2021

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/12490

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A comparative study of deletion of linguistic constituents in punjabi and english clauses
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Hira Amjad
This comparative study examines the deletion of linguistic constituents in English and Punjabi Languages. The purpose of this work is to explore the syntactic structures of the Punjabi language. The study investigates the similarities and differences related to a syntactic phenomenon -‘Deletion’ in Punjabi and English clauses. It seems that a lacuna exists for researching thisphenomenon in the Punjabi language and investigating the application of X-Bar theory to thesyntax of the Punjabi language. The overall research method used is Qualitative along with some Quantification. The study sample consists of twenty-one short stories taken from the Punjabi textbooks of the Intermediate level. The X-Bar theory has been applied as the theoretical framework to analyze Punjabi and English clauses for the phenomenon of Deletion. The study reports that all types of deletion i.e. NP deletion, VP deletion, Pronominalization, Conjunction reduction, Imperativisation, and Dative movement/deletion occurs similarly in both languages. However, ‘Comparative deletion’ and ‘Gapping’ could not be figured out in the data observed. The study results can be significant for the Translanguaging practices in ESL classrooms, would be helpful for heritage learners, and for those Punjabi native speakers who overgeneralize the rules of their L1 over L2. The study suggests more research works on the application of other T-rules i.e. Insertion, Substitution, and inversion to Punjabi and other Pakistani regional languages.
A study of macro and micro functions of code switching as perceived by the teachers and students in undergraduate classes
(UMT Lahore, 2021) ZAINAB MAKKIA
This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of teachers and students regarding the macro and micro functions of code-switching in undergraduate classes at the university level. It explored the functions of code-switching among students and teachers for classroom management, content transmission and interpersonal relations at the undergraduate level. It was conducted utilizing the quantitative method. The study population consisted of undergraduate students from both public and private universities in Lahore. Cluster sampling technique was used to collect data from 2 public and 2 private sector universities. Five Likert questionnaires were designed to collect data from 68 teachers and 435 students. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The research findings showed that students had a more positive opinion regarding the role of code-switching in facilitating classroom management as compared to the teachers. The teachers considered it to be more effective for interpersonal relations. For content transmission, both students and teachers considered it to be equally effective. Both the students and teachers agreed that code-switching facilitated better classroom communication.
A study of online teaching & assessment methods
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Raana Faiz
This study aims to explore the evolution of the methods of teaching as a result of online hift during the COVID-19. The data was based on interviews from the teachers of three Universities of Lahore, Pakistan. A population of forty-five teachers was selected. Thematic analysis as a technique was applied on these interviews and In-vivo codes were generated. Five over-arching themes made the way for analysis. These were digital dependency, student learning, teaching strategies, assessing strategies and interaction. The categories and themes were based on the codes. The findings indicated that the teaching and assessing processes are digitally dependent. The teachers amalgamated their previous teaching methods for the new ongoing shift to online teaching. The teacher’s role has been reduced, giving autonomy to the students. Online materials are available that have changed the learning and teaching methods. The study recommends the innovation in the traditional methods with an addition of online resources. New digital applications should be formulated for the students to give them guidelines for their learning.
A study of racism, homosexuality and slavery applying judith butler's contagious words in pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Amna Hassan
This qualitative study intends to examine racism, homosexuality and slavery as contagious words in Pakistan by applying Judith Butler’s notions presented in Excitable Speech in 1997. “Contagious words” is the expression, which talks about social taboos, immoral words, harmful words, etc. Nearly all types of contagious words and acts are considered illegal and unacceptable in any society in the world. These contagious words include racism, homosexuality, same-sex marriage, child marriage, and forced marriage, slavery, bonded slavery, child labor, and the list goes on. The applied theoretical model depends on Judith Butler’s notions introduced in her most renowned book Excitable Speech (1997). Judith Butler claims that despite the fact these contagious words and acts are controlled by the law and these practices are condemned by societies but the practices are covertly going on. The findings related to the objective of the study reveals that thecontagious speech acts are controlled by the powerful agencies in order to show their power. The results of the study show that the powerful agencies who are controlling these contagious acts are inherently inclined towards these contagious acts.
