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Item The legal threshold for the use of force under article 51 of un charter(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Aqsa; Mahmoon Zaryab Anjum; Sameen Jan Khan JadoonThis study holds significant importance as it seeks to clarify the legal scope, threshold, and conditions governing the use of force under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, with a specific focus on the lawful exercise of the right of self-defense by states. Through a detailed examination of legal definitions, interpretative criteria, and the practices of states, the research addresses key ambiguities that affect the consistent application of international law in situations involving inter-state armed conflict. Additionally, the study explores the relevance of jus in bello (the body of law governing conduct during warfare) following the lawful initiation of force. This analysis underscores that a legal justification for the use of force under jus ad bellum does not absolve states from their continued obligations under international humanitarian law. It emphasizes the necessity of adhering to principles such as proportionality, distinction, and necessity, in order to minimize harm to civilians and maintain legal and ethical conduct during armed engagements. The insights offered by this research aim to assist policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars in fostering more lawful, consistent, and principled responses to threats, thereby reinforcing international peace, security, and the rule of law. This research employs a qualitative and legal doctrinal approach to analyze the threshold and conditions for the lawful use of force under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. It will rely on primary sources, including international treaties, the UN Charter, customary international law, and judicial decisions from international courts and tribunals, to examine the legal foundations and criteria governing self-defence. Additionally, secondary sources such as books, journal articles, published materials, blogs, and newspapers will provide scholarly analysis and contemporary perspectives.Item The united states and the international legal Framework for refugee protection(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Muhammad Soban; Hassan Sher; Hamza Azam; Mujahid AliThe thesis presents a critical examination on the degree to which the nation of the United States is adhering to its international legal obligations under the 1951 Refugee Convention, 1967 Protocol and customary international laws regarding the matter of refugee protection. It looks into the compliance of the U.S. domestic policies and practices compared to the existing global standards of protection of refugees. This research explores core principles of the U.S. refugee law following a doctrinal legal approach combined with case study analysis, including Refugee Act of 1980, practices at U.S. Mexico border and asylum adjudication procedures. The thesis enshrined the growing impact of national security concerns, specially post 9/11, which have contributed to restrictive measures such as the “Muslim Ban,” third country agreements, Title 42 expulsions and deterrence-based border enforcement. The study also looks into the role of international institutions such as UNHCR, IOM and regional human rights bodies in promoting amicability and accountability. Research also indicates that U.S. maintains a formal legal framework that reflects international standards, significant gaps in implementation, politicization of refugee policy, and procedural shortcomings which weaken its obligations. This thesis concludes the policy recommendations that aimed at restoring legal consistency, enhancing procedural fairness, and reaffirming the U.S. obligation to the international refugee protection regime. It calls for a redefinition of U.S. policy to maintain sovereign control with legal obligations, ensuring the refugee protection remains protected in law, not politics. Keywords: Refugee Protection, International Refugee Law, United States Asylum Policy, Non- Refoulement, 1951 Refugee Convention, 1967 Protocol, National Security, Human Rights, UNHCR, Migration Policy, Legal Amicability, International Institutions, U.S. Immigration Law.Item Investigating and safeguarding freedom of speech and media personnel in pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Hamna Besharat; Ghazi Khan; Fatima Safdar; Shahida AliThis thesis investigates the gap between Pakistan’s freedom of speech constitution and the actual experiences of journalists who face legal ambiguity, too many regulations and physical dangers. Beginning with constitutional and statutory provisions, the study reviews Article 19 of the 1973 Constitution, the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016 (PECA) and the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance, along with how they compare to international standards in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Then, it looks at the multiple obstacles journalists deal with: laws preventing the reporting of some issues; periodic shutdowns of the internet; pressure to avoid certain