economic crisis in Pakistan. All the Muslim countries are blessed with a lot of natural resources which are the backbone of their economy. The Gulf countries possess oil and gas resources which have made their economy very strong. The misery is that these natural resources are captured by the British and America which do not allow them to benefit much from the resources. As far as Pakistan’s economy is concerned, the most important factor of its crisis is dishonest leadership and lack of patriotism. Another internal factor that does not allow the economy to grow is illiteracy as the only and the easiest way to development is education. Beside this, there are some external factors which have crushed the economy of Pakistan. Among them, the most dangerous are India and America. America has pushed Pakistan into war on terror causing irreparable loss of life and property. Its aid is neither delivered nor utilized properly. America is also strengthening India in the Asian region supporting it with the supply of weapons, dollars and technology. Both have also joined hands to capture the natural resources in the Baluchistan province. India in itself has been hostile to Pakistan since its beginning. The hatred kept on growing as India always created problems for Pakistan. The most dangerous act of India is its blocking the rivers flowing to Pakistan. It has built many dams and hydropower projects on these rivers in the occupied Kashmir. This has disturbed the whole canal system of Pakistan giving a severe blow to the agrarian economy. The international powers favor India which has made the situation worse for Pakistan. In such an alarming situation, the economic crisis has gone worst because of bad governance and mismanagement within the state. Corruption has got deep roots and there is no check on it. Lawlessness and unemployment have given rise to crimes. All the politicians and the high officials are found indulged in economic crimes. The national wealth is looted and transferred to their foreign accounts. Unless these faults are overcome, there is no way to progress. If the state plays its role well and checks or minimizes at least the internal factors of economic crisis, Pakistan’s economy can become strong within very short time.
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    Samaji islahaat (fikr-e-Islami kay tanazar mein)
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Sumaira Mahmood
    Available in Urdu Language.
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    Qiraat Qurania par eitrazaat ka tanqeedi jaaizah
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Adnan Faisal, Muhammad
    Not Available
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    Torait ki kitab-e-kharooj ke shari ahkamat ka Quran-e-Hakim ki raushni main tahqeeqi mutalah
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Muhammad Tayab Usmani
    Not Available.
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    Sira studies in global perspective
    (University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2012) Syed Hassan Bari Shah
    The significance of Sirah literature as comprising of the biographical details of the Prophet of Islam (SAW) acts as a mirror for every Muslim to reflect and live accordingly. By studying, researching, analyzing and by all means whenever a Muslim focuses on the Sirah of Prophet (SAW), the ultimate objective is to follow the tracks of the Prophet (SAW). In views of the Islamic researchers,“the word ‘Sirah' initiates from the expression Sayr”1. While discussing the definition of Sirah, it must be kept in mind that life history of any person can be called as Sirah. But the word ‘Sirah' is used so repeatedly with the life history of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) that whenever, we are saying ‘Sirah' we are all the time referring to the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW).
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    Urdu mein kutab tajwid
    (University of Management and Technology, 2012) Ata Ur Rahman
    The topic of my research dissertation is “The Review of books of Tajweed” which are included in the syllabus of Madrasas and some other non syllabus books are also included. My research will revolve around the introduction, importance and need of Tajweed according to Quran and Sunnah. I shall put my efforts to come up with the proper theme and true sense of Tajweed. I shall focus on the rules of Tajweed as well as the language used in the books which are being taught in the syllabus. Furthermore I shall emphasize on the different levels and classes I.e.; for beginner, mediocre and learned. My thesis will follow an analytical as well as a comparative study within different sects. My research will tell us that which book is more comprehensive in this regard. I shall introduce a brief introduction of the authors of the books which are mentioned in the syllabus so that it may give a solid and lucid picture regarding my research. I shall also focus on the deficiencies regarding the explanation of rules of Tajweed and shall provide the most suitable way of explanation for better understanding. The main focal point of my research on above mentioned topic will be in urdu books but for the sake of better understanding and more critical, I shall also use some Arabic and historical books which are written in the perspective of Tajweed. During the time period of my research work I shall be meeting different experts of different sects at different places for my own better understanding and for gaining expert opinion pertinent to this issue. I shall also look on the difficulties faced by the students while learning Tajweed in order to go into the gist of this area of study. In short, I shall draw a conclusion of my research that why people face difficulties during the study of Tajweed and its relevant solution. I shall come up with certain suggestions for the improvement of Tajweed so that this area of study may become easy, comprehensive and more understandable.