Aviation telephony-a linguistic oversight in pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Nazish Farooq
This research aims to establish the centrality of effective and well mastered aviation linguistics by shedding light on the alarming issue of linguistic oversight by the aviation personnel, specifically pilots, trained in Pakistan. The research also ventures to critically explore the ambiguity within the aviation phraseology dictated under the ICAO standards which makes it equally difficult for both native and non-native pilots to master the needful communication skills. In doing so, the study probes into the linguistic areas including, incorrect stress patterns, the use of proper English sentences without figures or phrases, undue pauses, modal verbs and inappropriate use of prepositions. The results obtained from the research are significant in terms of awakening the civil aviation sector as well as suggesting the aviation departments at Pakistani universities to refine the ESP syllabi along with teaching strategies in the said field.Methodologically, the research is guided by a mixed method approach to establish the relationship between linguistic negligence and consequent unfortunate incidents during flight operations, while stressing the need for reforms in the aviation linguistics training. The data collected mainly comprises of original audio recordings of radiotelephonic communication of flights operating on domestic and international routes from Pakistan. Interpretive approach as well as coding of the core themes extracted from the audio recordings are used as a frame of analysis in addition to the critical examination of quantified responses obtained from survey questionnaires. An in-depth analysis of the themes is carried out in order to bring forth the linguistic deficiencies of communication standards of Pakistani aviation personnel. The vi findings reveal that Pakistani pilot, though competent in the art of flying, seemingly overlook communication related issues which already have and can lead to fatal consequences in future.
Code switching
(UMT Lahore, 2021) MUQTADA KAKAR
Code switching in the multilingual countries is a common phenomenon and have many functions in a multicultural country like Pakistan. This common technique is in practice for the communication in the educational institutes by the students. Students at any level often tend to switch between English, Urdu and their native languages during the conversation to reduce the communication barrier. This study is basically a supplement to the identification of the communicative function of code switching in the undergraduate classrooms of Zhob District of Balochistan; the largest province of Pakistan. The descriptive approach was used and Markedness model along with Matrix Language Frame model of Myers-Scotton (1993) were used to build and frame this study. A close ended questionnaire was also employed to collect the data from the students of four different undergraduate institutes of Zhob District of North Balochistan. SPSS software was used to analyse the data. The findings of this study highlighted the reasons behind code switching as a communicative strategy to enhance student’s confidence level, to promote the culture of debate, to improve the communicative skills of the students, to increase the participation of the students in the conversation who come of an underprivileged background and a marginalised ethnic origin to enhance their learning skills in the learning environment
Critical discourse analysis on the usage of pronouns in donald trump’s speeches.
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Humera Hashmi
The present study explores Donald's Trump use of personal pronouns and examines some of the state of the Union Speeches in terms of political discourse. As a phenomenon of interest, political linguistics focuses on discourse in political forums such as debates speeches and techniques that politicians use to get the audience's attention. The corpus mapping was used fordata collection i.e., frequency of words calculation and words list tool in Donald's Trump speeches in the form of sampling. The qualitative approach was used to analyze the Fairclough's theory on pronouns, the triangulation framework of van Dijk with its application on manipulationand Wieczorek'staxonomy were used in this research. Pronouns like I, WE THEY AND YOU play an important role in the element of pathos and ethos. Ten extracts have been taken from the Donald's Trump speeches to get the images of language use on the audience and the use of acts to evoke the themes of Americanism, Terrorism, Rigged Framework, Immigration and Economic Consolidation and Exchange. The impact of logos, pathos and ethoscan be vividly seen within the social context by the identified patterns of the examined text to persuade the recipients
Glocalization as a promotion strategy by multi-national fast-food chains
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Amna Noor
This study examines the glocal strategies that international fast-food chains use while localizing themselves in Pakistan. It also analyzes the language of advertisements these chains use for promoting their brand. Qualitative method research was used for the analysis of these advertisements. For this purpose, the top three international fast-food chains in Pakistan are selected. The concepts of glocalization by Ronald Robertson and the theory of cultural Glocality with some modifications are used as a theoretical framework. These chains are selected by the number of likes on their official Facebook pages. All the advertisements from January 2021 to June 2021 were chosen for this research. Findings reveal that these fast-food chains are more popular in Pakistan as compared to other national or international chains because of their glocal strategies. After analyzing the data, it is concluded that their main focus is on the language, culture, and traditions of Pakistan, and they have used them in their advertisements to attract people and to show their affection to the target audience by influencing them through their special occasions and mother tongue.
