2021

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/12490

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Code switching
(UMT Lahore, 2021) MUQTADA KAKAR
Code switching in the multilingual countries is a common phenomenon and have many functions in a multicultural country like Pakistan. This common technique is in practice for the communication in the educational institutes by the students. Students at any level often tend to switch between English, Urdu and their native languages during the conversation to reduce the communication barrier. This study is basically a supplement to the identification of the communicative function of code switching in the undergraduate classrooms of Zhob District of Balochistan; the largest province of Pakistan. The descriptive approach was used and Markedness model along with Matrix Language Frame model of Myers-Scotton (1993) were used to build and frame this study. A close ended questionnaire was also employed to collect the data from the students of four different undergraduate institutes of Zhob District of North Balochistan. SPSS software was used to analyse the data. The findings of this study highlighted the reasons behind code switching as a communicative strategy to enhance student’s confidence level, to promote the culture of debate, to improve the communicative skills of the students, to increase the participation of the students in the conversation who come of an underprivileged background and a marginalised ethnic origin to enhance their learning skills in the learning environment
The linguistic role of hyperboles in advertisements on pakistani television channels
(UMT Lahore, 2021) SANA ANWAR
The hyperboles play an important role in our media norms. The study aims to provide an insight to the linguistic roles of hyperboles in the advertisement on Pakistani television channels. The study addresses the research questions a) what are the hyperbolic expressions employed in advertisements on Pakistani television channels?, b) how do the viewers of these advertisements on Pakistani television channels perceive the hyperbolic expressions to decide for buying the products? The used of hyperboles and measure than hyperbolic expressions on consumers. Its investigation is an exploratory effort. Hyperbole Identification Procedure suggested by Burger (2016) has been utilized to analyze the lexical units concerning the novelty of hyperbolic expressions in Pakistani TV ads. There are total 21 advertisements based on 7 (i.e., beauty cream, soap, snack, drink, laundry powder, fragrance, and hair shampoo) different categories for the analysis of the data for the first question, and 105 comments that have been collected to answer the second research question. It is qualitative research. The results show that this tool is beneficial for reliability to access h)q)erboles provide inside the linguistic expressions. As a result, the lexical units referring to hyperbolic expressions in ads are less in numbers but they transforms product values and scalar hyperboles referring to quality and quantity have been used more frequently as compared to the other types of hyperboles. Moreover, the result also shows that 65.4% out of 105 viewers of these advertisements have convinced with language which has been used as linguistic expressions. The study will provide an insight to functionality and validity of HIP to the future of linguistic research. The study is also significant to help consumer understand the difference between the realities of the products and how they are projected through advertisements exaggeratly convince to decide for buying products.
Language of legitimization by indian and pakistani prime ministers on kashmir issue
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Mariyam Aziz
The purpose of the study is to reveal the linguistic strategies that Pakistan’s and India’s prime minister used in their speeches to legitimize their respective positions on Kashmir issue, a major issue between the two countries which sparked the wars of 1947 and 1965, and the Kargil conflict of 1999. To this end, the data was collected from the speeches of Imran Khan (Prime Minister of Pakistan) and Narinder Modhi (Prime Minister of India) which they delivered on different occasions after Article 370 in Kashmir. The data consists of four speeches, out of which two speeches were delivered by Imran Khan and two speeches by Narinder Modhi. The data for the present study was collected from the media. The whole research was framed under the scope of Critical Discourse Analysis (hence thereafter CDA) and the speeches were analyzed in terms of Reyes’ (2011) strategies of legitimization: voice of expertise, a hypothetical future, altruism, emotions, and rationality. The findings of the present study revealed that both the prime ministers used almost the same strategies, that is, rationality, voice of expertise, altruism, emotions, and a hypothetical future to justify their position and to attack their opponent. However the difference lies in the use of different linguistic choices which they used to legitimize their position and to attack their opponent. For instance, Khan and Modhi both used the strategy of hypothetical future to legitimize their respective positions. Imran Khan used the lexical choice “feel” to show his belief that when the curfew was lifted up, there would be a blood bath in Kashmir, whereas Modhi used modal verb “will” which indicates a future possibility for Jammu to be free from terrorism. The findings of the study establish the significance of language as an analytical tool which can help understand the nature of discursive practices underlying certain ideologies. The present study has its importance in understanding the language of legitimization used by anypoliticians to win the support of national as well ii international community. The study is also significant because it aims at critically examining the discourses of those who are not only politicians but also the prime ministers of two states, which also makes it significant to understand the nature of the discursive practices for political influence.
