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Item A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ACCESS PROGRAM AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS: IMPACT OF MILIEUS AND METHODS ON STUDENTS’ LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE(UMT, Lahore, 2019) MUHAMMAD IQBALResearch in the field of ELT to surface the best practices is becoming ever more important in the Pakistani context. Researchers are evaluating different language programs to suggest improvement in the existing teaching-learning scenario. The current study is an attempt to investigate the impact of milieus and methods on linguistic competence and performance of the English Access Microscholarship Program (Access Program) and public school students. The Access Program is a U. S. State Department funded program.It provides a significant English language learning experience to bright non-elite students.Item A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF ACTOR DELINEATION, ACTION ATTRIBUTION AND EVENT DESCRIPTION IN AFGHAN WARS (1979-1989 & 2001-2008)(UMT, Lahore, 2020) WAQASIA NAEEMThe study explores the linguistic construction of Self and Others by the Chief Martial Law Administrator/President, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haque (Late), and the then Chief Executive/ President Pervez Musharraf (presently living abroad)on Afghanistan wars from 1979 to 1988 and from 2001 to 2008. The data was composed of Zia-ul-Haque and Pervez Musharraf's addresses to the nation, interviews with local and foreign media, and briefings at national and international forums. Wodak's (2001) Discourse Historical Approach, along with Van Leeuwen's Social Actor Representation approach, was used as a theoretical lens to look for linguistic forms, rhetorical devices, and discursive strategies exploited by Zia-ul-Haque and Pervez Musharraf to legitimate their ideologies during these wars. The study reveals that both the military rulers used variouslinguistic forms: adjectives, pronouns, and modality, rhetorical devices: euphemism, metonymy,narratives, denials, hyperbole, nominalization, question/answer pairs, antithesis and rhetorical question to construct the discursive strategies: nomination, predication, argumentation, perspectivation, intensification, and mitigation.Item A LEXICAL ANALYSIS OF PUNJAB CURRICULUM AND TEXTBOOK BOARD’S ENGLISH LANGUAGE BOOKS OF GRADE 1 TO 6(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Muhammad Umer AzimEnglish language in the context of Pakistan is very important. Government of Pakistan is trying hard to improve the standard of English by taking steps like; teaching English from Grade 1, training teachers, providing free English textbooks, revising textbooks etc. These textbooks are extremely important in the context of English language teaching in Pakistan because they are the only source of exposure to more than 7.6 million (2018, School Education Official Website) students studying in public sector schools. These textbooks need to be evaluated thoroughly for their effectiveness. This evaluation can consider different linguistic aspects. The recent interest in vocabulary teaching brought it to the centre stage of the language teaching process. The researchers established a strong relationship between vocabulary acquisition and language acquisition among language learners (Hazenberg & Hulstijn 1996, Hu & Nation 2000, Lessard 2013).Item A LEXICO-COGNITIVE ACCOUNT OF MIRATIVITY IN URDU(UMT, Lahore, 2023) JABIR HUSSAINLanguages vary in the use of grammatical categories as well as strategies to realize meaning categories. Languages having no grammatical markers use different strategies, that is, they use available forms to encode meanings other than the prototypical ones. In terms of the semantics of understanding a hearer constructs for the text that a speaker produces, the question arises as to how the hearer constructs the situated meaning evoked through linguistic strategies rather than grammatical categories. The present study seeks to characterize explicitly the strategic realization of mirativity as a semantic category, with an empirical focus on Urdu language which, in the absence of morphological marking, employs various strategies for mirative meaning. The study concerns clause types and addresses two research questions: (a) How do declaratives become miratives? and (b) How do interrogatives become miratives? The questions aim to elaborate the semantic composition which enables hearer to suspend the basic communicative functions of clause types and process them as linguistic strategies to reach informational characterization peculiar to miratives.Item A LINGUISTIC PROJECTION OF PAKISTAN’S NATIONAL IDENTITY AS REPRESENTED IN THE PRINT MEDIA AND ITS IMPACT ON MILLENNIALS(UMT, Lahore, 2022) FAIQA ABDUL KHALIQThis study is theoretically comprised and has empirically analysed how the national identity of Pakistan is critically projected in the Pakistani print media which has left a negative impact on Pakistani millennials. The previous literature on national identity of Pakistan is dominated by religious, linguistic and ethnic studies. The present study explores the linguistic projections used in the print media to project national identity of Pakistan. The oscillating images used to represent the national identity of Pakistan display the hegemonic discourse used by Pakistan’s print media to malign the national identity over the decade from 2007-2017. To conceptualise the critical national identity, the theoretical framework is based on Anderson’s (1991) Imagined