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Item Subalternity and otherness in african american identities(UMT Lahore, 2021) Suriya NoorThis research analyzes Morgan Jerkins' memoir Wandering in Strange Lands (published in 2020) in the light of Gayatari Spivak's postcolonial theories of subaltemity and otherness. Arguing against the myths legitimized by colonial discourses that only represent slave/master and black/white divisions in the framework of domination and subordination, it shows how ' memoir projects an alternative vision of the social and political marginalization of African Americans by drawing attention to the attempts of the Black population to develop avoice of their own. Their suppression at the hands of the white community gives way to some ternis and conditions of resistance - in keeping with the Spivakian ethic - as they attempt to relocate some remnants of their history and culture not only in spite of but because of the voicelessness that the dominant discourses force on them. The postcolonial theories of Spivak represent the common problems of marginalized people that never get fully registered in mainstream society. The study demonstrates how Blacks are trying to turn their voicelessness into a condition of resistance through different means in 21st century America. Through her memoir. Jerkins is trying to project that the marginalization of Black African Americans is linked with the eradication of historical narratives that is necessary for awarding them an identity of their own.Item Impact of institutional quality, and financial development on income inequality(UMT Lahore, 2021) AYESHA ASHRAFThe main purpose of the study is to analysis the link institutional quality and financial development with income inequality in developing economies using the pool Least Squares (PLS) by via panel data from 1990 to 2018. Here we are using the data of 12 countries. Thesis also investigates the unfair distribution of income. According to this study, we have taken the income inequality as dependent variable and institutional quality, financial development as broad money M2, unemployment, trade openness, extemal debt and foreign direct investment as independent variables. Income inequality, extemal debt, unemployment and broad money these variables are under dispersed while the other variable is over dispersed like foreign direct investment. Empirically proves that U-shaped hypothesis for Asian developing countries using POLS approaches. Panel data estimations show that improvement in financial development which causes reduction in income inequality. The research estimations prove that the enhancement in the financial sector. The correlation matrix shows that there is no Multicollinearity among the variables.Item The linguistic role of hyperboles in advertisements on pakistani television channels(UMT Lahore, 2021) SANA ANWARThe hyperboles play an important role in our media norms. The study aims to provide an insight to the linguistic roles of hyperboles in the advertisement on Pakistani television channels. The study addresses the research questions a) what are the hyperbolic expressions employed in advertisements on Pakistani television channels?, b) how do the viewers of these advertisements on Pakistani television channels perceive the hyperbolic expressions to decide for buying the products? The used of hyperboles and measure than hyperbolic expressions on consumers. Its investigation is an exploratory effort. Hyperbole Identification Procedure suggested by Burger (2016) has been utilized to analyze the lexical units concerning the novelty of hyperbolic expressions in Pakistani TV ads. There are total 21 advertisements based on 7 (i.e., beauty cream, soap, snack, drink, laundry powder, fragrance, and hair shampoo) different categories for the analysis of the data for the first question, and 105 comments that have been collected to answer the second research question. It is qualitative research. The results show that this tool is beneficial for reliability to access h)q)erboles provide inside the linguistic expressions. As a result, the lexical units referring to hyperbolic expressions in ads are less in numbers but they transforms product values and scalar hyperboles referring to quality and quantity have been used more frequently as compared to the other types of hyperboles. Moreover, the result also shows that 65.4% out of 105 viewers of these advertisements have convinced with language which has been used as linguistic expressions. The study will provide an insight to functionality and validity of HIP to the future of linguistic research. The study is also significant to help consumer understand the difference between the realities of the products and how they are projected through advertisements exaggeratly convince to decide for buying products.Item The impact of labour's working conditions on trade unions in pakistan(UMT Lahore, 2021) SALIHA KHALIDWorkers in Pakistan are not given their fundamental rights, including their constitutional right to form and join trade imions. Previous studies show that workershave no choice other than working under hostile conditions. Lack of awareness about their rights, harsh and coercive conditions of work, and poor implementation of laws do not let the workers organize and join unions. Data analysis shows that the independent variables, i.e., wage, health, working environment, social security, and the gendered dimension of work have a significant correlation with the workers' joining trade unions and organizing themselves. The results show that workers are trapped in an economic system which does not let them think about their rights or act to achieve them. The onerous nature of work and employer's coercive behavior inflict fear on workers, preventing them from raising their voice against injustices. Data was collected by the survey method where 200 workers from different factories filled the questionnaires, and secondary data was also used to understand the issues in