Translanguaging in the writing practices of bilingual balti/english university students
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Abdul Rehman (Mir)
This study explores the structural similarities and differences between Balti and English grammar focusing on translanguaging writing practices of bilingual Balti university students. In order to seek solutions to the challenges faced by bilingual Balti university students, the study posits translanguaging for pedagogical implications in order to utilize the students’ first language as a strength and linguistic repertoire for teaching and learning English language. The data were collected through Balti and English paragraphs written by 30 Balti speakers studying at the University of Baltistan, Skardu. The data reveal that Balti speakers produce text in Balti language with clarity of expression while they have difficulties in producing English structures which differ from that of Balti while there is no difficulty in producing English structures similar to Balti. The study also reveals that how teachers teach English at the University of Baltistan. For this purpose, data have been collected from ten Balti university teachers through structured interviews. The data reveal that teachers teaching at the University use number of language teaching approaches and they do not employ the first language in the classroom teaching context. Furthermore, the teachers do not have clear idea about translanguaging. The study implies that translanguaging practice should be employed in the classroom context for teaching English as a second language.
Politicizing the pandemic
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Nida Talha
The study attempts to scrutinize the xenophobic discourse in Donald Trump’s political speeches over COVID-19 issue. This study highlights how the coronavirus issue becomes a discursive practice and how do politicians use it for manipulating the mind of their people at socio-political level. The applied model is an adapted form of Norman Fairclough’s Three Dimensional Model of Critical Discourse Analysis. The occurrence of corona virus has also given rise to the notion of racism and Sinophobia. There are many instances through which these two prevailing phenomena of Western societies that is Sinophobia and Racism can be easily revealed. The study is significant as it shows how the current state of affairs is underlined in American leader’s discourse and proves that despite of so many progressions and expertise, the concept of “otherness” still exists and Chinese people are being targeted. The analysis demonstrates how Trump politicize the whole situation of pandemic (COVID-19), and how he presents himself positive while portraying China as negative. The study also reveals the secret agenda of the American super power by scrutinizing the terminology, voice, transitivity and mood. His speeches are found full of detestation against China. The future researchers can apply the modified 3D Model in their studies on various other socio-political, conceptual and national issues, predictable periphrastically in vocalizations of political leaders.
Mobile assisted vocabulary learning
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Fatima Anwar
Mobile assisted language learning is a widely used tool in education filed nowadays. It is also easier and effective tool for vocabulary learning. Vocabulary is a challenge for students when it comes to second language learning. The study aims to assist vocabulary learning with the use of Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) approach and investigates the perceptions of learners on the use of MALL. This study is mixed method in nature. The researcher has used quasi-experiment design for the quantitative part and conducted pre and post-test of the learners. During the time they were engaged through mobile application for the improvement of the vocabulary. For data collection, the researcher has used a convenience sampling technique and collected 50 students of intermediate level from Government Post Graduate College for Women, Sheikhupura. Students were given questionnaire after the post-test and focus group interviews were conducted to answer the research questions. The quantitative data was analysed with the help of SPSS, descriptive statistics and Paired Sample T-Test were done on quantitative data. The researcher found that MALL is very effective not only in language learning but also in vocabulary learning, and vocabulary builder mobile application is useful in learning vocabulary. Moreover, the students found vocabulary learning satisfying and interesting with vocabulary builder application. The study on the basis of its finding recommends that MALL should be implemented to bring about a positive improvement in English language pedagogy in Pakistan.