topics because of money and legal challenges; violence, abductions and online threats; and biased reporting due to a few large media groups controlling the industry. Looking into formal ways to address complaints—such as PEMRA’s complaints council, the Federal Investigation Agency’s cyber-crime branch and Pakistan’s courts—shows that delayed work and impunity are common, even with civil society organizations joining the effort to address such protection gaps. Following the diagnosis, the thesis outlines a number of necessary changes such as modifying PECA, making sure necessity and proportionality exist in speech-related laws, transforming PEMRA, establishing a Press Council free from government influence, putting in place anti-SLAPP and whistleblower rules, creating media-rights and fast-track tribunals and supplying media literacy, ethical courses and digital security support. Looking at regulations from Ireland, South Africa and the Philippines, the study guides Pakistan on how to support a free press and a strong democracy. Keywords: Freedom of Speech, Media Personnel Protection, Press Freedom, Pakistan Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA), Article 19, Constitution of PakistanItem A critical analysis of the 26th amendment of the constitution of pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Usama Akram Qazi; Muhammad Umer Mudassar; Adil EhsanThe Twenty-Sixth Constitutional Amendment (2024) is Pakistan’s most sweeping judicial reform since 2010, overhauling the processes of judge-selection, introducing performance evaluations, enshrining an explicit right to a clean and healthy environment (Art. 9A), and narrowing the Supreme Court’s suo motu jurisdiction. This thesis offers the first integrated, empirical assessment of the amendment’s early impact. Guided by a constructivist paradigm, the study employs documentary analysis, 29 semi-structured elite interviews, two focus-group discussions, and targeted docket tracking across the Supreme Court and four provincial High Courts during the amendment’s first two years (2024-2025). Findings show that widening the Judicial Commission to include legislators modestly reduces executive dominance but replaces it with coalition bargaining, lengthening nomination timelines by roughly three weeks. New performance metrics lift case-disposal rates 10 percent yet generate ―evaluation anxiety,‖ prompting some judges to triage complex matters. Article 9A triggers a surge of innovative environmental litigation, though weak agency capacity threatens meaningful enforcement. Curtailment of suo motu powers sharply decreases spontaneous apex interventions while redirecting public-interest activism toward structured petitions and lower-court remedies. The study advances a ―dynamic equilibrium‖ model, illustrating how independence mechanisms, managerial accountability, constitutionalised environmental rights, and recalibrated activism interact as a feedback loop. It recommends a merit-matrix statute for appointments, refined complexity-weighted performance indicators, a framework law to operationalise and fast-track public-interest benches to absorb activism displaced from suo motu. The thesis contributes to comparative constitutional scholarship by demonstrating that bold textual reforms yield mixed outcomes unless matched by transparent criteria, administrative resources, and iterative oversight. Keywords: Twenty-Sixth Amendment; Pakistan judiciary; judicial appointments; performance evaluation; environmental constitutionalism; suo motu jurisdiction; judicial independence; constitutional reform; public-interest litigation.Item Comparative analysis on provincial autonomy and Resources distribution in pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) SYED ATTAULLAH SHAH; MUHAMMAD SHAFIQUE; MUHAMMAD MUJTABAThe comparative analysis of the Pakistan's constitutional landscape suggests that it evolved to regulate and manage center-province relations and address the demands of federating units for resources and political power sharing. In the pre-independence period, Pakistan's political elites promised devolved federal political structure allowing greater provincial autonomy. However, in the post-independence period the unitary colonial structure of state retained its centralized character allowing little or no provincial autonomy. The subsequent constitutions of 1956 and 1962 denied administrative, political and financial control to provinces, making the central government overarchingly unitary. This created tension between federation and federating units resulting in the dismemberment of Pakistan. The 1973 constitutional scheme sought to award relatively greater power and control to provinces but failed to remove the tension between center and provinces over resources and political power sharing. As a result, the 18th amendment as a consensual constitutional framework sought devolve power to provinces to strengthen Pakistan's federation. Despite its promising nature, the 18th amendment continues to face implementation challenges making it less institutionalized and effective. The conceptual and theoretical framework of the suggests strong federal structure for power and resources