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Item Isolation and characterization of arsenic resistant bacteria and their effect on plant growth promotion in combination with metal hyper accumulator fern(UMT, Lhr, 2022) Aisha AnwarArsenic, a toxic metalloid widely distributed throughout natural waters and soils,spreads both due to industrialization and natural processes. Bioremediation has been implicit as a productive and an economical approach for the removal of arsenic frompolluted sites. This study started with an objective of isolating arsenic-resistant bacteria from the heavy-metal contaminated site and to check their ability to suppor plant growth in arsenic contaminated soil. The sampling was done from an industrial sewage, located in Lahore (Pakistan). Two bacterial isolates coded A1 and A2 were characterized based on their high-resistance towards As(V) up to 60mM. Bacteria also showed resistance towards As(III) (up to 12.5mM) and Hg(II) (up to 18mM). Qualitative testing represented the isolates as arsenate-reducing with pH 7 and 37oCas optimal growth parameters. As(V) reduction pattern during the bacterial growt was also analyzed and it was found that increasing concentration of As(V) was reduced as the growth of the bacteria increased. The reduction potential i.e. conversion of As(V) to As(III) by the isolates A1 and A2 was found to be 72% and 54%, respectively. The bioremediation potential of bacterial isolates A1 and A2 was analyzed as inocula for Vigna radiata in presence and absence of arsenic hyper accumulator fern Pteris vittata. The experiment resulted in significant increase in root and shoot length of the plants treated with As(V) + P. vittata. However, root length zz was found to be relatively more affected than shoot length due to the presence of As(V) in association with P. vittata. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, isolate A1 was found homologous to Pseudomonas sp., and the isolate A2 exhibit homology to Exiguobacterium sp., respectively. Results clearly depicted that the isolates exhibitedthe potential to be used as inocula for phytoremediation of As-contaminated sites as they were found helpful in mitigating the toxic effect of arsenic in soilItem Prevalence of hepatitis a (hav) in different regions of punjab, pakistan(UMT, Lhr, 2022) SHAISTA SALEEMHepatitis a disease caused by a viral attack mainly through unhygienic conditions, poor sanitation system, consuming uncooked food etc. as name indicates that this virus attack the hepatocytes causing the liver to substituted its morphology along with other developing conditions as symptoms of this disease jaundice, Nausea, Fever, Skin rashes. This disease would prey the younger age groups who have low immunity but can recovered by their own after some weeks of viral shedding. People with other cardinal liver disease might worsen the condition leads towards death of the individual after falling prey to this attack. Thus maintaining all protocols proves a prime step in eradicating this disease. Ribavirin, interferonalpha, and pegylated therapies are recommended in immunosuppressed individuals. As in the whole world, HAV cases rises due to multiple factors. Our objective was to check the prevalence ratios in Punjab, Pakistan in order made amendments in managing this disease effectively. We used different instruments in the lab used for routine chemistry and haematology analysis to have the positivity ratios for HAV immunoglobulins. Then using a statistics software, Graph pad prism to evaluate the significant values relation between various factors. We had samples of 359 patients showing a significant demographic relation between age groups with gender, regions of Punjab. Age groups mainly 21-30 were the targeted audience for Hepatitis A Virus. Liver enzymes ratio also slightly risen along with Blood cell count. Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) prevalence in Punjab showed higher results in Lahore (9%), Sahiwal (3%) where the other regions showed fewer ratios than these. Lahore was concluded as having elevated ratios but there underlying factors was unknown. Government and other health committees should take action to highlight the factors for their high prevalence in order to manage this burden effectively along with to overcome through this by launching vaccination programs in these higher prevalence areas.Item Isolation and characterization of amylase producing bacteria and optimization of their amylolytic activity(UMT, Lhr, 2022) NOOR UL AINThe present work deals with the amylase enzyme producing bacterial stains. For the isolation of stains producing amylase, samples were collected from vegetable markets of different areas. The isolated colonies were screened by clear zone formation on starch agar using iodine solution. Out of 10 bacterial stains, 2 showed the best results. The bacteria were characterized morphologically and biochemically. Bacteria growth was optimized, and it was found that the best