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A critical analysis of minority rights in pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Hammad Ayoub; Ahmad Hassan; Gulfam Raza; Farooq Azam
Minority rights provide a litmus test for the health of any constitutional democracy. Pakistan‘s 1973 Constitution pledges robust safeguards-most notably in Articles 20, 25, 26, and 36-yet religious and ethnic minorities continue to face discrimination, legal jeopardy, and social exclusion. This thesis offers a comprehensive, multi-method investigation into the causes of that protection gap. A doctrinal analysis of constitutional clauses, statutes, and forty years of case law reveals how textual ambiguities, broad ―public-order‖ qualifiers, and non-justiciable directives enable restrictive legislation and timid jurisprudence. Empirical evidence, drawn from twenty-one key-informant interviews and an extensive documentary review, demonstrates how these doctrinal weaknesses translate into everyday harms: misuse of blasphemy provisions, quota evasion, forced conversions, and procedural intimidation that turns trial processes into punishment. Despite these challenges, the study identifies―islands of progress‖ judicial interventions, minority liaison policing models, and civil-society legal aid that illustrate the transformative potential of targeted reform. The thesis concludes with a four-pillar agenda encompassing legislative amendments (e.g., a Blasphemy Procedure Act), principled proportionality review by the courts, resource-backed administrative measures, and socio-cultural initiatives such as curriculum reform and media codes of conduct. Implemented in concert and monitored through a national ―traffic-light‖ dashboard, these recommendations chart a realistic path toward converting Pakistan‘s constitutional promises into lived equality for all citizens. Keywords: Pakistan Constitution; minority rights; blasphemy laws; constitutional enforcement gap; proportionality review; administrative reform; socio-legal study
A Critical Analysis of the 26th Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Shahwar Javed; Muhammad Usman Khan; Jawad Shabbir; Muhammad Shayan Punal Ibrahim
The Twenty-Sixth Constitutional Amendment (2024) is Pakistan’s most sweeping judicial reform since 2010, overhauling the processes of judge-selection, introducing performance evaluations, enshrining an explicit right to a clean and healthy environment (Art. 9A), and narrowing the Supreme Court’s suo motu jurisdiction. This thesis offers the first integrated, empirical assessment of the amendment’s early impact. Guided by a constructivist paradigm, the study employs documentary analysis, 29 semi-structured elite interviews, two focus-group discussions, and targeted docket tracking across the Supreme Court and four provincial High Courts during the amendment’s first two years (2024-2025). Findings show that widening the Judicial Commission to include legislators modestly reduces executive dominance but replaces it with coalition bargaining, lengthening nomination timelines by roughly three weeks. New performance metrics lift case-disposal rates 10 percent yet generate “evaluation anxiety,” prompting some judges to triage complex matters. Article 9A triggers a surge of innovative environmental litigation, though weak agency capacity threatens meaningful enforcement. Curtailment of suo motu powers sharply decreases spontaneous apex interventions while redirecting public-interest activism toward structured petitions and lower-court remedies. The study advances a “dynamic equilibrium” model, illustrating how independence mechanisms, managerial accountability, constitutionalised environmental rights, and recalibrated activism interact as a feedback loop. It recommends a merit-matrix statute for appointments, refined complexity-weighted performance indicators, a framework law to operationalise Article 9A, and fast-track public-interest benches to absorb activism displaced from suo motu. The thesis contributes to comparative constitutional scholarship by demonstrating that bold textual reforms yield mixed outcomes unless matched by transparent criteria, administrative resources, and iterative oversight. Keywords: Twenty-Sixth Amendment; Pakistan judiciary; judicial appointments; performance evaluation; environmental constitutionalism; suo motu jurisdiction; judicial independence; constitutional reform; public-interest litigation
A critical analysis of the 26th amendment of the constitution of pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Usama Akram Qazi; Muhammad Umer Mudassar; Adil Ehsan