Role of language in legal process
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Arbab Fatima
This study aims at investigating the linguistic features used by the lawyers for the construction of rape victims’ identity and representation of violence in rape cases, at Lahore High Court, Pakistan. The transcripts of the proceedings of the 10 rape trial cases were used to examine the linguistic features for the construction of rape victims’ identity. By using Leech and Short (2007) model of stylistic analysis, the linguistic features were analyzed at two levels; lexical and syntactic. The findings revealed that the lawyers during the rape cases deal with the victims in a very different way according to the subtle nature of the case. The victims particularly women who had suffered pain, trauma, torture, and cruelty also dealt with society’s rape victim blaming practices and attitudes. The findings would assist the lawyer. It is anticipated that the findings of the study would assist the lawyers to present the evidence in a way that would meet the demands of a fair trial and justice. The study may contribute to the field of Legal Linguistics in Pakistan.
Thematic content analysis of environmental texts in pakistani newspapers
(UMT Lahore, 2021) AYESHA RAFIQUE
Pakistan is confronting many challenges related to environmental degradation, which causes serious threat to biodiversity. Different lexical choices are being introduced in the print media due to emergence of environment problems, which need to be investigated. To delve into details, Eco linguistics is concerned with environmental discourse, which studies human relationship with the environment. The research is focused on the examination of the lexical choices used to address the issues related to the environmental degradation in the newspaper articles. The research intends to unfold the nature of Pakistani Newspaper articles directed for environmental concerns. The research is significant, as no research has been done previously in the field of Eco linguistics using thematic analysis for highlighting lexical choices in Pakistani newspapers articles of environmental concerns. The dissertation focusses at the environmental discourse as it appears in the Pakistani Print Media. I found it compelling to analyze 10 Newspaper articles from the DAWN and Daily Times from November 2019 to February 2020 concerning environmental issues, extracted through purposive sampling. The dissertation is aimed at highlighting the emerging lexical choices made to address the environmental concerns by employing the theoretical framework drawn from Braun and Clark (2006), a paradigm often used by linguistic researchers. Thematic categorical analysis developed by Braun and Clark has been employed for the analysis of text. The themes are formulated using coding and categories to investigate lexical choices. The lexical choices depending on the environmental concern they project have been divided into certain themes, which further are categorized depending on the emerging patterns that the codes provide.
Aviation telephony-a linguistic oversight in pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Nazish Farooq
This research aims to establish the centrality of effective and well mastered aviation linguistics by shedding light on the alarming issue of linguistic oversight by the aviation personnel, specifically pilots, trained in Pakistan. The research also ventures to critically explore the ambiguity within the aviation phraseology dictated under the ICAO standards which makes it equally difficult for both native and non-native pilots to master the needful communication skills. In doing so, the study probes into the linguistic areas including, incorrect stress patterns, the use of proper English sentences without figures or phrases, undue pauses, modal verbs and inappropriate use of prepositions. The results obtained from the research are significant in terms of awakening the civil aviation sector as well as suggesting the aviation departments at Pakistani universities to refine the ESP syllabi along with teaching strategies in the said field.Methodologically, the research is guided by a mixed method approach to establish the relationship between linguistic negligence and consequent unfortunate incidents during flight operations, while stressing the need for reforms in the aviation linguistics training. The data collected mainly comprises of original audio recordings of radiotelephonic communication of flights operating on domestic and international routes from Pakistan. Interpretive approach as well as coding of the core themes extracted from the audio recordings are used as a frame of analysis in addition to the critical examination of quantified responses obtained from survey questionnaires. An in-depth analysis of the themes is carried out in order to bring forth the linguistic deficiencies of communication standards of Pakistani aviation personnel. The vi findings reveal that Pakistani pilot, though competent in the art of flying, seemingly overlook communication related issues which already have and can lead to fatal consequences in future.
