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Item Family communication, spiritual struggles and psychological vulnerabilities in young adults; an intervention approach(UMT Lahore, 2025) Nimra ImranThe present study aimed to examine the relationship between family communication, spiritual struggles, and psychological vulnerability in young adults, and to assess the effectiveness of a spiritual intervention in reducing spiritual struggles and psychological vulnerability. The study was conducted in two phases. In Study I, 300 young adults (men and women, M age = 21.5) were selected through purposive sampling. Participants were screened using standardized measures, and those who scored high on the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale and the Psychological Vulnerability Scale were included in Study II. In this phase, a quasi-experimental design was employed with 20 participants, randomly assigned to either a control group (n=10) or an experimental group (n=10). The intervention consisted of 10 sessions incorporating positive reinforcement, psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness practices, and sacred texts. These sessions targeted spiritual doubts, religious guilt, fear of divine punishment, and distress linked to rigid religious expectations. Assessment tools included the Family Communication Scale, Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, Psychological Vulnerability Scale, and a demographic information sheet. Results from Study I revealed a significant positive correlation between spiritual struggles and psychological vulnerability (r = .49, p < .01), and a significant negative correlation between family communication and spiritual struggles (r = –.21, p < .01). Study II findings showed a significant reduction in both spiritual struggles and psychological vulnerability in the experimental group post-intervention, while no such change was observed in the control group. Non-parametric tests were used due to the small sample size. The findings support the effectiveness of spiritually integrated interventions in xvi enhancing mental health outcomes among young adults.Item Development of marriage expectations scale for newly married indiviuals(UMT Lahore, 2025) Abeeha AliThis study aimed to develop and validate the Marriage Expectations Scale for Newly Married Individuals (MESNMI), an indigenous tool to assess culturally specific marital expectations in Pakistan. Employed a mixed-methods design, Phase 1 involved qualitative item generation through semi-structured interviews with 8 newly married participants (4 men, 4 women) married for 6 months–1.5 years. The interview guide was made based on literature review, cultural consultation, and expert review, which ensured conceptual clarity and cultural fit. Interviews were audio-recorded, verbatim transcribed, and thematically analyzed, yielding 3 main constructs: expectations from self, partner, and in-laws. Phase 2 comprised four sub-phases. In first phase, the item pool from Phase 1 interviews was polished for conceptual clarity. In second phase, content validity index was assessed by 10 experts using a four-point likert scale, reducing 48 items to 43. In third phase, a pilot study was conducted which confirmed clarity and feasibility of the items. In fourth phase, the finalized MESNMI and Urdu DASS-21 were administered online to 232 participants (63.8% women, 36.2% men) aged 20–35 years and married from 6 months to 1.5 year. Exploratory factor analysis in IBM SPSS confirmed a two- factor structure, Emotional and Intimate Bonding and Family Integration and Personal Fulfilment with excellent reliability (α = .94), significant negative correlations with DASS-21 (p < .05) confirmed discriminant validity and t-test was run to check gender, family systems and types of marriage differences among data. The scale MESNMI, is a sound, reliable, culturally relevant tool for research and marital counseling in PakistanItem Temperament, family functioning, nostalgia, and self-harm behaviors Among university hostelites and day scholars(UMT Lahore, 2025) Masooma ImranIn the present study, university hostelites and day scholars were studied to find the association of temperament, family functioning, nostalgia, and self-harm behaviors. The study employs a cross-sectional research design with a sample of 400 participants both males and females (200 hostel students and 200-day scholars). Standardized scales were used to measure temperament, family functioning, nostalgia, and self-harm behaviors. The Temperament Scale for University Students (TSUS) by Durrani et., 2018, Family Functioning was determined using the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACES IV; Olson et al., 2011) that included subscales of family communication and family satisfaction, Nostalgia in Hostel Students Scale (NHS) by Kazmi & Mahmood, 2018 and Self-Harm Behaviors Scale (SHBS) by Naeem et al., 2021 were used to assess them. Correlation and regression analysis, independent sample t-test found that there are significant correlations between temperament traits, family functioning, and nostalgia and self-harm behaviors. The protective effect was seen as extraversion and cautiousness. Homesickness was tied to nostalgia but was not related to self-harm behaviors. Family communication appeared as a significant negative predictor of self-harm; participants were inherently against self-harm because of the sense of connection that they shared with the other family members. The study highlights the roles of temperament and family factors in determining mental health outcomes and offers directions for how to tailor interventions to create a beneficial intervention for university