The Twenty-Sixth Constitutional Amendment (2024) is Pakistan’s most sweeping judicial reform since 2010, overhauling the processes of judge-selection, introducing performance evaluations, enshrining an explicit right to a clean and healthy environment (Art. 9A), and narrowing the Supreme Court’s suo motu jurisdiction. This thesis offers the first integrated, empirical assessment of the amendment’s early impact. Guided by a constructivist paradigm, the study employs documentary analysis, 29 semi-structured elite interviews, two focus-group discussions, and targeted docket tracking across the Supreme Court and four provincial High Courts during the amendment’s first two years (2024-2025). Findings show that widening the Judicial Commission to include legislators modestly reduces executive dominance but replaces it with coalition bargaining, lengthening nomination timelines by roughly three weeks. New performance metrics lift case-disposal rates 10 percent yet generate ―evaluation anxiety,‖ prompting some judges to triage complex matters. Article 9A triggers a surge of innovative environmental litigation, though weak agency capacity threatens meaningful enforcement. Curtailment of suo motu powers sharply decreases spontaneous apex interventions while redirecting public-interest activism toward structured petitions and lower-court remedies. The study advances a ―dynamic equilibrium‖ model, illustrating how independence mechanisms, managerial accountability, constitutionalised environmental rights, and recalibrated activism interact as a feedback loop. It recommends a merit-matrix statute for appointments, refined complexity-weighted performance indicators, a framework law to operationalise and fast-track public-interest benches to absorb activism displaced from suo motu. The thesis contributes to comparative constitutional scholarship by demonstrating that bold textual reforms yield mixed outcomes unless matched by transparent criteria, administrative resources, and iterative oversight. Keywords: Twenty-Sixth Amendment; Pakistan judiciary; judicial appointments; performance evaluation; environmental constitutionalism; suo motu jurisdiction; judicial independence; constitutional reform; public-interest litigation.
A critical analysis of the legal framework on the issue of workplace harassment in pakistan and uk
(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Zuneera Javaid; Khuzaima Jamshaid; Sultana Ayoub; Daim Aziz
This thesis examines workplace harassment laws in Pakistan and compares them with those in the United Kingdom (UK). Workplace harassment is a prevalent issue that hampers employee well-being, productivity, organizational success. By exploring the legal frameworks in both countries, this study aims to shed light on the effectiveness and adequacy of existing legislation in addressing workplace harassment and to recommend the possible ways to prevent the workplace harassment. This thesis gives an overview of the definitions, forms of workplace harassment, laws, procedure, hindrances and recommendations in Pakistan and the UK. It then delves into a detailed examination of the legal provisions governing workplace harassment in each jurisdiction. The study considers relevant legislation, such as the Protection against Harassment of Women at the workplace Act 2010 in Pakistan, Amended Act 2022 and the Equality Act 2010 in the UK, along with any subsequent amendments and regulations. Furthermore, this thesis critically evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the legal framework in both countries. It examines key aspects such as the scope of protection, definition clarity, available remedies and the role of enforcement agencies. In addition to the thesis, this study incorporates a sociocultural perspective, recognizing the impact of workplace harassment. It acknowledges the need to align legal provisions with broader social changes and challenges inherent biases and stereotypes. The finding of this thesis is to contribute to the ongoing discourse on workplace harassment laws in Pakistan and the UK. By highlighting the similarities, differences, and shortcomings of the legal frameworks, It offers insights for policymakers, lawmakers and stakeholders in both countries. The study concludes with recommendations for strengthening existing legislation, raising awareness, promoting a safe and inclusive work environment and legal aid to ensure the women safety. Keywords: workplace harassment, legislation, Pakistan, United Kingdom, critical analysis, legal framework, loopholes, recommendations, gender dynamics.