detail. Previously, not a lot of research has been done on the plight of trade imions in Pakistan. This dissertation is an attempt to fill that void and to identify the reasons for workers' inability to organize and collectively bargain for their rights.Item The effect of video based teaching on developing listening comprehension skills of esl undergraduates(UMT Lahore, 2021) KANIZ FATIMAThe main aim of this research was to examine the effect of video based teaching on developing listening comprehension skills of ESL undergraduates with the support of Scaffolding Language Learning approach. The researcher selected purposive sample of BS level to accomplish the aim of research. This research was predominantly experimental. This research was contextualized in Pakistani educational set up at undergraduate level. The findings of the research indicated that use of video based teaching has huge potential for developing listening comprehension skills of ESL undergraduates. Experimental group‘s post test results showed significant enhancement in their listening skills as compared to their post test scores of Control group. Participants‘ perceptions are highly optimistic and worthwhile about the efficacious effects of video based teaching in developing their listening comprehension skills. This study recommends that the dire need of the hour is to introduce video based teaching in university curriculum to develop listening comprehension skills of ESL undergraduates learners.Item Language of ‘infodemic’ of covid-19 and discourse of fear on facebook(UMT Lahore, 2021) HADIA MASOODThis study aims at exploring language of infodemic which tends to create discourse of fear among masses. The main purpose of this study is to identify the mal-information used on social media in the sensitive times of coronavirus. 50 posts from Facebook were analyzed and evaluated using AntConc 3.5.8 and infodemic that were creating discourse of fear were plucked out by doing content analysis of those posts. This study will provide alternative words to be used instead of panic creating word whichtends to create an impact on the minds of people and are becoming the source of rumors and myths. This research will act as a myth buster as well and people will easily distinguish between real information and infodemic which is available on Facebook. Through this research the researcher proved that infodemic is even more dangerous and alarming than pandemic or epidemic. I would recommend to find out the correlation between language of infodemic and discourse of fear which is one of the root cause of the dismantling of society.Item Sparks of phoenix(UMT Lahore, 2021) Kanwal ZaffarThis dissertation is an attempt to make critical discourse analysis of Najwa Zebian’s poems and prose by using Feminist approach. The research sheds light on the mental, physical and spiritual torture that the poet underwent in the wake of dislocation from her parent land and dispossession of her mental and physical belongings. By deploying research method of Feminist critical discourse analysis, Zebian’s poetry is analyzed on three levels: personal, socio-cultural and normative level. This analysis helps elucidate tools and sites of resistance against gender disequilibrium in society; sexist and phallocentric discourse and homelessness. Resistance is perpetuated by the means of self-love, finding a home in the self, and exploring the artistic potential while staggering in liminal spaces.Item A comparative study of deletion of linguistic constituents in punjabi and english clauses(UMT Lahore, 2021) Hira AmjadThis comparative study examines the deletion of linguistic constituents in English and Punjabi Languages. The purpose of this work is to explore the syntactic structures of the Punjabi language. The study investigates the similarities and differences related to a syntactic phenomenon -‘Deletion’ in Punjabi and English clauses. It seems that a lacuna exists for researching thisphenomenon in the Punjabi language and investigating the application of X-Bar theory to thesyntax of the Punjabi language. The overall research method used is Qualitative along with some Quantification. The study sample consists of twenty-one short stories taken from the Punjabi textbooks of the Intermediate level. The X-Bar theory has been applied as the theoretical framework to analyze Punjabi and English clauses for the phenomenon of Deletion. The study reports that all types of deletion i.e. NP deletion, VP deletion, Pronominalization, Conjunction reduction, Imperativisation, and Dative movement/deletion occurs similarly in both languages. However, ‘Comparative deletion’ and ‘Gapping’ could not be figured out in the data observed. The study results can be significant for the Translanguaging practices in ESL classrooms, would be helpful for heritage learners, and for those Punjabi native speakers who overgeneralize the rules of their L1 over L2. The study suggests more research works on the application of other T-rules i.e. Insertion, Substitution, and inversion to Punjabi and other Pakistani regional languages.Item The patterns and functions of multilingual balti speech community in baltistan(UMT Lahore, 2021) Ashraf Hussain WazirThis study aims at analyzing the patterns and functions of multilingual speech community in Baltistan, especially the consequences of multilingualism on Balti language; the researcher has adapted the qualitative research paradigm in order to investigate the designed questions. The purposive non-probability sampling technique with three theoretical frameworks helped the researcher to observe 30 informants in different speech events, from which 150 sentences have been collected but only 50 sentences were selected to analyze. Age grading phenomenon, Poplack’s (1980) categories of switching, and Appel and Muysken’s(2005) theory of functions of code-switching were used as the framework to get the ultimate results . The age grading phenomenon and Poplack’s framework used to analyze the linguistic patterns