Communities. A mix method approach is adopted which comprised of corpus analysis of opinion articles, sentiment analysis of blogs and a survey.Item A MORPHOSYNTACTIC DESCRIPTION OF DHANI(UMT, Lahore, 2022) WASIM HASANThis study aims to provide a morphosyntactic description of Dhani, a dialect of Punjabi language spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Dhani is spoken in parts of the Rawalpindi Division (Pothohar Plateau), Chakwal, and southern parts of Jhelum and Attock Districts. The study is a field research. Data was collected from a sample of sixty Dhani speakers from three tehsils viz. Chakwal, Kallar Kahar and Choa Saiden Shah of Chakwal district, belonging to different social, regional and educational backgroundsselected through purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through text and discourse centered approach, communicative focus group discussions (FGDs) and direct elicitations which were recorded with the help of four native research assistants (RAs).Item AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF CARTOONS AND THEIR LEXICAL RECEPTION FOR ETHNOLINGUISTIC IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION BY URDUENGLISH BILINGUAL CHILDREN(UMT, Lahore, 2023) AYESHA SADDIQAThe young Punjabi speech community in urban areas of Pakistani Punjab seems to be shifting towards Urdu and/or English (the two “prestigious” and official languages), while stigmatizing its own language. This language attitude has ultimately resulted in language shift, and eventually provokes identity displacement, in many ways. To address this issue, the present study carried out an audiovisual translation of cartoons in the Punjabi language to motivate and influence Generation Z (7-10 years old) to learn and identify with their mother tongue (Punjabi). To do so, the data was collected in three phases. In the first phase, two episodes of cartoons were translated, adapted, and dubbed using Giordano’s (2016) theoretical framework of audiovisual translation. In the second phase, quantitative data was collected through picture naming and translation tasks to investigate the potential lexical reception of the Punjabi audiovisual translation of cartoons among the children.Item Code-Switching by Phases: A Minimalist Perspective(UMT, Lahore, 2016) Nazir Ahmed MalikThe study attempts to establish that there is no essential difference between bilingual and monolingual linguistic competence as the negative and positive Urdu/English code-switching data may satisfactorily be accounted for within the provisions of Chomsky’s (2000, 2001, 2005 and 2008) Phase Theory. The inability of the existing CS-models in accounting for the recurring switches in the data necessitates the minimalist account of CS offered in the study. It is proposed that both mixed and unmixed sentences are derived in a similar fashion in two distinct derivational chunks called Phases.Item DECONSTRUCTING PESSIMISTIC DISCOURSE IN THE PLAYS OF TENNESSEE WILLIAMS(UMT, Lahore, 2014) IRSHAD AHMAD TABASUMThis study uses deconstructive theoretical underpinning to debate the presence of an optimistic discourse contrary to the pessimistic discourse as stressed by the critics and researchers of Tennessee Williams. It is qualitative in nature and inductive method is employed to carry it out. Pessimistic discourse in the plays of Williams is crafted in such a way that it has to be decoded and deconstructed to make optimistic sense of them. The study explores optimism in the chaotic world portrayed in these plays. It proves that Williams’ art focuses on ceaseless struggle to bring order to chaos. Focusing on binary pairs of opposites like conscious/unconscious, fertility/sterility, hope/hopelessness, soul/body, self/other sanity/insanity, regeneration/degeneration, saviors/killers, reality/illusion etc. this study tries to uncover certain contradictions and instabilities in the plays of Williams. By deconstructing the warring forces of signification in these plays it searches optimism in the bleak situation of human life. If the individual is at war with the society, he is also at war with himself. He becomes a hero when he refuses the role of victim and tries to change the course of events with an act of rebellion. In his desire to become his own liberator, he tries to transform his world. The external forces pounce upon him to crush him but they fail before his insatiable desire for existence. In his struggle for a better world Williams’ protagonists sometime fail but such a failure becomes a blessing in disguise as it makes them better human beings with great knowledge of things around them.Item DECONSTRUCTION OF BABA BULLEH SHAH’S SUFI NARRATIVES(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Priya AnwarThis study explores Baba Bulleh Shah’s narratives from the genre of Punjabi Sufi poetry called the k𝑎fi یَََکِ . Sixteen k𝑎fis یَََ یَََکِ are interpreted through Jacque Derrida’s framework of deconstruction. Ten theological deconstruction elements are considered e.g., negative theology, La Diff𝑒́rance and sous rature to name a few. These elements are associated with twenty linguistic patterns like epanorthosis, tautology, and personification, etc., discovered in the k𝑎fis یَََ یَََکِ to compare the philosophies of Derrida and Bulleh Shah. Thematic analysis with three stages of coding: In vivo, descriptive and value coding has been used to find themes and subthemes in the selected k 𝑎 fis. These themes derived through linguistic patterns are then interpreted for compatibility, under compatibility, and over compatibility with Derrida’s deconstruction