sharing requires constitutionalism, rule of law, strong institutions and increased capacity of the provinces.Item Judicial Enforcement of Fundamental Rights in Pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Falak Sher; M Aftab Ishaq; Junaid Shahid; Atif GhafoorThis thesis takes a critical look at the way the judiciary has executed fundamental rights under the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. The Constitution has described a significant framework pertaining to civil, political, and legal rights, and various rights have been promoted in practice, though the extent to which these rights have been realized has been inconsistent. This research examines the constitutional provisions and specifically Articles 199 and 184(3) of the Constitution to analyze review the way that the superior judiciary, on a historical basis, has interpreted and exercised the rights described in the Constitution. Using qualitative, doctrinal research methodology, this thesis examines case law, the development of judicial activism, and the prevalence of public interest litigation (PIL) to be used as an effective tool of enforcement. The judiciary has, in some instances, interpreted narrow meanings of rights expansively, being bold in their decisions to examine and heard cases, but it faces systemic challenges, including political interference, procedural delays in cases, selective application of accessibility, and institutional dysfunction on the effectiveness of its impact. This study compares other constitutional democracies with Pakistan in order to showcase its hurdles and prospects. The thesis suggests that the judiciary has the legal authority to safeguard basic rights but judicial independence, accessibility, and accountability require considerable reform. court facilities. The constitutional role of the judiciary can only be achieved through these changes. This would promote greater fairness in society while democracy thrives. Keywords: Fundamental Rights, Constitution of Pakistan, Judicial Enforcement, Supreme Court, Judicial Activism, Suo Motu Jurisdiction, Human Rights, Legal Reform, Public Interest Litigation. The suggestions include delineating boundaries for discretionary powers, reinforcing legal aid services, enforcing unbiased procedural norms for the selection of judges, and betteringItem A Critical Analysis of the 26th Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Shahwar Javed; Muhammad Usman Khan; Jawad Shabbir; Muhammad Shayan Punal IbrahimThe Twenty-Sixth Constitutional Amendment (2024) is Pakistan’s most sweeping judicial reform since 2010, overhauling the processes of judge-selection, introducing performance evaluations, enshrining an explicit right to a clean and healthy environment (Art. 9A), and narrowing the Supreme Court’s suo motu jurisdiction. This thesis offers the first integrated, empirical assessment of the amendment’s early impact. Guided by a constructivist paradigm, the study employs documentary analysis, 29 semi-structured elite interviews, two focus-group discussions, and targeted docket tracking across the Supreme Court and four provincial High Courts during the amendment’s first two years (2024-2025). Findings show that widening the Judicial Commission to include legislators modestly reduces executive dominance but replaces it with coalition bargaining, lengthening nomination timelines by roughly three weeks. New performance metrics lift case-disposal rates 10 percent yet generate “evaluation anxiety,” prompting some judges to triage complex matters. Article 9A triggers a surge of innovative environmental litigation, though weak agency capacity threatens meaningful enforcement. Curtailment of suo motu powers sharply decreases spontaneous apex interventions while redirecting public-interest activism toward structured petitions and lower-court remedies. The study advances a “dynamic equilibrium” model, illustrating how independence mechanisms, managerial accountability, constitutionalised environmental rights, and recalibrated activism interact as a feedback loop. It recommends a merit-matrix statute for appointments, refined complexity-weighted performance indicators, a framework law to operationalise Article 9A, and fast-track public-interest benches to absorb activism displaced from suo motu. The thesis contributes to comparative constitutional scholarship by demonstrating that bold textual reforms yield mixed outcomes unless matched by transparent criteria, administrative resources, and iterative oversight. Keywords: Twenty-Sixth Amendment; Pakistan judiciary; judicial appointments; performance evaluation; environmental constitutionalism; suo motu jurisdiction; judicial independence; constitutional reform; public-interest litigationItem Empowering pakistan's leadership(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Muhammad Wasif SajjadThis research paper examines the possibility of empowering leadership in Pakistan through the transition from a parliamentary system to a presidential system, guided by the fundamental principles of the Caliphate. Rooted in both the traditions of Islamicgovernance and modern political theories, this research aims to assess how integrating the moral and