growth was found at pH 7 and temperature 37°C. Amylase enzyme activity by these bacteria was quantified using o-toluidine method. The optimal conditions for amylase activity were also determined and it was found that the bacterial isolates V4 and V5 showed maximum at amylase activity at pH 7 and temperature 37°C. Enzyme activity was also determined in the presence of different metals, and it was found that best results were shown in the presence of Ca as compared with others. Genomic DNA was isolated and 16S rRNA gene PCR was performed followed by its sequencing. The sequence analysis revealed the identity of the bacterial isolate V5 as Rothea amarae.Item Seasonal activity of tick infestation in large ruminants of district vehari(UMT, Lhr, 2022) SABA NOREENTicks are on number second after mosquitoes who act as vector and spread viruses, bacteria, pathogens and protozoans not only in humans but also in animals they are most dangerous and hazard pest found in world that affect economically and also alarms diseases and health issues in animals and humans. It spread TBDs including CCHF, Babeosis, Anaplasmosis and Theileriosis which increases mortality. Main focus of this study was to observe the prevalence rate of tick’s infestation seasonally in district of Vehari. Three teshsils Vehari, Burewala and Mailsi were selected for research study. Total 480 large ruminants were observed randomly including buffalos and cows from rural and urban areas of three selected tehsils and animals were selected randomly. From April 2021 to December 2021, animals were observed for tick’s infestation. All data was collected by questionnaire that was designed by KAPs questions based on 55 questions. All data for participants and animals were stored then from the questionnaire into excel sheets. Stored data in excel sheet was used by SPSS for the determination of KAPs question by applying anova test and t-test to find p value and F value and standard deviation according to epidemiology, management, perception, risk factor and general questions and demography was the variable. Chi- square test applied on all sections of questionnaire with respect to demographic variables, so Prism software was used for chi- square and regression results. According to results the highest prevalence was found in cows with the prevalence rate 49.1% while in buffalos was 35.2% while overall prevalence proportion was found 37.5% and found the highest infestation rate in June while from October to December no infection was recorded with chi- square value 68.41 and p value (<0.0001) and result found highly significant. Acaricide and injections usage chi- square value was recorded 37.94 and p value (<0.0001) was recorded and result found highly significant. Tick’s infestation in buffalo and cow was recorded with chi- square value 1.07 and p value (0.29) and result was found not significant. Highest infestation was found in rural are with p value (0.83) and result was not significant.Item In silico analysis of phytochemicals derived from four different plant families against ns5 protein of dengue virus (denv-2)(UMT, Lhr, 2022) Hafiza Ifrah TahirDengue fever is a mosquito borne disease that has appeared as a serious infectious disease over the world. This virus needs its protein to reproduce and replicate in the host cell. Dengue vectors primarily Aedes aegypti infect almost two thirds of the worldwide people. Every year about 100 million people are being infected with dengue. There are currently no vaccine to prevent dengue fever but there are non structural protein that may be serve as target for antiviral drug. The phytochemicals isolated from a range of plants have incredible therapeutic qualities and can be exploited to develop new antiviral drugs. A total 602 phytochemicals from different families (Ruteaceae, Poaceae, Caricaceae and Euphorbiaceae) were selected for molecular docking. To evaluate the potential phytochemicals against dengue virus 2 research based on ADMET (absorption, distribution metabolism, excretion and toxicity), molecular docking, DFT and MD simulation were conducted. Only 107 out of 602 phytochemicals followed the drug like criteria. Molecular docking was performed to examine binding properties of NS5 protein with (phytochemical) ligands. phytochemicals were found to have binding affinities >-7 kcal/mol against the NS5 protein of DENV-2. Top phytochemicals, limonin, obacunone and ammijin had docking score -9.7 kcal/mol, -9.6 kcal/mol and -9.5 kcal/mol respectively. DFT and MD simulation were performed to examine the reactivity and stability of selected compound. This research showed that these phytochemicals can be used in clinical trial for the production of compound against dengue virus.Item Impact of physical activity on triglyceride level in prehypertensive population.(UMT, Lhr, 2022) USBA GULZARA non-communicable disease (NCD) is a long-lasting, noninfectious health problem that does not result from an acute infectious process. Globally NCDs are responsible for 41 million deaths (71%) each year. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Pre- hypertensive individuals are more likely to acquire hypertension. Physical activity is a natural antidote to NCDs. This study aims to explore the influence of physical activityon the TG levels in prehypertensive individuals. A total of 80 prehypertensive participants were found and enrolled in this study from 140 volunteers between the age of 25-40 years, after evaluation of IPAQ, observing BMI and BP. Only 20% participants were physically active, 25% and 1% participants were moderate and inactive respectively. The conclusion drawn from this study that high physical activity has a positive impact over the chances of getting hypertension from prehypertension; BMI was shown to have a significant positive connection with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p0.005), and with TG level. In all age groups, high physical activity shows normal blood pressure, TG, and BMI. Being physically active can help to manage the weight and also improve your ability to do daily activities.Item Functional annotation and structural analysis of adam32 a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 32(UMT, Lhr, 2022) MARIA JAVEEDADAM32 is a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain containing protein 32. This gene generates a member of the disintegrin class of proteins that is associated with membranes. Several metabolic pathways, including inflammation, tumor growth, fertilization, and brain development, are influenced by the members of this family. In this study, the ADAM32 was both structurally and functionally annotated, and Insilco methods were used to predict the effects of amino acid substitutions on biological functions, analysis of protein molecules in light of evolutionary relationships, pathogenicity predictions, secondary structure analysis of proteins, evaluations of the protein's quality, and protein-protein docking. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that the ADAM32 variations are pathogenic, harmful, or destructive. A protein known as SPAG17 has a higher binding affinity with ADAM32 than other proteins, according to protein-protein docking research. The homology modelling approach was used to create three-dimensional structure. Additionally, the proper annotation will contribute to the characterization of ADAM32 and expand our understanding of its biological functions.Item Insilico analysis of non-synonymous human keratin gene(UMT, Lhr, 2022) Attiqa HassanKeratin, which makes up the majority of feathers, hairs, hooves, horns, and fiber, belongs to a class of biological substances with a high cysteine composition (7–13%) when contrasted to certain other protein molecules. In our study the in silico analysis of non-synonymous SNPs of human keratin gene is discussed. Mainly keratin gene krt81variants are studied by using different bioinformatics tools. The KRT81 gene in human’s codes for the protein known as keratin, type II cuticular Hb1.Monilethrix and Hair Disease are two conditions connected to KRT81. An autosomal dominant hair condition called monilethrix can result in scarring alopecia, nail abnormalities, and keratosis pilaris of the arms and neck. Functional, structural and model analysis of krt81 is done in this research. Sift, Polyphene2, Panther, Provean, I mutant, Revel, Mutant assessor, String, Ramachandran plot, and docking was used for different purposes. All the results of these tools shows that the variant of krt81 are diseased, deleterious or damaging. For the protein- protein interactions docking was done that shows the protein DSG4 has more binding affinity than other proteins. According to this study, SNPs are major possibilities for generating disorders linked to krt81 gene dysfunction.Item Isolation and characterization of mercury resistant bacteria and their effect on plant growth promotion in combination with metal hyper-accumulator fern(UMT, Lhr, 2022) Saba AsifThe spread of toxic heavy metals (Hg, As, Pb, Cr) has reached unprecedentedlevels as a result of the global industrial revolution. Bioremediation, an environment friendly technique, exhibits power to remove or transform the non-essential heavy metal such as Hg. The main focus of the research was the isolation of Hg-resistant bacteria and exploration of their bioremediation abilities. Bacteria were isolated from industrial wastewater and the isolates conferring high resistance towards Hg (up to 18mM) were characterized for optimum growing conditions. The isolates also showed resistance towards other metals as well. The isolates were found capable of reducing HgCl2 solution and applicable for promoting plant growth in the presence of Hg. The selected isolates H3 and H7 were able to reduce 94% and 88% HgCl2 and the latter expressed the Hg volatilization ability as well. Hg reduction by bacteriaduring their growth curve was also analyzed and it was found that higher Hg reduction was observed during log phase of the bacterial growth. The isolates also expressed bioremediation potential by showing an increase in root andshoot length of the plant (Vigna radiata) in Hg amended and non-amended soils, both in presence and absence of metal hyper-accumulator fern Pteris vittata. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, isolate H3 showed homology to Stenotrophomonas indicatrix while the isolate H7 showed homology to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Such bacterial isolates exhibiting multiple traits of reducing Hg at higher levels, resistance to multiple metals and plant growth support in Hg-contaminated soil makes them potential candidates for bioremediationItem Molecular characterization and enzymatic potential of thermophilic bacteria isolated from hotspring(UMT, Lhr, 2022) NIGHAT MARYAMThe main purpose of this study was to the isolation and characterization of thermophilic bacteria from water collected from Khurkondooh hot spring located in northern area of Pakistan. Water samples were serially diluted and plated on nutrient agar to isolate specific colonies using streak plate technique at 50℃. Three bacterial species were isolated which were encoded as Ngt01, Ngt02 and Ngt03. These isolates were found to be thermophilic as their growth was observed from 50 to 70℃. The bacteria were differentiated morphologically on the basis of color and texture on nutrient agar plates. Grams staining and biochemical tests such as indole, motility, citrate utilization, TSI, Methyl Red (MR) and Voges-Proskauer (VP) tests were used that identified the isolates as Bacillus spp.. These thermophilic bacilli were tested for their ability to produce alpha-amylase, lipase, and catalase and further enzyme activity assay was performed at different temperatures. All the enzyme were thermostable and showed good activities at a temperature range of 57ºC to 97℃ but with less incubation time at higher temperature. Enzyme activity increased when temperature was increased with different concentration of metal ions. Maximum enzyme activity observed when isolates Ngt01, Ngt02 and Ngt03 was incubated at 97 ºC with least incubation time. While all three isolates without metal taken 1-hour incubation time to showed enzyme activity. Two of the isolates (i.e. Ngt01 and Ngt03) were further identified as Anoxybacillus spp. through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and performing phylogenetic tree analysis. Hot spring water could be a good source of novel thermophilic species with different thermophilic enzymes of industrial applicationsItem Diagnostic value of mentzer index for thalassemia prediction in suspected patients of punjab(UMT, Lhr, 2022) QURAT.UL.AIN ASGHARThalassemia is a genetic disease and became a worldwide problem. Worldwide, about 3-8% of population are suffered from beta thalassemia. About 60 countries in which 150 million population are found with carrier of beta thalassemia. The carrier rate of beta thalassemia major in Pakistan is 5.3% This disease is very common in South Asia, Middle East, Africa, India, Pakistan Bangladesh and China. About 100,000 of the newborns are suffering from this disease in every year. The aim of this study was to use Mentzer index for predicting the beta thalassemia patients in the population of Punjab. This was a retrospective study conducted between 2021 September to 2022 June. In the current study, about n=1000 patients were selected to screen out for beta thalassemia in which n=607 were positive while the remaining were negative for the disease. Their sample were analyzed by using ABACUS 380 hematology analyzer for CBCs and hemoglobinopathies analysis and HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography) for Hb analysis. Out of n=607 patients, 47 have beta thalassemia major in which 22 were male and 25 females respectively. In this study thalassemia positive females were 5.06% (n=350/605) and males were 34.93% (n=257/395). The highest percentage of beta thalassemia was (65.9%) in 16-30 years age group (P=<0.001).N=345 patients were positive for beta thalassemia minor in which 130 were male and 215 were female respectively. About n=179 patients were positive for beta thalassemia intermedia in which 89 were male and 90 were female patients. Thalassemia major was characterized by low level of Hb, HbA2 values between 3.5 to 9%, MCV between 50<70 fl and MCH >12<20 pg. But for beta thalassemia intermedia, the Hb were between 7 and 10 g/dl, MCV from 50-80fl and MCH between 16-24 pg. Thalassemia minor was characterized by slight low level of Hb, HbA2 values between 11.5-15.3%, RBCs between 4.8-5.3 million cells per microliter, MCV between 70<79 fl, MCH <27 pg and MCHC <30 g/dl respectively. Hemoglobinopathies such as Hb, HbA1, HbF and HbA were found significant (P=0.00) in both male and female patients This study recommends many diagnostic facilities, prevention centers to speed up the awareness camp and communicate with the family for screenings in regions