elements to develop an indigenous deconstruction model.Item DEVELOPING COMPUTER ASSISTED READING MATERIALS FOR TEACHING ENGLISH TO PAKISTANI MAINSTREAM SCHOOL DYSLEXIC STUDENTS OF ELEMENTARY LEVEL(UMT, Lahore, 2023) MUHAMMAD ASIFThe present study aims to develop and gauge the impact of indigenously developed computer assisted reading materials, based on the reading problems, reading needs and effective teaching strategies as perceived by the English language teachers and guardians of Pakistani mainstream school dyslexic students, on their English language performance. Four lessons from Punjab Textbook Board‘s English of class VI were purposively selected and the materials were developed under the guidance of Mayer (2005)‘s Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning. Reading disability checklist was used for the screening of dyslexic students and the purposively selected thirty students were further divided in two (control and experimental) groups homogenously. The control group continued learning through conventional methodology whereas the experimental group was taught through these materials for six weeks.Item DYNAMICS OF WEBLOGS AS HETEROTOPIAN SPACES THROUGH DISCOURSE VIRTUAL APPROACH IDENTITY FORMATION OF PAKISTANI FEMALE BLOGGERS(UMT, Lahore, 2022) TABASSUM SABAWithin the domain of the cyber world, this research discusses Weblogs as heterotopias. Heterotopias, in today’s world, are viewed in terms of different spatial fields which formulate alternative spaces or an ‘other’ space and a world that hinges on constant friction between the real and the unreal. As suggested by Foucault (1986), they are of two types – heterotopias of deviation and of crisis. Taking these ideas further, some researches refer to the internet and Facebook as emerging heterotopias (Sherman, 1998; Rymarczuk & Derksen 2014; Hope, 2016). This research interrogates how Pakistani female bloggers construct their own world which is different from their real spatio-geographical location. It also aims to scrutinize how this other world helps the females in (re) constructing their online identity, which may be different from their offline, real identity. The study also investigates how the weblogs offer hyper freedom to Pakistani female bloggers for identity formation through linguistic meansItem FORENSIC LINGUISTICS: DECODING MAJOR THEMES OF LEGALESE AND ITS PROSPECTS IN PAKISTAN(UMT, Lahore, 2023) Rehana Yasmin AnjumLaw is a code. It shapes life of the people through its power which is exercised through language in the courts. The language of law is called legalese which is a complex code both as a jargon as well as a register. Linguists, the language experts are of a great help to understand this complex code therefore they are working as professional experts all over the world. They are well versed with the knowledge of Linguistics therefore they offer expert opinion at different stages of legal process such as during the investigation, trial, and adjudication at different law institutions. They offer help in investigation in traditional as well as in non-traditional ways of investigation.. This study aims at empowering people with the knowledge of language used in legal conditions, which is called Forensic Linguistics. This research undertakes to highlight the multifaceted importance of Forensic Linguistics as a subject, as a discipline and a forensic linguist as an expert exploring legalese with the help of legal corpora in Pakistan.Item HYBRIDIZATION AND PHONO-SEMANTIC MATCHING IN URDU NEOLOGISM A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF HYBRID WORDS IN URDU NEWSPAPERS(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Saadia RasheedBorrowing English lexical items in Urdu is a frequently occurring phenomenon that often leads to new word formations which are called neologisms. This research aims to reveal the neologisms in Urdu from English through hybridization and phono-semantic matching. The study provides an overview of new word formations in the Urdu language and the structure of hybrid and PSM words. For this purpose, the study extracts data from Urdu newspapers’ texts and develops corpora of these words. Due to the absence of software for extracting and sorting hybrid data, all the words have been extracted manually. Parallel English and Urdu corpora were collected for dictionaries and translation purposes. The current study has employed a quantitative corpus linguistics methodology and qualitative interpretation to address the research questions.The analysis results in two major categories of hybridization; single hybrid words and compound hybrid words.Item INVESTIGATING THE VERBAL CODES FOR FEMALE OBJECTIFICATION IN PAKISTANI URDU FILMS(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Rabia SohailCinematic language in Pakistan is culturally encoded with stereotyping notions and norms about women. Fewer studies have explored female objectification through a linguistic lens. So, this study looks for linguistic patterns to conceptualize female objectification. In doing so, Papdaki‟s Objectification Theory, Gambier‟s Verbal Codes, and Searle‟s Illocutionary Speech Acts are used as conceptual frameworks to seek commonly emerging categories and themes in the data. The data were collected in three phases. In the first phase, the period was finalized based on Erum Hafeez's era-wise demarcation of Urdu films from 1957 to 2019. In the second phase, the clusters of each year‟s most successful films were selected based on the reviews of Pakistan film magazine. In the third phase, six films, such as