accountability-based aspects of the Caliphate into the presidential model can enhance the stability of leadership, its functionality, and increase public trust in the government. This research begins by examining the historical and current challenges faced by Pakistan's parliamentary system, such as instability, weak executive leadership, and political fragmentation. It also investigates the previous militaryled presidential system and similar successful international presidential systems. Special attention has been given to the philosophical foundations of the Khilafat—justice, accountability, consultation, and service-oriented leadership—and how they align with modern democratic structures. This research uses qualitative approach that relies solely on secondary data gathered from online sources. The analysis incorporates legal documents, historical records, academic articles, and expert opinions accessible online. The findings suggest that a presidential system, when aligned with the principles of the Khilafat, has the potential to offer strong ethical guidance alongside clear administrative authority and institutional accountability. Nonetheless, this research also points out possible risks, including the misuse of central power and public opposition in cases where education and social cohesion are lacking. The research paper concludes that a carefully designed presidential model, based on Islamic moral governance, is promising for Pakistan's political future. It offers recommendations for legal reforms, civic education, and phased implementation strategies while acknowledging the limitations and identifying areas for further research. Keywords: Presidential System, Khilafat Principles, Leadership, Parliamentary System, Governance, Pakistan, Political Reform, AccountabilityItem Exploring the legal strategies and challenges in combating cyber crime in pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Abdul Samad Sheikh; Abdullah ZamanCybercrime in Pakistan is an uprising and problematic issue in terms of its multifaceted nature. In the following paper, we are going to discuss the different categories of crimes committed on the internet, what the laws in place try to block such crimes, the disadvantages that do not allow a good reaction of the crime, and how the society responds to it. Every chapter pays attention to a dominant point. This will provide the readers with an idea of the importance of cybercrime, the way the existing laws work, and how they must be enhanced. The author first defines cybercrime. It gives its main types: hacking, identity theft, online intimidation, economic fraud, and personal information exploitation. It also relates to the internetmenaces as they have evolved with years and how they affect individuals,institutions as well as national security. Second, it goes on to look at the current legal frameworkcurrently in Pakistan, focusing on thePrevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016. It also looks at other laws including parts of the Pakistan Penal Code. This study assessed the merits and demerits of such legislations with Jurisdictional issues, insufficient enforcement, technological ditch, and poor digital literacy levels being the main concerns. Thirdly, it makes a comparison between international best practice to Pakistan. It talks about international conventions such as Budapest convention on cybercrime 2001 and how the conventions encourage international cooperation and how we can encourage such convention inour system and strengthen our legal system. The chapter also discusses Islam views on digital wrongdoing and compares them with modern cyber laws and Islam criminal law has to say about justice, privacy, and the forbidden harms in Quran and Sunnah. Besides this, the author also explains the social and technological causes of emergence of cybercrime such as super-connected internet, lack of awareness, joblessness and the misuse of digital platforms by politicians. It also studies the attempt at the public policy and the reaction of government agencies. Lastly, the study ends with providing detailed recommendations as to how to improve the legal, institutional, and education strategies against cybercrime in Pakistan. These suggestions aim to support lawmakers, law enforcement agencies, legal professionals, educators, and civil society in developing a more resilient and secure digital environment. By integrating legal, religious, and social insights, this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of cybercrime in Pakistan and provides a forward-looking strategy for its effective control.Item Extra-judicial killings in pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Khidmat Khan; Bilal ikram; Umair Khalid; Tayyab HussainThis thesis deeply explains the issue of extra judicial killings, the unlawful killings of the individuals by state or by people acting on behalf of the state. These killings are carried out without any due process or legal trial. Extra Judicial killings are the violation of human rights and the fundamental rights mentioned in the constitution of Pakistan 1973. This study explains that such acts usually occur in such societies and places where the