Impact of institutional quality, and financial development on income inequality
(UMT Lahore, 2021) AYESHA ASHRAF
The main purpose of the study is to analysis the link institutional quality and financial development with income inequality in developing economies using the pool Least Squares (PLS) by via panel data from 1990 to 2018. Here we are using the data of 12 countries. Thesis also investigates the unfair distribution of income. According to this study, we have taken the income inequality as dependent variable and institutional quality, financial development as broad money M2, unemployment, trade openness, extemal debt and foreign direct investment as independent variables. Income inequality, extemal debt, unemployment and broad money these variables are under dispersed while the other variable is over dispersed like foreign direct investment. Empirically proves that U-shaped hypothesis for Asian developing countries using POLS approaches. Panel data estimations show that improvement in financial development which causes reduction in income inequality. The research estimations prove that the enhancement in the financial sector. The correlation matrix shows that there is no Multicollinearity among the variables.
Language of legitimization by indian and pakistani prime ministers on kashmir issue
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Mariyam Aziz
The purpose of the study is to reveal the linguistic strategies that Pakistan’s and India’s prime minister used in their speeches to legitimize their respective positions on Kashmir issue, a major issue between the two countries which sparked the wars of 1947 and 1965, and the Kargil conflict of 1999. To this end, the data was collected from the speeches of Imran Khan (Prime Minister of Pakistan) and Narinder Modhi (Prime Minister of India) which they delivered on different occasions after Article 370 in Kashmir. The data consists of four speeches, out of which two speeches were delivered by Imran Khan and two speeches by Narinder Modhi. The data for the present study was collected from the media. The whole research was framed under the scope of Critical Discourse Analysis (hence thereafter CDA) and the speeches were analyzed in terms of Reyes’ (2011) strategies of legitimization: voice of expertise, a hypothetical future, altruism, emotions, and rationality. The findings of the present study revealed that both the prime ministers used almost the same strategies, that is, rationality, voice of expertise, altruism, emotions, and a hypothetical future to justify their position and to attack their opponent. However the difference lies in the use of different linguistic choices which they used to legitimize their position and to attack their opponent. For instance, Khan and Modhi both used the strategy of hypothetical future to legitimize their respective positions. Imran Khan used the lexical choice “feel” to show his belief that when the curfew was lifted up, there would be a blood bath in Kashmir, whereas Modhi used modal verb “will” which indicates a future possibility for Jammu to be free from terrorism. The findings of the study establish the significance of language as an analytical tool which can help understand the nature of discursive practices underlying certain ideologies. The present study has its importance in understanding the language of legitimization used by anypoliticians to win the support of national as well ii international community. The study is also significant because it aims at critically examining the discourses of those who are not only politicians but also the prime ministers of two states, which also makes it significant to understand the nature of the discursive practices for political influence.
Language of ‘infodemic’ of covid-19 and discourse of fear on facebook
(UMT Lahore, 2021) HADIA MASOOD
This study aims at exploring language of infodemic which tends to create discourse of fear among masses. The main purpose of this study is to identify the mal-information used on social media in the sensitive times of coronavirus. 50 posts from Facebook were analyzed and evaluated using AntConc 3.5.8 and infodemic that were creating discourse of fear were plucked out by doing content analysis of those posts. This study will provide alternative words to be used instead of panic creating word whichtends to create an impact on the minds of people and are becoming the source of rumors and myths. This research will act as a myth buster as well and people will easily distinguish between real information and infodemic which is available on Facebook. Through this research the researcher proved that infodemic is even more dangerous and alarming than pandemic or epidemic. I would recommend to find out the correlation between language of infodemic and discourse of fear which is one of the root cause of the dismantling of society.
Linguistic landscape
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Hafiz Syed Muhammad Yasir
The purpose of this study is to highlight the linguistic landscape of Lahore (Punjab, Pakistan). This research covers the discussion regarding the use of different languages in signage of Lahore, preferred languages, nativized ways of using English language, and different linguistic trends. This study is based on the features of linguistic landscape of Lahore. To collect the data, three areas of Lahore were selected based on the convenience sampling technique (as data was homogenous across the city) i.e. Thoker Niaz Baig, Township, Anarkali. Purposive sampling was under consideration as only text-based displays were considered to collect the data which showed the use of language in them. 300 pictures were taken with the help of a digital camera and were made limited to 220 after the refining process. Blurred and repeated photographs were excluded. Analytical parameters of Cenoz & Gorter (2006) were considered to analyze the data. Some guidance in analysis was taken from the study of Landry & Bourhis (1997)regarding the unit of analysis. Only text of different signboards was considered to analyze. Results revealed the presence of different languages i.e. Urdu. English, Arabic. Punjabi language was used but only in one signage. Different forms of the use of English language were highlighted like transliteration, code-mixing, direct use of English. Integration of a few foreign words and dominance of bilingualism in linguistic landscape were illustrated. This research will lead towards the opening of more dimension in this regard.