of Punjab. Mentzer index could be used to predict the diagnosis of beta thalassemiaItem Isolation and characterization of protease producing bacteria and optimization of their proteolytic activity(UMT, Lhr, 2022) Iqra TanveerProtease enzymes are present in different forms of life; they are produced by microbes, various animals, and plants.They are known as one of the largest groups among the industrial enzymes and have applications in leather, food, pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry. In the modern world, more focus is on eco-friendly products, and therefore enzymatic processes replace the conventional chemical ones. To develop novel, reliable, and competitive production mechanisms, there is a requirement for the production of versatile enzymes. In this research, protease producing bacteria were isolated and characterized. Protease producing bacteria showed clear hollow zones on casein media due to the degradation of casein. The bacteria were purified using quadrant streaking and were stock cultured. The bacteria were characterized morphologically and biochemically. The isolates were also optimized for growth conditions Quantitative analysis of the protease activity was performed using tyrosine assay. Due to stability at optimum temperature, pH, and substrate specificity,proteases can tolerate harsh conditions and can avoid autoproteolytic activity. The results of pH and temperature optimization were examined to determine the optimum temperature and pH of the protease activity. Tyrosine standard curve drawn and on the basis of this curve orange and W.C.B are used for different optimization experiments. Enzyme assay at different temperature show that W.C.B show release more tyrosine at 37C and orange at 45C.Enzyme activity on different temperature show more and W.C.B show less activity.Ph optimization results show that orange show more at Ph 7 and W.C.B at Ph 9.Enzyme activity at different Ph show that W.C.B show more activity at Ph 9 and orange at Ph 7.16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that the bacterial isolate belonged to Bacillus velezensis speciesItem Demographic attribute of knowledge, attitude, practices and anthropogenic activities towards cystic echinococcosis in population of district narowal, pakistan(UMT, Lhr, 2022) SABA SARFRAZCystic Echinococcosis is cosmopolitan disease that found all over the world, it is important disease as it is neglected trophic disease. It is a parasitic disease of a tapeworm belongs to kingdom animalia, phylum platyheminthes, class cestoda, order cyclophyllidae, family Taeniidae and genus Echinococus Rudolphi. Cystic Echinococcosis is also called “hydatid cyst “these cysts are fluid filled and formed by the long term growth of larval stage of Echinococcosis granulosus that is called metacestodes. As there is a poor KAP studies (Knowledge, attitude and practice studies) in Pakistan , the main objectives of present study was to determine the KAPs regarding one health concept, risk factor, anthropogenic activities and perception associated with CE in a selected study area in Narowal, Pakistan. A community based random cross-sectional study was adopted to process the study a total of 1048 participant the data was collected from District Narowal and its three tehsil from Narowal (n=458, 43.7%), from Zafarwal (n=312, 29.8%) and from Shakargarh (n= 278, 26.5%). Male (n=276, 26.3%) and female (n=772, 73.7%) ranged from age up to 20 to more than 50 years. The questionnaire was consisted of KAPs, one health concept, risk factor, anthropogenic activities and perception towards CE in district Narowal. The relationship between all variables was checked by chi test and score by single anova test the score value was significant if p<0.05. The present study finds out that the knowledge has significant value regarding age, it has no significant score values regarding tehsil, gender, religion, language, occupation, years have been in occupation, economic status, and marital status. The attitude and practices has significant value regarding economic status, occupation, years have been in occupation, the one health concept has significant score value regarding tehsil, economic status, rick factor has significant score value regarding education, economic status, anthropogenic activities has significant score value regarding occupation and perception has significant score value regarding tehsil, occupation. Knowledge, attitude, practice and perception has significant values regarding tehsil, gender, age, education, language, economic status, occupation, years have been in occupation, marital status, and has no significant value regarding religion and language. Most of participants never heard about CE, most of participants would like to receive hydatid disease inspection, mostly participants were fed the infected offal to their dogs. The results showed that there was little knowledge, practices, perception and anthropogenic activities that there should be need of proper awareness about CE. Present study revealed that there is a need of awareness regarding CE, its mode of transmission, practices, their concept that playing with dogs not increase the rate of CE moreover perception such as burn the infected should be corrected by properguidance by arranging campaigns about CE in order to control the CE in Narowal, Pakistan. The understanding from current study could be used to improve the delivery of an efficient health education message relevant to CE control at the human and animal interaction in Narowal.Item Impaired senses and mental health consequences in long covid-19 patients.