students who live away from home.Item Development of comprehensive spousal support scale for married partners(UMT Lahore, 2025-08-18) Natasha KanwalThis study aimed to develop and validate the Comprehensive Spousal Support Scale (CSSS) for Pakistani Married Partners. Using a mixed-method design, the qualitative study designed to explore spousal support among married men and women. With a phenomenological research design, purposive and snowball sampling technique was used to recruit the participants, 12 participants (6 males, 6 females) married for more than 1.5 years in marital life were selected with age range of 25 to 35 years. A semi-structured interview guide was prepared, to explore lived experiences of married people regarding spousal support. The interviews were taped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically via thematic analysis. After analysis, 12 themes emergent themes with their respective subordinate themes. In the quantitative phase content validity by 10 experts refined 49 items to 45.. The sample comprised of 240 participants, of which 120 (50%) were women and 120 (50%) were men, exploratory factor analysis confirmed a clear three- factor structure for the CSSS; family-oriented domestic and interpersonal support (FODIS), emotional expression and marital intimacy (EEMI) and empathetic guidance and shared decision making (EGSDM). Reliability testing demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = .97). Discriminant validity was supported by significant negative correlations with DASS-21 scores (p<.05) and t-tests indicated gender difference on the Emotional Expression & Marital Intimacy (EEMI) subscale, with men scoring significantly higher than women. Overall, the findings revealed that CSSS is a reliable, culturally grounded instrument with strong potential for marital counseling therapy and the future.Item Effectiveness of stress inoculation training in alleviating mental exhaustion in pediatric nurses(UMT Lahore, 2025) Mariah FatimahThe purpose of this study was to find association between Psychosocial Problem, Compassion Fatigue and Job Satisfaction in Pediatric Nurses and to determine the effectiveness of Stress Inoculation Training in alleviating Mental Exhaustion in Pediatric Nurses. The sample size of main study was 94 participants from Pediatric Hospital, with the age range of 25-50 years. For the purpose of intervention 12 participants were recruited who scored high on mental exhaustion and they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Psychosocial Problems Scale (Aslam & Mahmood, 2020), Compassion Fatigue Scale (Shahid, 2019) and Job Satisfaction Scale (Shehzad, 2019) were used to collect data. The data was computed through SPSS; the first analysis run were descriptives. Results of Pearson Product Moment Correlation revealed a significant positive relationship between mental exhaustion, compassion fatigue and job dissatisfaction among pediatric nurses. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed mental exhaustion and compassion fatigue as significant predictors of job satisfaction. Significant differences emerged in mental exhaustion in experimental and control group highlighting the effectiveness of Stress Inoculation Training for pediatric nurses. The findings of the study concluded that an increase in psychosocial problems lead to increase compassion fatigue and lower Job Satisfaction and intervention can help in reducing their mental exhaustion.Item Machiavellianism, family environment, problem solving and sleep Issues in online gamers(UMT Lahore, 2025-07-25) Syed Nadir Ali GilaniThis study examines the complex relationship between Machiavellianism, family environment, problem-solving skills, and sleep disturbances among online gamers in Pakistan. A total of 329 participants (169 males, 160 females) were recruited through purposive sampling, and data was collected using standardized self-report instruments. Quantitative analyses including Pearson correlation, regression, and independent samples t-tests were employed to explore the interrelations among the variables and identify gender-based differences. The findings revealed significant positive correlations between Machiavellianism, poor family environment, and sleep disturbances, while problem-solving ability was negatively correlated with both Machiavellianism and sleep issues. Regression analysis identified family environment as a strong predictor of both Machiavellian tendencies and sleep quality, highlighting its central role in shaping emotional regulation and cognitive coping in gamers. T-test results indicated that male gamers reported significantly higher levels of Machiavellianism and greater sleep disturbances compared to females. These results suggest that dysfunctional family dynamics and maladaptive personality traits contribute to poor cognitive emotional functioning in online gamers, with notable gender differences. The study offers culturally relevant insights for psychological interventions, emphasizing the need to address family systems and enhance adaptive problem-solving in order to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive gaming and personality vulnerabilities among Pakistani youth.Item Family cohesion, religioisty, existential concerns and mental health issues in the religious youth groups(UMT Lahore, 2025) Farwa AliThe aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between family cohesion, religiosity, existential concerns and mental health issues in the religious youth groups. The sample of the study consisted of 299 individuals from the different religious groups or terbia groups, between the ages of 18 and 26 using the correlational research design. The measuring