Mobile assisted vocabulary learning
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Fatima Anwar
Mobile assisted language learning is a widely used tool in education filed nowadays. It is also easier and effective tool for vocabulary learning. Vocabulary is a challenge for students when it comes to second language learning. The study aims to assist vocabulary learning with the use of Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) approach and investigates the perceptions of learners on the use of MALL. This study is mixed method in nature. The researcher has used quasi-experiment design for the quantitative part and conducted pre and post-test of the learners. During the time they were engaged through mobile application for the improvement of the vocabulary. For data collection, the researcher has used a convenience sampling technique and collected 50 students of intermediate level from Government Post Graduate College for Women, Sheikhupura. Students were given questionnaire after the post-test and focus group interviews were conducted to answer the research questions. The quantitative data was analysed with the help of SPSS, descriptive statistics and Paired Sample T-Test were done on quantitative data. The researcher found that MALL is very effective not only in language learning but also in vocabulary learning, and vocabulary builder mobile application is useful in learning vocabulary. Moreover, the students found vocabulary learning satisfying and interesting with vocabulary builder application. The study on the basis of its finding recommends that MALL should be implemented to bring about a positive improvement in English language pedagogy in Pakistan.
Politicizing the pandemic
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Nida Talha
The study attempts to scrutinize the xenophobic discourse in Donald Trump’s political speeches over COVID-19 issue. This study highlights how the coronavirus issue becomes a discursive practice and how do politicians use it for manipulating the mind of their people at socio-political level. The applied model is an adapted form of Norman Fairclough’s Three Dimensional Model of Critical Discourse Analysis. The occurrence of corona virus has also given rise to the notion of racism and Sinophobia. There are many instances through which these two prevailing phenomena of Western societies that is Sinophobia and Racism can be easily revealed. The study is significant as it shows how the current state of affairs is underlined in American leader’s discourse and proves that despite of so many progressions and expertise, the concept of “otherness” still exists and Chinese people are being targeted. The analysis demonstrates how Trump politicize the whole situation of pandemic (COVID-19), and how he presents himself positive while portraying China as negative. The study also reveals the secret agenda of the American super power by scrutinizing the terminology, voice, transitivity and mood. His speeches are found full of detestation against China. The future researchers can apply the modified 3D Model in their studies on various other socio-political, conceptual and national issues, predictable periphrastically in vocalizations of political leaders.
Potrayal of muslim world in war photography
(UMT Lahore, 2021) TANZEELA AKRAM
Visual imagery is always constructed through various technologies, practices, and knowledge that are not the discovery of truth, but just the interpretation. War photographs are the cultural objects deployed alternatively to expose and recall sanities or shock, plead and deliberate, and register the realities of war by criticizing the imagination of those realities. To justify this interpretation of these realities, one needs to have an explicit methodology. This present study aims at the semiotic analysis of war photography that tends to stand out as confessional and evasion visual war narrative. The random sample for the study is based on the images from five selected war zones; Afghanistan, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Kashmir. Total 15 images will be analyzed qualitatively under Rose Model. Data is collected from AP Production; Getty Images, Reuters, The New York Times, Beirut Centre of Photography, Al monitor, Instagram. Primarily, the production, image itself, and audience of the image are analyzed by several analytical tools of the selected war photographs. It is traced that how in broader systems of meaning, these photographs work. The study found that signs in language correlate mainly with the pragmatics of the photographs; thus, the audience perceives them accordingly
Role of language in legal process
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Arbab Fatima
This study aims at investigating the linguistic features used by the lawyers for the construction of rape victims’ identity and representation of violence in rape cases, at Lahore High Court, Pakistan. The transcripts of the proceedings of the 10 rape trial cases were used to examine the linguistic features for the construction of rape victims’ identity. By using Leech and Short (2007) model of stylistic analysis, the linguistic features were analyzed at two levels; lexical and syntactic. The findings revealed that the lawyers during the rape cases deal with the victims in a very different way according to the subtle nature of the case. The victims particularly women who had suffered pain, trauma, torture, and cruelty also dealt with society’s rape victim blaming practices and attitudes. The findings would assist the lawyer. It is anticipated that the findings of the study would assist the lawyers to present the evidence in a way that would meet the demands of a fair trial and justice. The study may contribute to the field of Legal Linguistics in Pakistan.