A Critical discussion on public order
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Shehryar Nawaz
The theories, issues, concerns, and events that characterize, shape, and decide the state's approach to gangs are discussed in this research. It considers alternative policing strategies for dealing with neighborhood gangs. The study also examines the various perspectives of Gang unit officers and the influence of their beliefs on police response. The federal and provincial governments must address the problem of endemic violence in Pakistani cities. Karachi experienced its deadliest year in 2013, with 2,700 people killed, the majority of them were killed in targeted assaults. Islamabad and four province administrations must develop a coherent political framework based on good governance and civil law enforcement to combat crime and the terrorist threat
A critical discussion on public order, state interests and the threat of gang criminality
(UMT.Lahore, 2025) Shehryar Nawaz
This study examines the complex interplay of theories, issues, and events that influence the state's approach to gang violence in Pakistan. It explores alternative policing strategies and analyzes how the perspectives of gang unit officers shape law enforcement responses. The research highlights the urgent need for federal and provincial governments to address widespread urban violence, particularly in major cities like Karachi, which witnessed a peak in targeted killings in 2013. The persistent threat posed by criminal gangs and terrorist networks undermines national security and democratic stability. The study also delves into the political-criminal nexus involving major political parties and the role of sectarian and ethnic violence, especially in regions like Baluchistan. It argues for a comprehensive response involving good governance, civilian-led police reform, and socio-economic interventions. Without structural reforms and effective policing, urban centers will continue to serve as operational bases for militant and criminal elements, threatening long-term stability in cities like Karachi and Lahore. Keywords: urban violence, gangs, policing strategies, Pakistan security, Karachi violence, targeted killings, terrorism, sectarian conflict, criminal networks, political-criminal nexus, law enforcement, provincial governance, Baloch insurgency, Taliban in Baluchistan, civil-military relations, urban militancy, police reform, good governance, ethnic conflict
A Study of the Legal Framework Dealing with Contract Enforcement
(UMT.Lahore, 2024) Mustafa Khan; Dildar Ali; Arslan Anwar; Faisal Hussain
This study examines the legal frameworks for contract enforcement in Pakistan and the United States, focusing on comparative analysis. The research delves into the factors contributing to effective contract enforcement, highlighting the disparities between Pakistan's challenges and the USA's successes. Through qualitative research and comparative analysis, the paper explores the legal, institutional, cultural, and economic dimensions that shape contract enforcement outcomes. Key issues such as judicial delays, corruption, and limited access to justice in Pakistan are contrasted with the efficient practices in the USA. The study aims to provide insights and recommendations for improving Pakistan's contract enforcement mechanisms by learning from the USA's established procedures. The findings underscore the significance of robust legal systems and effective contract enforcement in fostering economic development and investor confidence. Key Words: Legal Framework, Contract Enforcement, Comparative Analysis, Pakistan’ Legal System, United States’s Legal System
Accountability of judges of the supreme court of Pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2024) Muhammad Ammar; Mahra Nawaz; Qaise Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Rizwan
This project explores the accountability of judges of the Superior Court in Pakistan and US bygiving a comparative analysis of the accountability of the judges. This study provides theconstitutional framework and related provisions of the legislature and institutions which governthe accountability process. The forum for accountability of judges in Pakistan is the SupremeJudicial Council (SJC) whereas in US the accountability is held by impeachment processes andother organizations. This research highlights the strength and weakness of each system by goingthrough detailed study of case laws and by looking at the decisions made in those cases. There arefour chapters of this thesis, an in-depth analysis of the constitutional provisions for theaccountability of judges in Pakistan under Articles 209, 210 and 211 of Pakistan constitution ismade in chapter II. The cultural and political contexts which influences the accountability of judgesis also analyzed in this study and the solution to them is mentioned in the recommendations in thelast of the thesis. To make a balance between all the governmental bodies it is very important tokeep a suitable check and balance on them otherwise these branches will have no fear of beinganswerable for the functions they perform.
Admissibility and applicability of evidence obtained through modern devices in pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Shehrin Khan; Hira Arshad; Javeria Afzal Tarar; Aneeqa Arshad Virk
This research paper examines the admissibility and applicability of evidence obtained through modern devices in Pakistan from both a legal and technological perspective. With the rapid advancement of technology, modern devices such as smartphones, computers, and digital recording devices have become integral to the collection and preservation of evidence in various legal proceedings. However, the admissibility of such evidence in Pakistani courts remains a complex issue due to the challenges posed by emerging technologies and the need to uphold legal principles. To address this issue, the research analyses relevant Pakistani laws, regulations, and case precedents governing the admissibility of evidence obtained through modern devices. It explores the legal framework surrounding the authentication, reliability, and integrity of digital evidence and the application of the principles of chain of custody and hearsay in the Pakistani context. Additionally, the paper examines the role of forensic techniques and technological advancements in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of digital evidence. From a technological standpoint, the research evaluates the capabilities and limitations of modern devices in capturing, storing, and securing digital evidence. It discusses the challenges associated with the preservation and retrieval of electronic evidence, including issues of data tampering, encryption, and privacy concerns. Furthermore, the study explores the availability and accessibility of forensic tools and expertise necessary for the proper analysis and interpretation of digital evidence in Pakistan. By combining legal analysis with technological insights, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the admissibility and applicability of evidence obtained through modern devices in Pakistan. The findings of this study will contribute to the ongoing discourse on the development of robust legal frameworks and technological infrastructure necessary to ensure the effective utilization of digital evidence in Pakistani courts.