(UMT, Lhr, 2022) Fatima BabarBackground: Loss or distortion of smell and taste has appeared as potential diagnosissymptoms. A considerable percentage of patients around the globe are suffering fromlong-COVID-19 symptoms. Loss of smell and taste are associated with mental health disorder in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we aim to determine the prevalence of los of smell and taste and their effect on mental health in COVID-19 patients using DASS-21 tool. Methodology: A 6-months long research survey was organized since May to November, 2021 in COVID-19 patients. Depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21) has been used for the assessment of mental health disorder in COVID-19 patients. Total 647 individuals (either reported with COVID-19 test or had symptoms) participated in this study. Results: Majority of the respondents were from Lahore and of age between 23-31years. As per survey results, 72.6% cases showed long term anosmia , 73.4% cases showed long term ageusia and 69.2% cases showed Parosmia. The level of mental health disorder (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress) was significantly higher in patients with senses dysfunction as compared to asymptomatic patients. The level of mental health disorder among patients suffering from long term parosmia was significantly higher in participants than that of anosmia and ageusia. 91.8% patients had quarantined themselves at homes and resulted in misuse of antibiotics due to easy access of antibiotics. Herbal remedies and smell trainings resulted in regain of the senses in COVID-19 patients.Conclusion: In conclusion, anosmia, ageusia and parosmia are prominent diagnostic symptoms of COVID-19 infection leading to stress, depression and anxiety in COVID-1 patients. People should be aware about its serious hazards. Clinically, it is needed to pay attention on the importance of analysis of chemosensory function in the patients of depression.Item Study of human blood stain pattern and its removal from different hard surfaces(UMT, Lhr, 2022) Hafiza Sana KhalidForensic science is the application of research to determine a link between a murderer or victim and a scene or another person. It can be used to evaluate crime scenes. Blood is one of the most significant biological fluids as a shred of evidence that helps in investigations. Bloodstains can give interesting information about the crime scene. The surfaces used in this study were mainly about blood staining pattern and their removal. n Different chemicals/reagents (Hydrogen peroxide, Vinegar, Corn flour, Phenol and WD40) have been used to remove the stains which were commonly used as stain removers. Shiny and smooth surfaces carry stain can easily be removed like on Jet Black and rough texture is tough for removal like travertine and Quartzite etc. Staining of blood on surfaces has been done by three different heights (30cm, 60cm, and 90cm). Blood Pattern has more splashes from higher distance. The most promising reagent for removal of blood stains found to be Hydrogen Peroxide. Kastle Meyer was used as presumptive blood stain detection reagent which works on oxidation/reduction principle.Item Computational interaction analysis of phytochemicals against low density lipoprotein receptor(UMT, Lhr, 2022) ZARYAB MEHMOODFailure of functional mutations in encoding the gene, LDLR causes familial hypercholesterolemia , one of the most common human inborn metabolic abnormalities. During the investigation for the molecular origin of FH, Brown with Goldstein discovered the (LDL) receptor in 1973. Diagnosis of FH is done by utilizing either genetic tests involving a raised concentration of LDL-C level in addition to the familial history of it or phenotypic tests using thesame criteria. The 3 dimensional structure oprotein was searched from PDB database. Library of phytochemicals were docked against the target protein LDLR. For drug target identification, Top phytochemicals were selectedbased on highest docking score and Root mean square deviation (RMSD) value. Inhibitors and protein docking interaction was checked using ligX tool of MOE. ADMET profiling was done for Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of inhibitors. The study provides novel insights into the etiology of hypercholesterolemia (FH) and improves our understanding in pathophysiology of this