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    The role of Pakistani universities in developing Islamic personality
    (University of Management and Technology, 2013) Saadia Perwaiz
    This study aims to analyze the role of university education in Pakistanat imparting Islamic values and molding an individual's thought according to Islamic ideology. Universities are the centers of higher education that greatly influence young impressionable minds. However, individual personalities that are emerging from the universities of Pakistanare in state of cognitive dissonance. They lack balanced, integrated and holistic attitude which Islamic educational process focused at in the past. In this context, functional aspects of four elements of Pakistani universities have been analyzed. These elements include curriculum, teachers, co-curricular activities and environment. Survey and analysis revealed the dominance of western thought and culture in the higher educational institutes as an important debilitating factor in the formation of Islamic personality. To improve this process reformatory measures have been suggested based on the work of eminent Muslim scholars. These reformatory measures emphasize de-westernization and reconstruction as pivotal measures, so that the primary educational purpose of Islamic personality formation can be served efficiently.
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    Enlightenment and its impact on Muslim thought
    (University of Management and Technology, 2013) Nazia Nisar
    The Enlightenment, an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th century made the Christian Europe go through a prolonged period of critical examination of the validity of its superstitious beliefs and spiritual vision. Challenging the blind following of both the monarchs and church's power and authority it promoted independent thinking and made science and reason the basis of the human society. Introduced into the Islamic world as a movement of tolerance, and free will after Napoleon's expedition to Egypt (1798) it succeeded in making the Muslims skeptical about their religion, civilization and thought. In fact Islam, a very progressive religion of peace and broadmindedness has an extremely sophisticated inbuilt system of keeping abreast with the evolutionary changes and urges every Muslim to use his intellectual powers, free thinking contemplation and reflection within the prescribed limits. Unlike Christianity there is absolutely no conflict between religion, science and research in the tenets of Islam and its traditional worldview. According to the divine teachings of Islam, education, the enlightenment and attainment of spiritual knowledge or insight is compulsory which frees man from a closed mind and all kinds of dogmas, doctrines and ideologies. This study looks for the Islamic roots of the Enlightenment in addition to tracing its effects on the Muslim thought. The findings of the study indicate that the colonizers of the Enlightenment harnessed Muslims and their resources for their self interests and capitalist expansion and imposed a colonist mindset among the intellectuals and scholars of the era. Despotism, fanaticism, economic poverty, under-development, political social and economic suppression are the by-products of the Enlightenment in the Islamic countries.
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    Rejuvenating media for Islamic dawah
    (University of Management and Technology, 2013) Asma Nasar Chattha
    This study aims to analyze how media can play a positive role in the field of Islamic da'wah. Media is a powerful tool which has social and structural influence on forming opinion and changing attitudes of its audience. Nature of its impact is determined by content of the message. Muslims on the advent of Islam eagerly used all kinds of available mediums to communicate the message, but due to decline and disintegration of Muslim Ummah their efforts got rusty on this front. Taking advantage from this situation Western world created media monopoly by discovering new communication media and developing communication strategies. They used new media to colonize Muslim thinking and to mould their world view into a version which is more acceptable to them. In order to counter this attack Muslims need to rejuvenate current media education and profession according to the principles of Islam. Only then media can prove to be an efficient and successful tool to give da'wah towards Islam. Future strategies for this purpose can only be developed by carefully observing past achievements and by learning from mistakes. Furthermore modern media techniques need to be adopted but without compromising the principles of Islam.