Glocalization as a promotion strategy by multi-national fast-food chains
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Amna Noor
This study examines the glocal strategies that international fast-food chains use while localizing themselves in Pakistan. It also analyzes the language of advertisements these chains use for promoting their brand. Qualitative method research was used for the analysis of these advertisements. For this purpose, the top three international fast-food chains in Pakistan are selected. The concepts of glocalization by Ronald Robertson and the theory of cultural Glocality with some modifications are used as a theoretical framework. These chains are selected by the number of likes on their official Facebook pages. All the advertisements from January 2021 to June 2021 were chosen for this research. Findings reveal that these fast-food chains are more popular in Pakistan as compared to other national or international chains because of their glocal strategies. After analyzing the data, it is concluded that their main focus is on the language, culture, and traditions of Pakistan, and they have used them in their advertisements to attract people and to show their affection to the target audience by influencing them through their special occasions and mother tongue.
A study of racism, homosexuality and slavery applying judith butler's contagious words in pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Amna Hassan
This qualitative study intends to examine racism, homosexuality and slavery as contagious words in Pakistan by applying Judith Butler’s notions presented in Excitable Speech in 1997. “Contagious words” is the expression, which talks about social taboos, immoral words, harmful words, etc. Nearly all types of contagious words and acts are considered illegal and unacceptable in any society in the world. These contagious words include racism, homosexuality, same-sex marriage, child marriage, and forced marriage, slavery, bonded slavery, child labor, and the list goes on. The applied theoretical model depends on Judith Butler’s notions introduced in her most renowned book Excitable Speech (1997). Judith Butler claims that despite the fact these contagious words and acts are controlled by the law and these practices are condemned by societies but the practices are covertly going on. The findings related to the objective of the study reveals that thecontagious speech acts are controlled by the powerful agencies in order to show their power. The results of the study show that the powerful agencies who are controlling these contagious acts are inherently inclined towards these contagious acts.
The impact of labour's working conditions on trade unions in pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2021) SALIHA KHALID
Workers in Pakistan are not given their fundamental rights, including their constitutional right to form and join trade imions. Previous studies show that workershave no choice other than working under hostile conditions. Lack of awareness about their rights, harsh and coercive conditions of work, and poor implementation of laws do not let the workers organize and join unions. Data analysis shows that the independent variables, i.e., wage, health, working environment, social security, and the gendered dimension of work have a significant correlation with the workers' joining trade unions and organizing themselves. The results show that workers are trapped in an economic system which does not let them think about their rights or act to achieve them. The onerous nature of work and employer's coercive behavior inflict fear on workers, preventing them from raising their voice against injustices. Data was collected by the survey method where 200 workers from different factories filled the questionnaires, and secondary data was also used to understand the issues in detail. Previously, not a lot of research has been done on the plight of trade imions in Pakistan. This dissertation is an attempt to fill that void and to identify the reasons for workers' inability to organize and collectively bargain for their rights.
Critical discourse analysis on the usage of pronouns in donald trump’s speeches.
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Humera Hashmi
The present study explores Donald's Trump use of personal pronouns and examines some of the state of the Union Speeches in terms of political discourse. As a phenomenon of interest, political linguistics focuses on discourse in political forums such as debates speeches and techniques that politicians use to get the audience's attention. The corpus mapping was used fordata collection i.e., frequency of words calculation and words list tool in Donald's Trump speeches in the form of sampling. The qualitative approach was used to analyze the Fairclough's theory on pronouns, the triangulation framework of van Dijk with its application on manipulationand Wieczorek'staxonomy were used in this research. Pronouns like I, WE THEY AND YOU play an important role in the element of pathos and ethos. Ten extracts have been taken from the Donald's Trump speeches to get the images of language use on the audience and the use of acts to evoke the themes of Americanism, Terrorism, Rigged Framework, Immigration and Economic Consolidation and Exchange. The impact of logos, pathos and ethoscan be vividly seen within the social context by the identified patterns of the examined text to persuade the recipients
Subalternity and otherness in african american identities
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Suriya Noor
This research analyzes Morgan Jerkins' memoir Wandering in Strange Lands (published in 2020) in the light of Gayatari Spivak's postcolonial theories of subaltemity and otherness. Arguing against the myths legitimized by colonial discourses that only represent slave/master and black/white divisions in the framework of domination and subordination, it shows how ' memoir projects an alternative vision of the social and political marginalization of African Americans by drawing attention to the attempts of the Black population to develop avoice of their own. Their suppression at the hands of the white community gives way to some ternis and conditions of resistance - in keeping with the Spivakian ethic - as they attempt to relocate some remnants of their history and culture not only in spite of but because of the voicelessness that the dominant discourses force on them. The postcolonial theories of Spivak represent the common problems of marginalized people that never get fully registered in mainstream society. The study demonstrates how Blacks are trying to turn their voicelessness into a condition of resistance through different means in 21st century America. Through her memoir. Jerkins is trying to project that the marginalization of Black African Americans is linked with the eradication of historical narratives that is necessary for awarding them an identity of their own.