disease. These results help to understand the gene expression effect on hypercholesterolemia. The proposed study will help todevelop better drug candidates with more therapeutic efficacy and least side effects.Item In silico characterization of hypothetical proteins of treponema pallidium(UMT, Lhr, 2022) Tayyba AwaisTreponema pallidium is a gram-negative bacteria with corkscrew-shaped and its optimal narrow ranges of pH is 7.2 to 7.4. It expands in moist regions of the body. It is a small, motile organism that is not visualized by light microscopy. German zoologist Fritz Schaudinn and dermatologist Erich Hoffman observed this bacteria in diseased tissues. It was first recorded in Europe. Globally, 7 million new cases of syphilis were estimated in 2020. Till, 2030 to reduce the incidence of syphilis by 90%, WHO has set targets but the global response has been slow. In this study, 44 hypothetical proteins of T. pallidium have been targeted for functional and structural annotation. To check the template accessibility the selected proteins were first subjected to homology screening. After filtering 25 hypothetical proteins were evaluated further for conserved domain analysis through CDD, Pfam, InterProscan, and Scanprosite, physiochemical characterization via ExPASy ProtParam, subcellular localization via CELLO v2.5, and PSORTb v 3.0, and structural modeling via I-TESSER and SAVES server (v.5.0). The pathogenicity assessment using VirulentPred and functional annotation through CATH v4.3 and Argot v2.5 shown that 21 out of 25 hypothetical proteins could act as potential virulent factors. The finding of this study could assist in confirming the functions and pathogenic involvement of these proteins and may help target in identification for drug discovery and vaccine designing for T. pallidium in near future.Item Coorelation of biochemical parameters il-6 and procalcitonin in covid-19 suspected and confirmed patients in gujranwala(UMT, Lhr, 2022) HAMID AHMADAt the end of 2019, the pneumonia occurred in different provinces of China. The viruses were isolated from the human suffered from this disease, the investigation was started on its molecular pattern it was noted that the pathogen was a corona virus which cause severe pneumonia. International Committee of Virus Taxonomy use the term SARS-CoV2 to WHO then officially give named it COVID-19 cause nearly I million death of active cases in 2020 but its wave was spreading continuously, But those time its spreading was unclear that how the full cycle was spreading to the world. The predictive role of various biomarkers in COVID-19 patients was the aim of the study. To investigate the correlation of IL.6 and PCT in COVID-19 suspected and confirmed patients. To observe the different biochemical parameters among male and confirm and suspected patients. Present data were divided according to age wise distribution in which the most high range occurred in 40-60 years 160(45.2%) followed by >60 years of age 114 (32.2%). In present study both gender male and female of covid-19 patient were studied. Total of 354 patients, 197 were males and 157 were female. Out of 197 male patients 127 (64.5%) has elevated procalcitonin. Similarly out of 157 patients female 94(59.9%) have elevated Procalcitonin. Out of 197 male patients 119 (60.4%) has elevated D-dimer. Similarly in female 106(67.5) have elevated D-dimer. In males (42 (21.3%) have in females IL-6 level were high in 119(75.8%). The Pro-BNP was noted 81 (41.1%) males and 62 (39.5%) in females. Out of 354 patient 197 (8.1%) males elevated CRP level and 132 (84.1%) female have elevated level of CRP were given significant result (P-value = 0.022*). LDH level were high in female. Statistical analysis were given result (P-value = 0.0119*). In present data IgG level were seen in covid-19 patient in both genders male and female given high significant result (P-value 0.010). In this study total of 354 patients’ were divided according to age interval to find out the association of biochemical parameter with age group range. Over all, three parameters were found significant as they having (p-value <0.05).Those parameter are D-Dimer (p-value <0.010),CRP (pvalue<0.001), Ferritin (p value<0.030).Remainingall parameter were found non-significant. The differentbiochemical parameters were associated in confirmed male and female patients in which PCT were elevated 70.1% in male and 50% in female give significant result (p-value<0.013). PRO-BNP occurred 38.4% in male while in female 94.4% were elevated found highly significant (p-value<0.001).The covid IgG were elevated 98.4% in female and 87.4% in male which was found significant (p-value<0.011).The association of different bio-chemical parameter were seen in both covid-19 suspected and positive patients Out of all biochemical parameter Covid-19 IgG (P<0.001*) Covid-19 IgM (P<0.001*) IL-6 ( P <0.001*) CRP ( P <0.02*) and Ferritin ( P <0.001*) were give significant result. The current study is concluded that