ADR (ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION)
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) MUHAMMAD AWAIS ATHAR; MUHAMMAD HASEEB; QAISER NAZIR; FAHAD AMANULLAH
The purpose of this paper is to explore why there is need of alternative dispute resolution by providing a context for when each topic is appropriate to use and each conflict explained within this project context, as well as brief suggestion on how ADR could mitigate each situation. The analysis of the legal landscape also reveals that there has been a diversity of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) statutes on our legal system for over a century
Afghan refugees and their legal status in pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Sayed Ali Ebad; Hasaan Atif; Muhammad Tufail; Asfand Nisar
In a world where uncertainty and displacement prevail, the journey of Afghan refugees stands as a poignant testament to the complexities of seeking safety and refuge. This thesis embarks on an exploration of the intricate legal landscape that surrounds Afghan refugees, with a particular focus on their situation within Pakistan. By peering into the historical backdrop of refugee experiences, we begin to unravel the threads that have shaped their existence. Building upon this foundation, the study explores the laws, policies, and actions of the judiciary that directly impact the rights and protections afforded to Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Through an examination of the legal framework, this research sheds light on the challenges and gaps that emerge within the system. We uncover the impact of laws and policies on the legal standing and treatment of Afghan refugees, illuminating the obstacles they encounter in accessing their rights and essential services. Moreover, our exploration extends to the behavior and decisions of the judiciary, unveiling the ways in which their interpretations and rulings influence the legal landscape. We examine instances where the judiciary has championed the rights of Afghan refugees, while also addressing the hurdles they face in attaining justice. Within the context of living standards, we recognize the significance of international refugee law in safeguarding the well-being of Afghan refugees. We delve into the rights and entitlements guaranteed to them under international legal frameworks, while also acknowledging the vital role of the international community in providing assistance and protecti
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR)
(UMT, Lahore, 2020) MINAHIL ATHAR
The purpose of this paper is to explore why there is a need of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). By providing a context for when each topic is appropriate to use. Each conflict is explained within the project context, as well as brief suggestions on how ADR could mitigate each situation
Alternative Dispute Resolution and Adjudication
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Muhammad Shoaib
Commercial tensions have risen in tandem with the expansion of trade liberalization. Countries are debating how to deal with extreme trade conflicts and have enacted legislation to track trade disputes and put in place effective dispute resolution mechanisms. For some countries involved in various types of trade disputes, Alternative dispute resolution is the preferred method of resolution. Alternative dispute resolution is your first option. This paper discusses the importance of resolving trade disputes in Pakistan, as well as the implementation and application of alternative dispute resolution. The first chapter gives a general overview of the topic, as well as a brief history of Alternative dispute resolution. This study is only concerned with Pakistan
Alternative Dispute Resolution and Arbitration in Commercial Disputes in Pakistan
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Junaid Asghar
With the expansion of trade liberalization, commercial tensions have also arisen. Countries are considering measures to address extreme trade conflicts and have enacted legislation to monitor trade disputes and implement effective dispute resolution mechanisms. ADR is the primary solution for some countries that are involved in various types of trade disputes. The first choice is ADR. The importance of resolving trade disputes in Pakistan, as well as the implementation and use of alternative dispute resolution, is discussed in this paper
An Analysis of scope; applicability and prevention of hate crimes in Pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2024) Ch Ahmad Mujtaba Sidhu; Muhammad Hamza; Abdul Rehman Ismail; Muhammad Mehran Akhtar