tool included Family Cohesion Scale (FCS), Measure Muslim Religiosity in Pakistan Scale and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) whereas the Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ) underwent an adaptation process to address the language barrier. Pearson product-moment Correlation, multiple hierarchical regression, independent sample T-test and ANOVA analysis were used to investigate the variables. The results of the correlation show family cohesion was negatively associated with mental health issues whereas Religiosity demonstrates a highly positive relationship with mental health issues, and existential concerns show a highly positive correlation with mental health issues. Whereas the regression analysis identified family cohesion, religiosity and existential concerns as significant predictors of mental health issues in which family cohesion was the negative predictor of the mental health issues. Also, the independent sample T-test show a significant difference exist in religiosity between male and females, indicating females are more religious as compare to males. The ANOVA participation in Religious Group activities has a small effect on mental health issues.Item Effectiveness of mindfulness based intervention to improve working memory of individuals with symptoms of depression(UMT Lahore, 2025-07-18) Mahnoor FatimaThis study explores effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions to improve working memory of individuals with symptoms of depression and to investigate influence of depression on working memory. As study was in two phases, one was correlational and the other was intervention, quantitative research method with quasi experimental design for study II along with correlational for study I was used. The hypotheses included there is likely to be a negative relation between depression and working memory of individuals with symptoms of depression and when these individuals receive Mindfulness Based Interventions will show significant improvement in working memory. Snowball sampling technique was used to select participants for correlational phase of study. Total 100 participants, both male and female, were approached for correlational study out of which 22 participants were selected for intervention study. The measures for pre and post assessment of current study were Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS-21 (Aslam & Kamal, 2018), Mini Mental State Examination MMSE (Folstein et al., 1975), Trial Making Test TMT (Sanchez-Cubillo et al., 2009) and demographic Performa. The result showed there exist a strong positive correlation between depression and working memory-A (r =.84, p< .001) and working memory–B (r= .87, p= .001). From the correlation it was indicated that high depression scores were associated with higher scores on working memory-A and working memory-B, which means poor working memory. The participants score on working memory–A and working memory-B was significantly lower after the intervention than before the intervention. Mean score on Working Memory-A was M= .38 and on Working Memory-B M= .42 after intervention and M= .74 and M= 1.04 respectively before intervention. To conclude, mindfulness-based intervention arise as non-pharmacological way of dealing with cognitive and mood symptoms of depression. Regularly practicing mindfulness exercises enhance working memory issues along with alleviating depression symptoms.Item Personality traits, partner phubbing, emotional intimacy and marital satisfaction in working married couples(UMT Lahore, 2025) Fiza NoorThe study aimed to investigate the relationship between Personality Traits, Partner Phubbing, Emotional Intimacy and Marital Satisfaction in working married couples. The sample size was N=300 which includes working married individuals who are actively employed using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. To measure the target variables, various measurement scales were used such as The Big Five Inventory, Partner Phubbing Scale, Intimacy Scale of Emotional Dimension, and Couple Satisfaction Index. Pearson Correlation, Multiple Linear Regression, Parallel Mediation analysis, and Non-Parametric tests such as the Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal-Wallis H Test were run by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to test the hypothesis. The result of the study showed that Partner Phubbing has a negative relationship with the Emotional Intimacy subscale ISO Congruence and marital Satisfaction. Partner Phubbing significantly mediated the relationship between Neuroticism personality trait and marital satisfaction. Emotional Intimacy did not show any significant mediating effect with Personality traits and marital satisfaction. These results highlight how Personality trait change relationship dynamics by increasing digital distractions like Partner Phubbing, which negatively affects marital satisfaction.Item Attachment styles, coping strategies, quality of relationship and empty-nest syndrome in mothers(UMT Lahore, 2025-10-30) Anosha AmirThe present study examined the relationship between attachment styles, coping strategies, quality of relationship and empty nest syndrome in mothers. A correlational research design was used, with snowball sampling strategy for collecting data from mothers (N = 89), aged 40-60 (Mage = 53.62; SD = 5.16). The measures included the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996), the Brief COPE Inventory (Carver, 1997), the Quality of Relationship Inventory (Pierce et al., 1991) and the Psychosocial Reactions of Empty-Nest Syndrome (Mushtaq & Farrukh, 2021). Correlation showed that secure attachment styles (close and dependant) was associated with better quality of relationship and lower empty nest syndrome, whereas insecure attachment was linked with greater use of emotion-focused and avoidant coping and higher levels of empty nest syndrome. Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping were positively related to the depth of spousal relationships and empty nest syndrome, while avoidant coping was related only to empty nest syndrome. Quality of relationship (support and depth) also showed a positive association with empty nest syndrome. Regression revealed that unemployment, nuclear family system, anxious attachment style and emotion-focused coping were positive predictors of empty nest syndrome. Mediation revealed that emotion-focused coping partially mediated the relationship between anxious attachment style and empty-nest syndrome. An independent sample t-test showed that mothers in joint families had less empty nest syndrome compared to those in nuclear families.Item Frailty, interpersonal difficulties, self-transcendence and existential anxiety in young adults with chronic illness(UMT Lahore, 2025-08-13) Nabeesha AhmedThe present study aimed to assess the relationship between Frailty, Interpersonal Difficulties, Self-Transcendence and Existential Anxiety in Young Adults with Chronic Illness. Correlational, cross-sectional research design, purposive sampling was employed and the sample comprised N=200 young adults between age range 18-35 years (M=30.72, SD= 4.47) with chronic illness hypertension and Diabetes Type 2. In the study, participants completed Tilberg Frailty Indicator (Gobbens et al., 2010), Interpersonal Difficulties Scale (Saleem, Ihsan, and Mahmood, 2014), Self-Transcendence Scale (Reed, 1991) and Existential Anxiety Scale (Weems et al., 2004). The data was normally distributed with strong internal consistency (α = .60–.90). Pearson Correlation revealed that frailty was positively related with interpersonal difficulties and existential anxiety but it showed no association with self-transcendence. Further, Multiple Linear Regression analysis revealed that frailty and interpersonal difficulties significantly predicted existential anxiety but at the same time self-transcendence was not a significant predictor of existential anxiety. Results from Independent samples t-tests found that women had higher existential anxiety. It was found through ANOVA that unemployed and housewives reported greater existential anxiety. The results of the analysis were discussed in the light of culture.Item Effect of positive prospective mental imagery on anxious distress reduction and sleep quality enhancement among university students(UMT Lahore, 2025-10-03) Aman ChaudhryThe present study examined the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxious Distress and sleep quality among university Students. A quasi-research design was employed, using purposive sampling to collect data from university students (N = 200), aged 18 to 25 years (M = 22.36, SD = 2.21). The scales used in this study included Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12; Carleton et al., 2007), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger et al., 1983), and Sleep Quality Scale (SQS; Yi et al, 2006). Results in this study is as following. Correlation showed that Intolerance of Uncertainty was positively correlated with Anxious Distress and Sleep Quality. There was also a positive correlation between Anxious Distress and Sleep Quality. Regression showed that Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxious distress are significant predictor of sleep quality among university students. Mediation indicated that Anxious Distress partially mediated the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Sleep Quality. For intervention study following test were done. Mann Whitney U test was done to compare the scores on anxious distress and sleep quality, between experimental and control groups. The results showed that Positive Prospective Mental Imagery intervention was significantly able to reduce anxious distress among experimental group. Sleep quality was also improved through the intervention as the scores were reduced in experimental group than control group but the significance was on borderline level. Wilcoxen Signed-Rank analysis was done to compare pre and post scores on anxious distress and sleep quality after the intervention. The results showed statistically significant reduction in both scores after the intervention in experimental group.Item Efficacy of low intensity psychological interventions (LIPIs) in reducing emotional dependence among university students(UMT Lahore, 2025-10-07) Ayesha ImranThe current research study aimed to explore the relationship between Emotional Dependence, Self-Esteem, Depression, Anxiety and Stress in University Students (N=200), along with the efficacy of Low Intensity Psychological Interventions (LIPIs) for reducing Emotional Dependence, aged 18 to 25 years (N=20). Study I and II followed Cross-sectional Correlational Study and Quasi Experimental Study Design respectively. Data were collected using measures: Emotional Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ; Lemos & Londono, 2006), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSE; Rosenberg, 1965) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Hierarchical Multiple Regression and Hayes Process Mediation Analysis were carried out to determine the relationship among study variables; to find out the Emotional Dependence and Self-Esteem as significant predictors of Depression, Anxiety and Stress; and to evaluate the mediating role of Self-Esteem between Emotional Dependence and Depression, Anxiety and Stress in university students