Arman, Anmol, Aina, Inteha, Koi tuj sa kahan, and Bol, were shortlisted for analysis.Item LANGUAGE CONTACT AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION A STUDY OF PASHTO COMMUNITY IN LAHORE(UMT, Lahore, 2022) AMINA KHALIDThis study examines how the speakers of the migrant Pashto community construct their identity in the multilingual settings of Lahore. The purpose is to identify and investigate the linguistic patterns that emerge in the speech of the migrant Pashto speakers due to their contact with other languages such as Urdu, English, and Punjabi in the multilingual environment. This study also explores the linguistic interactions of the migrant Pashto speakers through which they form their micro and macro identities. The research looks into the language practices, beliefs, and management adopted by the speakers of the migrant Pashto community. The mixed-methods research has been used to investigate the research problem.Item Linguistic Investigation of Gendered Practices A Case of ViolenceHarassment Complaints Registered in Lahore(UMT, Lahore, 2023) Umara ShaheenThe study investigates the lexico-grammatical choices made in harassment and domestic violence complaints submitted to the Punjab Commission on the Status of Women and four police stations in Lahore in 2017-2018. The study draws on Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (Lazar, 2007) to reveal sociocultural ideologies and the victimization of women. It examines the complex interplay of gender and power relations articulated through linguistic choices in the form of culturally informed metaphors, extended metaphors, similes, adjectives, and adverbs. These linguistic features are embedded in the grammatical structures and analyzed through transitivity, mood, and modality. The research also examines move structure (Al-Momani, 2014) and the persuasive strategies (Al Momani, 2014; McCreaddie et al. (2018) used to legitimize complaints. The results illustrate how the complaints reflected asymmetric gendered practices which are endemic in a deeply entrenched patriarchal society such as Pakistan's, where violence against women is often rationalized and normalized, discouraging women from reporting it.Item MORPHO SYNTACTIC INFLUENCE OF L1 (PUNJABI) ON L2 (ENGLISH) IN ESL CLASSROOM IN PUNJAB(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Sarwar KhanThe present Study investigates the Morpho Syntactic influence of LI (Punjabi) in the learning of L2 (English) as second language in ESL classroom in Punjab. It also focuses on the different types of influences at Morpho Syntactic level, the graduate learners show while acquiring L2. It further focuses out the impacts of cross linguistic influence at Morpho Syntactic level i.e. at structural level, prepositional level, clause level, and influence at subject- verb agreement, noun, pronoun, article, adverb, conjunction level and at syntactic level. Moreover, it explores the first language interference in the formation of syntactic patterns of target language. The study also discovers hegemonious hold of mother language in the making of morphological formations of source language. Cross linguistic influence is a major factor in the field of second language acquisition. It has many serious side effects on the process of learning of target language.Item MORPHOSYNTACTIC DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN ACQUIRING URDU AND PUNJABI(UMT, Lahore, 2020) Tahira KhanamThe present research documents the morphosyntactic development of children acquiring Urdu and Punjabi as first Language through quantitative and qualitative data within Generativists and usage based Constructivists’ frame works. A cross-sectional study of total 48 children including 36 Urdu and Punjabi bilinguals age ranged 3.0-6.0 divided into six groups (age wise) i.e. 3.0 - 3.5, 3.5 - 4.0, 4.0 - 4.5, 4.5 - 5.0, 5.0 - 5.5, 5.5 - 6.0, and one group of 12 monolinguals (6 Urdu and 6 Punjabi speaking) age ranged 2.5 - 3.0 participated in this study. They were non-randomly selected. Their acquisition of noun morphosyntax including gender, number and case categories and verb morphosyntax of present progressive and present perfect tenses was judged through picture description task. While for all past tenses including progressive, habitual and perfect and oblique case of infinitive, video clipping, for adjective-noun agreement live enactment and for present habitual, nominative, oblique infinitives and imperative (request form) interview techniques were used.Item Narratives Influencing Career Paths of the Female Youth in District Kasur A Socio-Cognitive Linguistic Study(UMT, Lahore, 2023) AMNA IQBALThe study aims to connect language, perception and career choice. It examines linguistic interaction concerning career selection and its possible impact on female adolescents’ academic preferences and aspirations. It also explores inter/intra narrative discursivity and develops a narrative corpus on young women’s career choices in small towns.The analysis of this study focuses on the career choice narratives as well as their possible effect on female adolescents and on their career constructs, academic preferences and aims in the Kasur district. Since language structure is vital to the system of interaction (Giddens, 1984), this study relies on the Cognitive linguistic approach to CDA (Hart, 2014) in order to examine how linguistic manifestations conjure image schemas to entice female students’ “career self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations and personal goals”. Thus, conjoins language, perception, and career choice.