of multilingual Balti speech community, while the Appel and Muysken’s theory was used to observe the functions in the same speech community. This study came to the conclusion that language patterns usually take place at phonological, lexical and syntactic levels, and three types of code switching are also chip in as language pattern, while five functions of code-switching have also been traced in the utterances of Balti-Urdu multilingual speakers of Balti speech community. The study was limited to the language change, Balti-Urdu code-switching; its types and functions of code-switching, but there are vast areas still to be explored in terms of discourse, pragmatics, semantics and other fields of linguistics relating to multilingualismItem Aviation telephony-a linguistic oversight in pakistan(UMT Lahore, 2021) Nazish FarooqThis research aims to establish the centrality of effective and well mastered aviation linguistics by shedding light on the alarming issue of linguistic oversight by the aviation personnel, specifically pilots, trained in Pakistan. The research also ventures to critically explore the ambiguity within the aviation phraseology dictated under the ICAO standards which makes it equally difficult for both native and non-native pilots to master the needful communication skills. In doing so, the study probes into the linguistic areas including, incorrect stress patterns, the use of proper English sentences without figures or phrases, undue pauses, modal verbs and inappropriate use of prepositions. The results obtained from the research are significant in terms of awakening the civil aviation sector as well as suggesting the aviation departments at Pakistani universities to refine the ESP syllabi along with teaching strategies in the said field.Methodologically, the research is guided by a mixed method approach to establish the relationship between linguistic negligence and consequent unfortunate incidents during flight operations, while stressing the need for reforms in the aviation linguistics training. The data collected mainly comprises of original audio recordings of radiotelephonic communication of flights operating on domestic and international routes from Pakistan. Interpretive approach as well as coding of the core themes extracted from the audio recordings are used as a frame of analysis in addition to the critical examination of quantified responses obtained from survey questionnaires. An in-depth analysis of the themes is carried out in order to bring forth the linguistic deficiencies of communication standards of Pakistani aviation personnel. The vi findings reveal that Pakistani pilot, though competent in the art of flying, seemingly overlook communication related issues which already have and can lead to fatal consequences in future.Item Role of language in legal process(UMT Lahore, 2021) Arbab FatimaThis study aims at investigating the linguistic features used by the lawyers for the construction of rape victims’ identity and representation of violence in rape cases, at Lahore High Court, Pakistan. The transcripts of the proceedings of the 10 rape trial cases were used to examine the linguistic features for the construction of rape victims’ identity. By using Leech and Short (2007) model of stylistic analysis, the linguistic features were analyzed at two levels; lexical and syntactic. The findings revealed that the lawyers during the rape cases deal with the victims in a very different way according to the subtle nature of the case. The victims particularly women who had suffered pain, trauma, torture, and cruelty also dealt with society’s rape victim blaming practices and attitudes. The findings would assist the lawyer. It is anticipated that the findings of the study would assist the lawyers to present the evidence in a way that would meet the demands of a fair trial and justice. The study may contribute to the field of Legal Linguistics in Pakistan.Item Mobile assisted vocabulary learning(UMT Lahore, 2021) Fatima AnwarMobile assisted language learning is a widely used tool in education filed nowadays. It is also easier and effective tool for vocabulary learning. Vocabulary is a challenge for students when it comes to second language learning. The study aims to assist vocabulary learning with the use of Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) approach and investigates the perceptions of learners on the use of MALL. This study is mixed method in nature. The researcher has used quasi-experiment design for the quantitative part and conducted pre and post-test of the learners. During the time they were engaged through mobile application for the improvement of the vocabulary. For data collection, the researcher has used a convenience sampling technique and collected 50 students of intermediate level from Government Post Graduate College for Women, Sheikhupura. Students were given questionnaire after the post-test and focus group interviews were conducted to answer the research questions. The quantitative data was analysed with the help of SPSS, descriptive statistics and Paired Sample T-Test were done on quantitative data. The researcher found that MALL is very effective not only in language learning but also in vocabulary learning, and vocabulary builder mobile application is useful in learning vocabulary. Moreover, the students found vocabulary learning satisfying and interesting with vocabulary builder application. The study on the basis of its finding recommends that MALL should be implemented to bring about a positive improvement in English language pedagogy in Pakistan.Item The linguistic complexity of newspapers’ headlines(UMT Lahore, 2021) GHULAM AKBARThe present study aims to unravel the language complexity in the native and non-native English newspapers' headlines based on lexical and syntactic structure. The data was collected from two Pakistani English newspapers which are ‘The Dawn News’ and ‘The Nation’, and two American English newspapers, ‘The New York Times’ and ‘The Washington