Sexual objectification of females
(UMT Lahore, 2021) ANEEQA IQBAL
This study aims to analyze the use of hate speech acts against female and the potential ability of hate speech against women as they are represented in Pakistani ads. Hate speech is said to be as a speech, action or sign that expresses or shows hate or encourages violence or hatred feeling for a person, group or specific gender. As methodological framework, Judith Butler’s postulates of hate speech acts are taken from her book Excitable Speech (1997). The findings show that these ads do have a great role in the minds of people and they are affected by these ads. They don’t want themselves to be called as mere objects rather than subjects which is quite saddening for the woman of today generally and in the ads specially where women are masked by heavy makeups, jewelry and are presented as something that has a great power of attraction and lust for the people who watch them without blinking their eyes. It is found that these women are the most miserable creatures who are presented in front of men and the world in order to attract the attention of them so that by attracting towards the selected women in ads, the product sale may increase. The study concludes that the ads do have a negative impact on the women minds too and they are said to be hate speech against women.
Sparks of phoenix
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Kanwal Zaffar
This dissertation is an attempt to make critical discourse analysis of Najwa Zebian’s poems and prose by using Feminist approach. The research sheds light on the mental, physical and spiritual torture that the poet underwent in the wake of dislocation from her parent land and dispossession of her mental and physical belongings. By deploying research method of Feminist critical discourse analysis, Zebian’s poetry is analyzed on three levels: personal, socio-cultural and normative level. This analysis helps elucidate tools and sites of resistance against gender disequilibrium in society; sexist and phallocentric discourse and homelessness. Resistance is perpetuated by the means of self-love, finding a home in the self, and exploring the artistic potential while staggering in liminal spaces.
Stylistic analysis of pakistani diasporic english writer by applying leech and short model
(UMT Lahore, 2021) ZAHEER AHMAD TABASSAM
The aim of this study is to examine the use of figurative language through the language choice to understand its effect on readers in a literary text. The researcher has selected an eminent Pakistani Diasporic English writer, Bapsi Sidhwa for stylistic analysis by applying Leech and Short's (2007) model of stylistic analysis of the literary text. Bapsi Sidhwa used literary devices as a tool to hint at large themes, ideas, and meanings in her story writing. The researcher claims that the number of figurative expressions is utilized by Bapsi Sidhwa in the novel like verbal irony, parenthesis, Graph logical Deviation, simile, alliteration, assonance, consonance, allusion, anaphora, adnomination, parallelism, and allegory to convey deeper meaning in her writing that goes beyond what’s on the page. It is found that that Bapsi Sidhwa has chosen different stylistic devices for conveying different themes and attitudes most of them are realistic or humorous. The researcher recommends readers to notice the distinction in styles which can guide to different meanings each according to his/her attitudes and beliefs. The research is significant, since it will help English language students in analyzing the stylistic features of a literary text. People interested in Bapsi Sidhwa's works will be able to comprehend her writings from different perspectives such as explicit and implicit meanings of the text, ironical expressions and use of similes and metaphors, etc..
Subalternity and otherness in african american identities
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Suriya Noor
This research analyzes Morgan Jerkins' memoir Wandering in Strange Lands (published in 2020) in the light of Gayatari Spivak's postcolonial theories of subaltemity and otherness. Arguing against the myths legitimized by colonial discourses that only represent slave/master and black/white divisions in the framework of domination and subordination, it shows how ' memoir projects an alternative vision of the social and political marginalization of African Americans by drawing attention to the attempts of the Black population to develop avoice of their own. Their suppression at the hands of the white community gives way to some ternis and conditions of resistance - in keeping with the Spivakian ethic - as they attempt to relocate some remnants of their history and culture not only in spite of but because of the voicelessness that the dominant discourses force on them. The postcolonial theories of Spivak represent the common problems of marginalized people that never get fully registered in mainstream society. The study demonstrates how Blacks are trying to turn their voicelessness into a condition of resistance through different means in 21st century America. Through her memoir. Jerkins is trying to project that the marginalization of Black African Americans is linked with the eradication of historical narratives that is necessary for awarding them an identity of their own.

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