in the covid-19 suspected and confirmed patients the biochemical parameter have high relation with inflammatory markers followed by Procalcitonin ,IL-6 ,PRO-BNP AND D-DIMER which occurred high in both genders.Item The prevalence of ANA and ENA biomarker’s among suspected patients of Punjab(UMT, Lhr, 2022) NOOR YASEENANA are a large group of autoantibody that can attach and then destroy cell and nucleus macromolecules. These antibodies which have an affinity for proteins, nucleic acids, and protein complexes, are widely recognized in the blood of patients with autoimmune and rheumatic diseases and are linked to a variety of diseases. Antinuclear antibodies are diagnostic markers for autoimmune illnesses that are used for disease detection, monitoring, evaluation, and prognosis. The aim of this study was to observe the prevalence of ANA and ENA biomarker’s among suspected patient of Punjab. In the present study the total participants were 504 in which the male participants were 139(27.6%) and female were 365(72.4%). Their age was in the range of 2-92 years. The ENA were performed for all participants while ANA test performed for 402 participants. The prevalence of ANA positivity was seen among male and female gender. It was seen that out of 402 samples 108 males 72(66.6%) were ANA positive while remaining 36(33.7%) were negative. On the other hand, most of the females 209(71.0%) were ANA positive and 85(29.0%) were negative. The ANA test was performed by indirect immunofluorescence assay while the ENA test was performed by immunoblast assay. The age wise analysis showed that most of the participants were having age between 31-40 years that was 25.6%. The prevalence of ANA positivity was greater in female 209(71%) as compared to male 72(66.6%). The highest prevalence of ANA and ENA were found among participants of Lahore region 201 (39.8%). Overall, three parameters of ENA were found significant as they were having P-values <0.05 i.e. AntiSS-A (Ro) (P-value=0.000255), Anti Ro-52 (Pvalue=0.0370), and Anti RNp A (P-value=0.00001). All other 15 parameters were found nonsignificant (P-values >0.05). Association of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) with different parameters of extractable nuclear antibodies (ENA) shows that four factors, Anti SS-A (Ro), RNp/Sm, Anti ribosomal (rib), and Anti RNP A were found significant (p-value <0.05). All other parameters were non-significant. The different microscopic patterns of ANA panel were noted in which the most frequent pattern was homogenous (19.1%) followed by fine speckled (14.9%), while the coarse speckled was (14.3%). Despite the fact that new ideas and current technologies were required to explain the origins of ENA and ANA, we believe that a greater emphasis should be given on the full range of expressed ANAs and ENAs, would benefit these studies and provide better disease activity markers and therapeutic approaches.Item Insilico analysis of functional snps in human egfr gene associated with lung cancer(UMT, Lhr, 2022) AZHAQ MALIKLung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed disease worldwide, accounting for 11.4 percent of the global cancer burden in 2020, with 2.3 million new cases expected. It is one of the leading causes of cancer death with estimated 1.8 million (18%) deaths worldwide in 2020. Small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer are the two main types of lung cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are thought to be responsible for about 90% of known mutations where some mutations are considered as neutral and some mutations cause modifications in translated gene functions and gene expression. Mutation in EGFR is one of the leading causes of lung cancer which results in uncontrolled cell proliferation. In this study, Insilico analysis of Non synonymous SNPs in EGFR gene/protein was performed to access their role prognosis by using various bioinformatics tools. The sequence of protein EGFR was retrieved from NCBI in FASTA format and its length consisted of 1210 amino acids. Missense variants of EGFR gene (926) were taken from Ensembl by using the dbSNP database. After that, many other characteristics were used to distinguish between deleterious and harmful missense SNPs and SNPs of unknown importance. As a consequence, 18 missense SNPs were analyzed using the available online tools. Bioinformatics tools were used for the prediction of missense SNPs which are sequence homology based method, supervised based learning method ,consensus and structure based methods. 14 SNPs were predicted as most deleterious by maximum tools. Structural analysis was done by the I-Tasser and PyMol. Validation of secondary structure was done by the GOR4 tool. A slight change in alpha helix, extended strand and random coil was observed between wild type and mutated type EGFR secondary structure. This study can help in better understanding of the lung cancer and involvement of SNPs in disease progression and mechanism under lying.