Post’. One hundred headlines were selected from each paper selected as a sample of this study. The collected data was analysed by using Lexical and Syntactic Complexity Analyzer model developed by Xiaofie Lu and Ai Haiyang. The findings of the study revealedthat American writers employ more complex and precise words in their newspapers' headlines as compared to Pakistani writers, but the syntactic complexity in Pakistani newspapers' headlines is greater as compared to the American writers. The overall scores by American writer of lexical level is greater as compare to Pakistani writers’ scores at level, while the overall complexity scores of syntactic level by Pakistani writers is more than American writers’ scores of syntactic complexity. At the end, the study recommends that further research can be done on other aspects of newspapers rather than headlines to check the complex level of language used in the other parts of newspapers.Item Translanguaging in the writing practices of bilingual balti/english university students(UMT Lahore, 2021) Abdul Rehman (Mir)This study explores the structural similarities and differences between Balti and English grammar focusing on translanguaging writing practices of bilingual Balti university students. In order to seek solutions to the challenges faced by bilingual Balti university students, the study posits translanguaging for pedagogical implications in order to utilize the students’ first language as a strength and linguistic repertoire for teaching and learning English language. The data were collected through Balti and English paragraphs written by 30 Balti speakers studying at the University of Baltistan, Skardu. The data reveal that Balti speakers produce text in Balti language with clarity of expression while they have difficulties in producing English structures which differ from that of Balti while there is no difficulty in producing English structures similar to Balti. The study also reveals that how teachers teach English at the University of Baltistan. For this purpose, data have been collected from ten Balti university teachers through structured interviews. The data reveal that teachers teaching at the University use number of language teaching approaches and they do not employ the first language in the classroom teaching context. Furthermore, the teachers do not have clear idea about translanguaging. The study implies that translanguaging practice should be employed in the classroom context for teaching English as a second language.Item Linguistic landscape(UMT Lahore, 2021) Hafiz Syed Muhammad YasirThe purpose of this study is to highlight the linguistic landscape of Lahore (Punjab, Pakistan). This research covers the discussion regarding the use of different languages in signage of Lahore, preferred languages, nativized ways of using English language, and different linguistic trends. This study is based on the features of linguistic landscape of Lahore. To collect the data, three areas of Lahore were selected based on the convenience sampling technique (as data was homogenous across the city) i.e. Thoker Niaz Baig, Township, Anarkali. Purposive sampling was under consideration as only text-based displays were considered to collect the data which showed the use of language in them. 300 pictures were taken with the help of a digital camera and were made limited to 220 after the refining process. Blurred and repeated photographs were excluded. Analytical parameters of Cenoz & Gorter (2006) were considered to analyze the data. Some guidance in analysis was taken from the study of Landry & Bourhis (1997)regarding the unit of analysis. Only text of different signboards was considered to analyze. Results revealed the presence of different languages i.e. Urdu. English, Arabic. Punjabi language was used but only in one signage. Different forms of the use of English language were highlighted like transliteration, code-mixing, direct use of English. Integration of a few foreign words and dominance of bilingualism in linguistic landscape were illustrated. This research will lead towards the opening of more dimension in this regard.Item A study of online teaching & assessment methods(UMT Lahore, 2021) Raana FaizThis study aims to explore the evolution of the methods of teaching as a result of online hift during the COVID-19. The data was based on interviews from the teachers of three Universities of Lahore, Pakistan. A population of forty-five teachers was selected. Thematic analysis as a technique was applied on these interviews and In-vivo codes were generated. Five over-arching themes made the way for analysis. These were digital dependency, student learning, teaching strategies, assessing strategies and interaction. The categories and themes were based on the codes. The findings indicated that the teaching and assessing processes are digitally dependent. The teachers amalgamated their previous teaching methods for the new ongoing shift to online teaching. The teacher’s role has been reduced, giving autonomy to the students. Online materials are available that have changed the learning and teaching methods. The study recommends the innovation in the traditional methods with an addition of online resources. New digital applications should be formulated for the students to give them guidelines for their learning.Item Glocalization as a promotion strategy by multi-national fast-food chains(UMT Lahore, 2021) Amna NoorThis study examines the glocal strategies that international fast-food chains use while localizing themselves in Pakistan. It also analyzes the language of advertisements these chains use for promoting their brand. Qualitative method research was used for the analysis of these advertisements. For this purpose, the top three international fast-food chains in Pakistan are selected. The concepts of glocalization by Ronald Robertson and the theory of cultural Glocality with some modifications are used as a theoretical framework. These chains are selected by the number of likes on