respectively. Non-parametric tests such as Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was conducted to check the effectiveness of Low Intensity Psychological Interventions (LIPIs) for reducing Emotional Dependence, Low Self-Esteem, Depression, Anxiety and Stress in University Students. Findings revealed that Emotional Dependence has positive relationship with overall Self-Esteem, Depression, Anxiety and Stress. Self-Esteem and Emotional Dependence were significant predictors of Depression, Anxiety and Stress. In addition, Self-Esteem served as a significant mediator between Emotional Dependence and Depression, Anxiety and Stress. Results showed significant improvement between experimental and control group and with pre and post scores after the intervention.Item Life stressors, alexithymia, spiritual well-being, and sleep quality in hearing and hearing-impaired individuals(UMT Lahore, 2025-08-22) Mamun Fazal KarimThe present study examined the association between life stressors, alexithymia, spiritual well-being, and sleep quality among hearing and hearing-impaired university students. A total of 312 participants (M = 22.34, SD = 2.77) were recruited, including both hearing and non-hearing individuals. Standardized measures were used, including the Life Stressors Scale (LSS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWB), and Sleep Quality Scale (SQS). Reliability analysis indicated good internal consistency for all instruments (α = .85–.94). Compared to hearing participants, those with hearing impairments showed better sleep quality and stronger spiritual well-being, but they also reported higher levels of stress and trouble recognizing emotions. Regression analyses showed that whereas gender and alexithymia were the key predictors of bad sleep among hearing participants, emotion management issues, family relationships, and educational background were the main predictors of poor sleep among hearing-impaired persons. Additionally, mediation analysis showed that whereas spiritual well-being was a lesser negative mediator, alexithymia acted as a positive mediator in the link between life stresses and poor sleep. While less noticeable among those who were hearing challenged, age and gender disparities were substantial in the hearing group. Overall, the results point to the necessity for specialized therapies that target emotional processing and spiritual resources in both populations, since stresses may indirectly affect sleep quality through spirituality and emotional awareness.Item Temperament, social comparison, gender dysphoric tendencies, and eating problems in adolescents(UMT Lahore, 2025-09-09) Javeria BabarThis study investigated the relationship between Temperament, Social Comparison, Gender dysphoric Tendencies and Eating problems in adolescents. It was hypothesized that there would be likely to be relationship, temperament, social comparison and gender dysphoric would likely to predict eating problems, social comparison and gender dysphoric tendencies would likely to mediate and likely to be difference between groups. STS (Durani et al., 2017), SCS (Allan & Gilbert, 1995), GDTS scale (Habib & Karamat, 2022), and EPS (Naeem et al., 2020) was used. Correlational research design was used and (N=472) were taken through purposive sampling from Lahore. Keeping in view of the ethical considerations data was collected and SPSS-23 were used. Findings revealed that impulsivity was strongly associated with gender dysphoria tendencies and various eating problem subscales. Extroversion was positively related to social comparison, gender dysphoria tendencies, and eating problems. Gender dysphoria tendencies showed correlations with disordered eating. Regression analyses identified factors meals per day, family structure, introversion, extroversion, and gender dissatisfaction as significant predictors of eating problems, while mediation analysis indicated that gender dysphoria tendencies mediated the relationship between extroversion and eating problems. Males scoring higher in impulsivity and females higher in extroversion and social comparison. Government school students scored higher in extroversion and social comparison, and private school students higher in introversion. Overall, the findings highlight the need for culturally sensitive, school based prevention and intervention programs.Item Fostering self-compassion in young adults with spiritual grief through compassion-focused techniques(UMT Lahore, 2025-10-29) Amna AshfaqThe current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of compassion-focused techniques in managing spiritual grief by fostering self-compassion in young adults, aged 18-30 years. Study I and II followed as Cross-sectional Correlational Study (N=210) and Quasi Experimental Study (N=18) design respectively. The data was collected through purposive sampling using the measures including The Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief (ICSG; Burke and Neimeyer‚ 2016), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003), and a Demographic Sheet. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was performed to find out the relationship between the study variables. Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test was carried out to check the effectiveness of the compassion-focused techniques in managing spiritual grief by fostering self-compassion in young adults. The study found a significant positive association between spiritual grief and negative self-compassion aspects like self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification (p < .001). The intervention improved positive self-compassion factors like self-kindness and mindfulness (p< .01), while reducing negative ones (p< .01). The experimental group reported lower scores on spiritual grief variables (p< .001) and negative aspects (p< .001). All these findings confirmed that compassionate interventions can be a kind of transformational process that would support a person in the restoration of inner and spiritual balance in the repercussion of loss.Item Psychosocial challenges of parenting adolescents(UMT Lahore, 2025-10-24) Namra AjmalThe current study was conducted that aimed to explore the psychosocial challenges of parenting adolescents in Pakistan. A qualitative research design was used to carry out the research, and the sample of 5 parents, both fathers and mothers, of adolescents was selected. Semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted through which superordinate themes of parenting as an evolving experience and learning process, promoting moral upbringing in children, parenting in digital age: connection and loss of control, adolescents’ behavioral challenges, academic and career related challenges, societal and peer group influence, parental engagement and communication, impact of technology and social media, societal and external influence on youth, fostering a positive parent-child relationship & open communication, proactive management of children’s environment and activities, generational shift in parental philosophies, impact of modernity on parental concerns and practices, generational similarities and contrasts in parenting experiences and methods, modernity influences: technology, economy and parental strains, were identified. The study revealed that parents in Pakistan face challenges in balancing work-life balance, communication gaps, strictness, technology, and societal exposure. Despite these challenges, open communication, proactive monitoring, emotional support, and value-based guidance are adaptive coping strategies. The study emphasized the need for parenting guidance programs and psychological support systems based on local family understanding to improve parent-child relationships in a digitalized and demanding world. It underscored the importance of adapting to the changing face of parenting in Pakistan.Item Mental toughness, academic procrastination and career anxiety in university students(UMT Lahore, 2025-08-26) Sana ShahidThe current study provided valuable insight into the complex relationship between mental toughness, academic procrastination and career anxiety in university students. Correlational cross-sectional research design was used with purposive sampling strategy for collecting data from university students (N = 300) aged 19-32 years (M =23.28, SD = 2.05). The indigenous scales including Mental Toughness Scale (Anthony & Saleem, 2020), Student Procrastination Scale (Mahmood & Subhan, 2015), and newly developed Career Anxiety Scale were used for data collection. Factor Analysis revealed three factors of Career Anxiety Scale with excellent reliability and validity. Correlation analysis depicted that Mental Toughness had significant positive association with Career Preparation Anxiety while had significant negative association with academic procrastination and Intrapersonal Career Anxiety. Academic Procrastination had significant positive correlation with Career Anxiety. Regression analysis indicated that gender and Mental Toughness significant negatively while no. of times students applied for job and Academic Procrastination significant positively predict Career Anxiety. Mediation analysis depicted that academic procrastination fully mediated the relationship between mental toughness and intrapersonal career anxiety in university students. Independent sample t-test depicted that male students had higher mental toughness, academic procrastination, and career anxiety than females. MS students had higher mental toughness while BS students scored higher on academic procrastination. Higher mental toughness and career anxiety was reported among students who had applied for job. The study findings were discussed in the light of literature and culture.Item Family environment, psychological manipulation and social connectedness In university students(UMT Lahore, 2025) Aqsa Shafqat AliThe present study was aimed to assess the relationship among the family environment, psychological manipulation and social connectedness in university students. Research design was cross sectional and a sample of 445 university students from both Public and private colleges of the Lahore (N=445) was studied. In study 1, the development of Family Cohesion Scale (FCS) was done which comprised of 20 items. Items are measured on a 5-point Likert scale consisting of two factor named as Communication and Satisfaction. In study 2 testing of main hypothesis was done and measures included the Family Cohesion Scale (FCS), Psychological Manipulation (VPM), and Social Connectedness scale (SCS). Data was analyzed using SPSS 21 version. Findings of the correlation and regression analysis showed that family environment has a positive correlation with the social connectedness and negative relation with psychological manipulation. Family environment is also positively correlated with social connectedness while psychological manipulation is negatively correlated with it. The results of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that high level of psychological manipulation by parents and low level of socialization. t-test findings showed that male and female have same tendencies for psychological manipulation. Moreover, the students studying in the private institutes have the higher tendencies toward the psychological manipulation than those studying in government institutes. The findings were discussed in Pakistani context.