accountability mechanism and courts are weak and in such places with political influence. In countries like Pakistan Police Encounters custodial deaths and the killings justified under the guise of counterterrorism are the main forms of the extra judicial killings. This thesis also explains how the political gains are achieved by these killings to take control over their opposition parties. The study also highlights national and international legal action and their violation due to the extra judicial killings. Another critical focus of the study is how the civil society organizations human rights defenders and advocacy play an important role supporting victims and raising awareness and their voice. This thesis also suggests solutions for this matter like accountability judicial reforms independent oversights mechanism and educating the public.Item The role of digital evidence in shaping outcomes in pakistani courts(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Razzaqa tAli; Abdul Rehman; Waqar Shoukat; Umer MalikThis study explores the critical role of digital evidence within Pakistan’s legal system, emphasizing its growing importance in both criminal and civil litigation. With the rapid advancement of technology and the increasing reliance on electronic communication and transactions, digital evidence has become a cornerstone for establishing facts and delivering justice. The formal recognition of digital evidence as primary evidence through the Electronic Transactions Ordinance (2002) marked a significant legal development in Pakistan, aligning the country with international trends. However, despite this legislative progress, the practical application of digital evidence faces numerous challenges, including concerns over its authenticity, the preservation of the chain of custody, and limited forensic expertise and infrastructure. These challenges often result in cautious judicial attitudes, where digital evidence is sometimes treated as circumstantial and requires corroboration by traditional forms of proof. Using a qualitative research design and a case study approach focused on 2023-2024, this study analyzes relevant statutes, judicial decisions, and interviews with legal professionals and forensic experts to assess the current state of digital evidence handling i Pakistan. The findings reveal that while there is increasing judicial acceptance of digital evidence, significant gaps remain in procedural clarity, forensic standards, and technical capacity. Comparative analysis with international best practices from jurisdictions such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union highlights the need for Pakistan to adopt comprehensive guidelines, specialized training programs, and advanced forensic technologies to enhance the integrity and admissibility of digital evidence. The study concludes with recommendations for legal reforms, capacity building, and infrastructure development to strengthen Pakistan’s judicial system in the digital age. By addressing these issues, Pakistan can improve the reliability and judicial appreciation of digital evidence, thereby promoting efficiency, transparency, and fairness in legal proceedings. This research XIcontributes valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars aiming to modernize the administration of justice in Pakistan through the effectiveuse of digital evidence. Keywords:Capacity building, Digital forensics, Evidence admissibility, Judicial reform, Legal frameworks, Pakistan justice system, Technological barriersItem A critical analysis of minority rights in pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Hammad Ayoub; Ahmad Hassan; Gulfam Raza; Farooq AzamMinority rights provide a litmus test for the health of any constitutional democracy. Pakistan‘s 1973 Constitution pledges robust safeguards-most notably in Articles 20, 25, 26, and 36-yet religious and ethnic minorities continue to face discrimination, legal jeopardy, and social exclusion. This thesis offers a comprehensive, multi-method investigation into the causes of that protection gap. A doctrinal analysis of constitutional clauses, statutes, and forty years of case law reveals how textual ambiguities, broad ―public-order‖ qualifiers, and non-justiciable directives enable restrictive legislation and timid jurisprudence. Empirical evidence, drawn from twenty-one key-informant interviews and an extensive documentary review, demonstrates how these doctrinal weaknesses translate into everyday harms: misuse of blasphemy provisions, quota evasion, forced conversions, and procedural intimidation that turns trial processes into punishment. Despite these challenges, the study identifies―islands of progress‖ judicial interventions, minority liaison policing models, and civil-society legal aid that illustrate the transformative potential of targeted reform. The thesis concludes with a four-pillar agenda encompassing legislative amendments (e.g., a Blasphemy Procedure Act), principled proportionality review by the courts, resource-backed administrative measures, and socio-cultural initiatives such as curriculum reform and media codes of conduct. Implemented in concert and monitored through a national ―traffic-light‖ dashboard, these recommendations chart a realistic path toward converting Pakistan‘s constitutional promises into lived equality for all citizens. Keywords: Pakistan Constitution; minority rights; blasphemy laws; constitutional enforcement gap; proportionality review; administrative reform; socio-legal studyItem Evaluating peca 2016(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Tariq Muhammad Umar; Awais Khan Shahid Islam; Khalid KhanIn the fast-changing world of technology, cybercrimes pose an issue that’s getting tougher to handle to legal systems across the world. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 serves as the main legislation of Pakistan for addressing cyber offences and cyber security. However, questions remain regarding its efficiency, execution, and harmony with international particularly European standards. This thesis undertakes a doctrinal and comparative legal analysis of PECA, focusing on its consistency with Major European laws and agreements including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Budapest Convention, and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The study thoroughly evaluates the tension between PECA's security driven approach and the Constitutional safeguards of civil rights, such as freedom of expression and the right to privacy. It identifies Legal, institutional, technical, and social barriers blocking effective enforcement of PECA and contrasts them with the enforcement experiences of European jurisdictions. The research also explores how European legal frameworks manage to balance digital security with robust safeguards for individual rights. Drawing on both primary sources such as statutory texts and international treaties and secondary literature, the thesis argues that PECA remains excessively limiting and lacks the proportional safeguards embedded in European cyber laws. The final chapter proposes Extensive modifications aimed at improving PECA's implementation, ensuring better protection of digital rights, and enhancing Pakistan's compliance with international Effective approaches cyber governance. This research contributes to Academic debates, crafting policies, and updating legislation by offering practical, comparative insights into Enhancing Pakistan’s cybercrime laws while protecting constitutional rights.Item The price of justice: a critical study of diyat as a mechanism of punishment and its systematic misuse in(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Saad Imran; Sana Tauseef; Ahmed Ali Husnain; Ali AsifThis study explores the legal and historical evolution of Diyat within Islamic jurisprudence and its statutory integration in Pakistan’s legal system. Originally intended as a restorative justice mechanism to replace vengeance with compensation, Diyat was institutionalized to protect the sanctity of life and promote social harmony. However, its application in modern-day Pakistan reveals systemic misuse, where affluent individuals exploit legal loopholes and exert coercive pressure on victims’ families, undermining the very principle of voluntary forgiveness. It further examines how other Muslim-majority countries apply Diyat laws and proposes legislative and procedural reforms aimed at preserving justice and curbing exploitative practices. The study employs a hybrid methodology combining doctrinal legal analysis with qualitative inquiry to provide a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the Diyat system and its socio-legal implications in Pakistan. The present study employs a hybrid research methodology, drawing from both qualitative and legal doctrinal frameworks. The doctrinal component provides the foundation for a comprehensive examination of legal principles, statutory provisions, and case laws, while the qualitative dimension allows for a contextual and critical exploration of the interpretative practices and normative developments surrounding the subject matter. This dual approach facilitates a more nuanced understanding of the legal phenomenon under investigation by integrating formal legal analysis with broader socio-legal perspectives. Keywords: Diyat, Qisas, Islamic Jurisprudence, Pakistan Penal Code, Restorative Justice, Legal Reform, Coercion, Social Inequality, Shariah Law, Fasad-fil-ArzItem Comparative analysis of ADR in India and Pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Ali Shaukat; Mian Affan abbas; Bilal Ashraf; Saad Ur RehmanAlternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has developed into an important tool for relieving thepressure on the conventional system of justice, and also achieving speedier and friendliersettlements of disputes. This research looks at the legal framework, institutional capacity, andchallenges related to implementing ADR in two South Asian countries, India and Pakistan.Firstly, it examines the historical context of both locations concerning ADR up tochronological analysis posture on both statutory provisions within the Arbitration andConciliation Act of 1996 for India and Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2017 forPakistan along with their respective civil procedure codes focusing on family law.The dissertation evaluates different