their official Facebook pages. All the advertisements from January 2021 to June 2021 were chosen for this research. Findings reveal that these fast-food chains are more popular in Pakistan as compared to other national or international chains because of their glocal strategies. After analyzing the data, it is concluded that their main focus is on the language, culture, and traditions of Pakistan, and they have used them in their advertisements to attract people and to show their affection to the target audience by influencing them through their special occasions and mother tongue.Item Language of legitimization by indian and pakistani prime ministers on kashmir issue(UMT Lahore, 2021) Mariyam AzizThe purpose of the study is to reveal the linguistic strategies that Pakistan’s and India’s prime minister used in their speeches to legitimize their respective positions on Kashmir issue, a major issue between the two countries which sparked the wars of 1947 and 1965, and the Kargil conflict of 1999. To this end, the data was collected from the speeches of Imran Khan (Prime Minister of Pakistan) and Narinder Modhi (Prime Minister of India) which they delivered on different occasions after Article 370 in Kashmir. The data consists of four speeches, out of which two speeches were delivered by Imran Khan and two speeches by Narinder Modhi. The data for the present study was collected from the media. The whole research was framed under the scope of Critical Discourse Analysis (hence thereafter CDA) and the speeches were analyzed in terms of Reyes’ (2011) strategies of legitimization: voice of expertise, a hypothetical future, altruism, emotions, and rationality. The findings of the present study revealed that both the prime ministers used almost the same strategies, that is, rationality, voice of expertise, altruism, emotions, and a hypothetical future to justify their position and to attack their opponent. However the difference lies in the use of different linguistic choices which they used to legitimize their position and to attack their opponent. For instance, Khan and Modhi both used the strategy of hypothetical future to legitimize their respective positions. Imran Khan used the lexical choice “feel” to show his belief that when the curfew was lifted up, there would be a blood bath in Kashmir, whereas Modhi used modal verb “will” which indicates a future possibility for Jammu to be free from terrorism. The findings of the study establish the significance of language as an analytical tool which can help understand the nature of discursive practices underlying certain ideologies. The present study has its importance in understanding the language of legitimization used by anypoliticians to win the support of national as well ii international community. The study is also significant because it aims at critically examining the discourses of those who are not only politicians but also the prime ministers of two states, which also makes it significant to understand the nature of the discursive practices for political influence.Item A study of macro and micro functions of code switching as perceived by the teachers and students in undergraduate classes(UMT Lahore, 2021) ZAINAB MAKKIAThis study aimed to investigate the perceptions of teachers and students regarding the macro and micro functions of code-switching in undergraduate classes at the university level. It explored the functions of code-switching among students and teachers for classroom management, content transmission and interpersonal relations at the undergraduate level. It was conducted utilizing the quantitative method. The study population consisted of undergraduate students from both public and private universities in Lahore. Cluster sampling technique was used to collect data from 2 public and 2 private sector universities. Five Likert questionnaires were designed to collect data from 68 teachers and 435 students. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The research findings showed that students had a more positive opinion regarding the role of code-switching in facilitating classroom management as compared to the teachers. The teachers considered it to be more effective for interpersonal relations. For content transmission, both students and teachers considered it to be equally effective. Both the students and teachers agreed that code-switching facilitated better classroom communication.Item Stylistic analysis of pakistani diasporic english writer by applying leech and short model(UMT Lahore, 2021) ZAHEER AHMAD TABASSAMThe aim of this study is to examine the use of figurative language through the language choice to understand its effect on readers in a literary text. The researcher has selected an eminent Pakistani Diasporic English writer, Bapsi Sidhwa for stylistic analysis by applying Leech and Short's (2007) model of stylistic analysis of the literary text. Bapsi Sidhwa used literary devices as a tool to hint at large themes, ideas, and meanings in her story writing. The researcher claims that the number of figurative expressions is utilized by Bapsi Sidhwa in the novel like verbal irony, parenthesis, Graph logical Deviation, simile, alliteration, assonance, consonance, allusion, anaphora, adnomination, parallelism, and allegory to convey deeper meaning in her writing that goes beyond what’s on the page. It is found that that Bapsi Sidhwa has chosen different stylistic devices for conveying different themes and attitudes most of them are realistic or humorous. The researcher recommends readers to notice the distinction in styles which can guide to different meanings each according to his/her attitudes and beliefs. The research is significant, since it will help English language students in analyzing the stylistic features of a literary text. People interested in Bapsi Sidhwa's works will be able to comprehend her writings from different perspectives such as explicit and implicit meanings of the text, ironical expressions and use of similes and metaphors, etc..