A comparative study of deletion of linguistic constituents in punjabi and english clauses
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Hira Amjad
This comparative study examines the deletion of linguistic constituents in English and Punjabi Languages. The purpose of this work is to explore the syntactic structures of the Punjabi language. The study investigates the similarities and differences related to a syntactic phenomenon -‘Deletion’ in Punjabi and English clauses. It seems that a lacuna exists for researching thisphenomenon in the Punjabi language and investigating the application of X-Bar theory to thesyntax of the Punjabi language. The overall research method used is Qualitative along with some Quantification. The study sample consists of twenty-one short stories taken from the Punjabi textbooks of the Intermediate level. The X-Bar theory has been applied as the theoretical framework to analyze Punjabi and English clauses for the phenomenon of Deletion. The study reports that all types of deletion i.e. NP deletion, VP deletion, Pronominalization, Conjunction reduction, Imperativisation, and Dative movement/deletion occurs similarly in both languages. However, ‘Comparative deletion’ and ‘Gapping’ could not be figured out in the data observed. The study results can be significant for the Translanguaging practices in ESL classrooms, would be helpful for heritage learners, and for those Punjabi native speakers who overgeneralize the rules of their L1 over L2. The study suggests more research works on the application of other T-rules i.e. Insertion, Substitution, and inversion to Punjabi and other Pakistani regional languages.
The patterns and functions of multilingual balti speech community in baltistan
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Ashraf Hussain Wazir
This study aims at analyzing the patterns and functions of multilingual speech community in Baltistan, especially the consequences of multilingualism on Balti language; the researcher has adapted the qualitative research paradigm in order to investigate the designed questions. The purposive non-probability sampling technique with three theoretical frameworks helped the researcher to observe 30 informants in different speech events, from which 150 sentences have been collected but only 50 sentences were selected to analyze. Age grading phenomenon, Poplack’s (1980) categories of switching, and Appel and Muysken’s(2005) theory of functions of code-switching were used as the framework to get the ultimate results . The age grading phenomenon and Poplack’s framework used to analyze the linguistic patterns of multilingual Balti speech community, while the Appel and Muysken’s theory was used to observe the functions in the same speech community. This study came to the conclusion that language patterns usually take place at phonological, lexical and syntactic levels, and three types of code switching are also chip in as language pattern, while five functions of code-switching have also been traced in the utterances of Balti-Urdu multilingual speakers of Balti speech community. The study was limited to the language change, Balti-Urdu code-switching; its types and functions of code-switching, but there are vast areas still to be explored in terms of discourse, pragmatics, semantics and other fields of linguistics relating to multilingualism
Impact of institutional quality, and financial development on income inequality
(UMT Lahore, 2021) AYESHA ASHRAF
The main purpose of the study is to analysis the link institutional quality and financial development with income inequality in developing economies using the pool Least Squares (PLS) by via panel data from 1990 to 2018. Here we are using the data of 12 countries. Thesis also investigates the unfair distribution of income. According to this study, we have taken the income inequality as dependent variable and institutional quality, financial development as broad money M2, unemployment, trade openness, extemal debt and foreign direct investment as independent variables. Income inequality, extemal debt, unemployment and broad money these variables are under dispersed while the other variable is over dispersed like foreign direct investment. Empirically proves that U-shaped hypothesis for Asian developing countries using POLS approaches. Panel data estimations show that improvement in financial development which causes reduction in income inequality. The research estimations prove that the enhancement in the financial sector. The correlation matrix shows that there is no Multicollinearity among the variables.