awareness and understanding infrastructures, enforcementmechanisms, as well as culturally motivated biases against informality to – in variousjurisdictions – promote or delegitimize ADR. Furthermore the thesis using the onion-layermethod outlines strategies for perceived policy rehabilitation, advocacy, legislative change,and stakeholder collaboration at varying levels of intervention. In conclusion, the research underscores the need for harmonized reforms, capacity building,and integration of traditional and modern dispute resolution mechanisms. It recommends strategic policy interventions to strengthen ADR as a parallel, efficient, and equitable systemof justice delivery in both countries. This thesis aims to contribute to the ongoing discourseon legal modernization in South Asia, providing both theoretical insight and practicalrecommendations for ADR advancement. Keywords: ADR, Arbitration, Mediation, India, Pakistan, Legal Framework, Judicial Reform,Conflict Resolution, Comparative LawItem A critical discussion on public order, state interests and the threat of gang criminality(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Shehryar NawazThis study examines the complex interplay of theories, issues, and events that influence the state's approach to gang violence in Pakistan. It explores alternative policing strategies and analyzes how the perspectives of gang unit officers shape law enforcement responses. The research highlights the urgent need for federal and provincial governments to address widespread urban violence, particularly in major cities like Karachi, which witnessed a peak in targeted killings in 2013. The persistent threat posed by criminal gangs and terrorist networks undermines national security and democratic stability. The study also delves into the political-criminal nexus involving major political parties and the role of sectarian and ethnic violence, especially in regions like Baluchistan. It argues for a comprehensive response involving good governance, civilian-led police reform, and socio-economic interventions. Without structural reforms and effective policing, urban centers will continue to serve as operational bases for militant and criminal elements, threatening long-term stability in cities like Karachi and Lahore. Keywords: urban violence, gangs, policing strategies, Pakistan security, Karachi violence, targeted killings, terrorism, sectarian conflict, criminal networks, political-criminal nexus, law enforcement, provincial governance, Baloch insurgency, Taliban in Baluchistan, civil-military relations, urban militancy, police reform, good governance, ethnic conflictItem Corporate Liability and Workplace Safety in the Manufacturing industry: A comparative analysis of SMEDA’s Role in Pakistan and Regulatory Practices in the UK(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Hajira Eman; Ali ZainItem Comparative Analysis of Cyber Laws Between Pakistan and India(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Talha Saeed; Chaudhary Usama LatifIn the digital age, the rise of cybercrimes has become a global challenge, particularly for developing countries like Pakistan and India. This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal frameworks, enforcement mechanisms, and implementation gaps in the cyber laws of Pakistan, with a comparative lens on India’s legal approach. The study critically examines Pakistan’s Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 and its 2025 amendments, highlighting issues such as vague definitions, broad enforcement powers, lack of judicial training, gender-insensitive provisions, and weak data protection regulations. It investigates how these factors contribute to the under reporting of cybercrimes, inefficiency in legal redressal system and the potential threats to digital rights such as freedom of speech and privacy. On the other hand, this thesis analyses India’s Information Technology Act 2000 and subsequent reforms, including the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023. It evaluates India’s integrated institutional capacity, proactive legal reforms, judicial clarity and digital literacy initiatives. Though case studies and legal analysis, the research reveals that while both countries face similar challenges-like rapid technological change, digital misinformation, and the privacy threats. However, India’s stronger enforcement structures and public awareness measures offer valuable lessons for Pakistan. This thesis used doctrinal and qualitative research methods--a comparative analysis. It concludes with a strategic policy recommendation for Pakistan, such as revising PECA, enhancing cybercrime investigation capacity, establishing independent regulatory bodies, and enacting a comprehensive data protection law. The findings underscore the urgent need for Pakistan to transition from reactive regulation to a right based, preventive, and technologically adaptive cyber governance model. This study aims to contribute meaningfully to the discourse on cyber law reform and digital rights protection in Pakistan. Keywords: Cybercrime, Cyber Laws, PECA, IT Act 2000, Data Protection, Digital Rights, Privacy, Pakistan, India, Comparative Analysis