This comprehensive thesis delves into the complex and far-reaching impact of hate crimes in Pakistani society, aiming to provide a thorough examination of its scope, applicability, and prevention. The study unfolds across multiple chapters, each covering essential facets contributing to a holistic understanding of hate crimes in the region. The research encompasses an in-depth analysis of the motivations, historical precedents, and contemporary incidents related to hate crimes in Pakistani society. It also scrutinizes the influence of religious factors and tensions in driving hate-motivated actions, as well as the evolving societal attitudes and responses to these offenses. Furthermore, the thesis provides insights into the international legal framework surrounding hate crimes, offering a comparative analysis that informs an understanding of Pakistan’s position within the broader international community regarding hate crime legislation and enforcement. The specific legal framework within Pakistan is critically evaluated, including the examination of existing laws, their effectiveness, and potential gaps in addressing hate crimes. Additionally, the thesis offers a contemporary snapshot of the prevalence, trends, and notable cases of hate crimes within the country.Moreover, the study investigates the roles of various social factors such as education, marriage, and drug addiction in perpetuating or mitigating hate crimes, highlighting their intersection with hate crime dynamics and societal responses. An Islamic perspective on hate crime is also presented, exploring religious teachings and ethical principles within Islam that promote tolerance, compassion, and social justice. This contribution aims to enrich the discourse on hate crimes by examining these teachings in light of contemporary challenges.Finally, the synthesis of findings from the preceding chapters offers comprehensive recommendations for preventing and addressing hate crimes in Pakistan. These recommendations are guided by insights from legal, social, and religious perspectives discussed throughout the thesis. In conclusion, this thesis aims to provide policymakers, advocates, and scholars with a nuanced understanding of hate crimes in Pakistan, offering insights into their origins, manifestations, and socio-legal implications Keywords: hate crime, discrimination, legal framework, religion, social fa
An analysis of the judiciary-legislature relationship in the light of practice and procedure act 2023
(UMT.Lahore, 2024) Bilal Ahmad; Nimra; Khazaima Ahsan
Pakistan's judicial and legislative branches have long been involved in the juridical struggle and institutional autonomy from each other, which is characterized by a constitutional crisis. In 2023, both institutions again came at loggerheads against each other, which eventually led to the enactment of the Practice and Procedure Act. This research paper seeks to understand the institutional design, norms, and identity of each organ of the state under the theoretical framework of Constructivism. This theoretical framework allows us to conceptualize each institution, its behavior, and its implications for the larger scheme of jurisdictional competition. The constructivist analysis of the Practice and Procedure Act 2023’s constitutional norms is made to understand its potential to bring institutionality within the judiciary and office of the Chief Justice of Pakistan and its implications for the relationship between Parliament. The new constitutional norms and ideas articulated in the Act seek to end habitual practices of judicial activism and disregard for Parliamentary sovereignty. Furthermore, this research study aims to offer a contextual and ideational understanding of the institutions, their formation, and operation, such as the emergence of proactive and vigilant courts, explain the tendencies of the Chief Justices of Pakistan to be involved in judicial authoritarianism and populism leading to jurisdictional competition among the institutions. In addition, this study seeks to understand the role of ideas and constitutional norms in transforming an institution’s working and functioning within the scheme of separation of power. It holds that the Practice and Procedure Act 2023 has the potential to bring change in the institution by introducing new constitutional norms, which will eventually become institutionalized, routinized, and practiced. Key words: Practice and Procedure Act 2023, Judicial review power, Judicial Independence, Parliamentary Sovereignty Parliament-Judiciary relationship, jurisdictional competition, and judicial resistance, constitutional norms and values.