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    نطشے اور اقبال کے تصورانسان کاتقابلی مطالعہ
    (University of Management and Technology, 2013) Ghiyas, Muhammad
    انسانی تہذیب کے اندر جب انسان کا مقام متعین اورواضح ہوجائے تو بہت سارے سوالات خود بخود حل ہوجاتے ہیں۔ زندگی کے ہر دور میں اہل دانش نے تصورِ انسان پر کام کیا۔ مذہب بے زار اور مذہب پرست دونوں طبقوں نے تصور انسان پرتحقیق کی ہے۔عیسائی پادری کارل لڈوگ نطشے کے فرزندمعروف مغربی فلسفی فریڈرک ولیم نطشے مذہب کا انکار کرتے ہوئے سب سے پہلے اخلاق پر حملہ آور ہوتے ہیں اور اخلاق کے معنی بدل کر رکھ دیتے ہیں۔وہ انسان کے بارے میں ایک نیا تصور پیش کرتے ہیں۔ مذہبی روایات و اخلاقیات کو توہمات سمجھتے ہیں۔ مذہب اور خدا کو ترقی کی راہ میں رکاوٹ خیال کرتے ہیں اور بالآخر خدا اور دین سے بغاوت کرکے خدا کے مرنے (The Death of God) کا اعلان کردیتے ہیں۔ان کا نظریہ ہے کہ انسان خود اپنے آپ کا خدا ہے ۔ قوت اور طاقت جمع کرنا انسان کا اہم فریضہ ہے۔ جس شخص کے پاس طاقت، قوت اور دولت زیادہ ہو وہی حقیقی انسان ہے اور جو ان چیزوں سے محروم ہو وہ انسان کی نسبت بندر سے زیادہ قریب ہے۔نطشے کے زمانے میں ڈارون کا نظریہ ارتقاء فکری اساس کا درجہ رکھتا تھا۔ ان کا خیال تھا کہ جسمانی ارتقاء تو مکمل ہوچکا ہے ،اب نئے اخلاقی اور نفسیاتی ارتقا کا سفر جاری ہے۔وہ جنون کی حد تک انسان پرست تھے اور انسان کوبیک وقت خالق اور مخلوق کا درجہ دیتے تھے۔نطشے کے تین بنیادی اصول بہت معروف ہیں۔ انھوں نے خدا کی جگہ سپر مین کو، خدا کی عنایات و مہربانی کی جگہ قوت اور غلبہ حاصل کرنے کی تند و تیز خواہش کو اور ابدی زندگی کی جگہ تکرار مسلسل کو رکھ دیا ۔ سپر مین کو خدا کا درجہ دیا اور کائنات کو سپر مین کی ملکیت سمجھا۔ دوسری طرف عظیم مشرقی مفکرعلامہ محمداقبال نطشے کے بالکل برعکس مذہب کو بنیاد بناتے ہوئے مسلمانوں کے طرز زندگی اور فکری غلامی پر دکھ اور افسوس کا اظہار کرتے ہیں اور ایک جدید مذہبی تصور ِ انسان پیش کرتے ہیں۔انھوں نے اپنی شعر و شاعری اور خطبات کے ذریعے مسلمانوں کے اندر ایک نیاجوش، جذبہ ، ولولہ اور جنون پید ا کیا۔ ان کا تصور خودی در حقیقت ان کاتصور انسان ہے۔ اقبال کے مرد مؤمن کی پنا ہ گاہ اور مرکزِ قوت عشق و جنون ہے اور اس عشق و جنون سے وہ دنیا کو مسخر کرنا چاہتے ہیں۔اقبال مرد مؤمن کے لیے اطاعت، ضبط نفس اور نیابت الٰہی کوبنیادی اوصاف سمجھتے ہیں۔ان کا خیال ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ خالق ہے ، کائنات ایک تخت ہے اور انسان اس تخت پر اللہ تعالیٰ کا خلیفہ ہے۔ اوریہ دونوں مخلوق ہیں۔کائنات مجبور محض ہے جبکہ انسان تکوینی امور میں مجبور محض جبکہ تشریعی امورمیں خود مختار ہے۔ اقبال دنیا میں ربانی نظام کے داعی تھے۔ ان کا خیال تھا کہ انفرادی اور اجتماعی خودی ایک دوسرے کی تکمیل کرتی ہے۔فرد اپنی خودی کے ارتقاء اور استحکام کے بعد ملت کا ایک بیش قیمت سرمایہ بنتا ہے۔ان کے نزدیک خودی اور بے خودی کااصل مقصداسلامی ریاست کا قیام ہے۔ تصور انسان کے حوالے سے مشرق کی سب سے بڑی غلطی یہ ہے کہ اس نے سمجھ رکھا ہے کہ انسان تقدیر کا پابند ہے جبکہ مغرب کی سب سے بڑی غلطی یہ ہے کہ اس نے سمجھ رکھا ہے کہ انسان ہی سب کچھ کرتا ہے۔اقبال نے اسلام کی روح کے مطابق دونوں انتہاؤں کے درمیان اعتدال کی راہ اپنائی۔نطشے اور اقبال کے تصور انسان کے تقابلی مطالعے سے انسان کے حقیقی مقام کو جاننے میں مدد ملتی ہے۔ یہی اس مقالے کا مقصدہے۔