Sexual objectification of females
(UMT Lahore, 2021) ANEEQA IQBAL
This study aims to analyze the use of hate speech acts against female and the potential ability of hate speech against women as they are represented in Pakistani ads. Hate speech is said to be as a speech, action or sign that expresses or shows hate or encourages violence or hatred feeling for a person, group or specific gender. As methodological framework, Judith Butler’s postulates of hate speech acts are taken from her book Excitable Speech (1997). The findings show that these ads do have a great role in the minds of people and they are affected by these ads. They don’t want themselves to be called as mere objects rather than subjects which is quite saddening for the woman of today generally and in the ads specially where women are masked by heavy makeups, jewelry and are presented as something that has a great power of attraction and lust for the people who watch them without blinking their eyes. It is found that these women are the most miserable creatures who are presented in front of men and the world in order to attract the attention of them so that by attracting towards the selected women in ads, the product sale may increase. The study concludes that the ads do have a negative impact on the women minds too and they are said to be hate speech against women.
The linguistic complexity of newspapers’ headlines
(UMT Lahore, 2021) GHULAM AKBAR
The present study aims to unravel the language complexity in the native and non-native English newspapers' headlines based on lexical and syntactic structure. The data was collected from two Pakistani English newspapers which are ‘The Dawn News’ and ‘The Nation’, and two American English newspapers, ‘The New York Times’ and ‘The Washington Post’. One hundred headlines were selected from each paper selected as a sample of this study. The collected data was analysed by using Lexical and Syntactic Complexity Analyzer model developed by Xiaofie Lu and Ai Haiyang. The findings of the study revealedthat American writers employ more complex and precise words in their newspapers' headlines as compared to Pakistani writers, but the syntactic complexity in Pakistani newspapers' headlines is greater as compared to the American writers. The overall scores by American writer of lexical level is greater as compare to Pakistani writers’ scores at level, while the overall complexity scores of syntactic level by Pakistani writers is more than American writers’ scores of syntactic complexity. At the end, the study recommends that further research can be done on other aspects of newspapers rather than headlines to check the complex level of language used in the other parts of newspapers.
Linguistic landscape
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Hafiz Syed Muhammad Yasir
The purpose of this study is to highlight the linguistic landscape of Lahore (Punjab, Pakistan). This research covers the discussion regarding the use of different languages in signage of Lahore, preferred languages, nativized ways of using English language, and different linguistic trends. This study is based on the features of linguistic landscape of Lahore. To collect the data, three areas of Lahore were selected based on the convenience sampling technique (as data was homogenous across the city) i.e. Thoker Niaz Baig, Township, Anarkali. Purposive sampling was under consideration as only text-based displays were considered to collect the data which showed the use of language in them. 300 pictures were taken with the help of a digital camera and were made limited to 220 after the refining process. Blurred and repeated photographs were excluded. Analytical parameters of Cenoz & Gorter (2006) were considered to analyze the data. Some guidance in analysis was taken from the study of Landry & Bourhis (1997)regarding the unit of analysis. Only text of different signboards was considered to analyze. Results revealed the presence of different languages i.e. Urdu. English, Arabic. Punjabi language was used but only in one signage. Different forms of the use of English language were highlighted like transliteration, code-mixing, direct use of English. Integration of a few foreign words and dominance of bilingualism in linguistic landscape were illustrated. This research will lead towards the opening of more dimension in this regard.

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