Analysis Of Islamic Law And Comparison Of Religions
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Adnan Faiz; Ahsan Iqbal Khan; Umar Farooq
A main point of this study is the focus on a system of Islamic law which claims universal applicability, even more, a law for all times. The Shar’iah is a code for Muslims that covers all parts of life. It is pertinent to all circumstances. It oversees individual and social relations and as such is professed to be applied, to numerous degrees, the whole way across the Muslim world and past even where Muslims reside as minorities. Be that as it may, a worry, with supporters and doubters of the framework, stays the sensibility of an overall set of laws soaked in a particular authentic and, surprisingly, relevant setting, in social orders and climes in from one side of the planet to the other
Analysis of pakistan’s policy towards afghan refugees
(UMT.Lahore, 2024) Asad Aziz
Pakistan accommodates the largest group of Afghan refugees globally. Pakistan has extended recognition to Afghan refugees for an extended period; yet, their legal status remains unclear. The rationale for this is Pakistan's choice to refuse signing the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, often known as the Geneva Convention, or the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. This paper examines the extent to which Pakistan's handling of Afghan refugees aligns with international legal standards and human rights principles. This paper aims to comprehensively address the question raised above by highlighting the various obstacles faced by Afghan refugees due to inconsistent refugee legislation that fails to protect their rights. Additionally, it offers suggestions on how the situation of Afghan refugees can be enhanced. Keywords: Pakistan, Afghan refugees, legal status, United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva Convention, 1967 Protocol, international legal standards, human rights principles, inconsistent refugee legislation, rights protection, obstacles faced by refugees
Analytical approach to right to free speech in pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2024) Muhammad Nouman Zafar; Awais Arif; Movahid
Through an analytical analysis, this thesis explores the legal, social, and political aspects of Pakistan's right to free speech. It places the right to free speech in the perspective of international human rights agreements and treaties, to which Pakistan is a party. The study examines the laws that promote free expression, including pertinent statutes and constitutional clauses, and assesses how well they are applied in real-world situations. A critical examination of contentious laws and acts that affect freedom of speech is carried out to comprehend their implications for individual and collective expression. These laws and acts are the defamation laws and the Pakistan Electronic Crimes Act (PECA). Furthermore, the role of media regulation is explored, emphasizing censorship concerns specifically through the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). The thesis also discusses the practical implications of free speech, with a focus on minority rights and the difficulties caused by intolerance for religions. Strategies for promoting and protecting freedom of speech and expression in our diverse culture are addressed, focusing on the significance of legislative adjustments, training programs, and promoting a tolerant and transparent community. The thesis aims to shed light on the complexities surrounding freedom of speech by thoroughly examining these components and providing suggestions for fostering an atmosphere where this essential right is valued and preserved
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Alternative Dispute Resolution
(UMT.Lahore, 2024) Shahid Munawar Zaheer; Zahid Hussain; Rashid Ashraf; Umar Farooq
This thesis argues that Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms have become an important component of Pakistan’s practice for handling disputes due to their ability to relieve pressures on the formal judicial system and improve people’s access to justice. The use of Alternative dispute resolution methods like mediation, arbitration, and conciliation plays substantial recognition for offering a more efficient, less expensive, and less aggressive technique of resolving disputes than regular court action. Thus, applying the case study methodology, this research examines Alternative dispute resolution’s implementation and effectiveness in the context of the Pakistani legal system, comparing and assessing the existing legislation, judicial and party approaches to the use of alternative dispute resolution in various kinds of trials, commercial, and family and community trials being among the most common ones. This paper aims to review the literature on alternative dispute resolution including its associated theory and analyze the extent to which the desire theory is applied in the Pakistan legal structure. It looks at the comparative position of Pakistan’s alternative dispute resolution laws to other legal systems to establish similarities and differences as well as the areas that need improvement. Besides, the research evaluates awareness and acceptance of alternative dispute resolution by the public and institutions, which examines the tests and paradigms that come with particular strategies or approaches to alternative dispute resolution and its effects on legal processes. In light of the study information derived from empirical data, it will be possible to examine the crucial issues of alternative dispute resolution in Pakistan, as well as the stakeholders’ satisfaction with improved implementation of alternative dispute resolution, informational awareness, access, and procedural fairness. The thesis is concluded in the last chapter based on the findings of the empirical studies by providing recommendations to improve the outcomes and accessibility of alternative dispute resolution in Pakistan. These recommendations concern changes to legislation and rules, training and development programs for legal personnel, and measures to increase the public’s understanding and acceptance of alternative dispute resolution. This thesis adds to debates on enhancing the effectiveness of Pakistan’s adjudication systems and legal changes to promote fairness and efficiency of alternative dispute resolution by presenting a theoretical review and drawing upon evidence in comparative studies.

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