Department of Chemistry

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Analysis of gyra mutations in local TB patients of Lahore Pakistan
(2017) Iram Afzal
Tuberculosis is a slowly progressive, debilitating disease that kills about 1.5 million people world-wide. Pakistan ranked 4th in global TB burden. In this research work, male-female ratio showed that the rate of TB is 32 times higher in women as compared to men. The patients suffering from pulmonary TB were 94% and only 6% were recorded as extra pulmonary TB. All the extra pulmonary TB cases were found in females. There were about 72% cases which were positive for MDR-TB. Out of these72% MDR-TB cases,all were previously treated. The differentiation between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis reflects that none of the sample belonged to M. bovis. All the isolates were belonged to M. tuberculosis, but 6% samples had extra-pulmonary TB. It shows that M. tuberculosis not only affects the lungs, but also the other parts of the human body. GyrA mutations were investigated by using newly designed primers, at codons 90, 91, and 94. Results showed that out of all samples there were mutations in 60% samples. There were mutations in 30% samples at codon 90, 6% samples were mutated at codon 91 and 24% were mutated at codon 94.
Are efforts up to the mark? A cirrhotic state and knowledge about HCV prevalence in general population of Pakistan
(Elsevier, 2016) Muhammad Sohail Afzal
Characterization of biodiesel samples produced from fresh and waste vegetable oils to evaluate their feasibility for power generation
(2013) Mehwish Inam; Ayesha Mohy-Ud-Din; Abdul Aziz Bhatti; Mashood Nasir
The purpose of this paper is to design a system in which the biodiesel prepared from fresh and waste vegetable oil can be converted into useful power output. It is intended that this biodiesel produced may ultimately be a fuel source for the power generation from the generators. The optimal conditions of temperatures and concentration have also been discussed and the criteria to select these parameters have been evaluated.
Comparative analysis on the efficiency and engine properties by using biodiesel and fossil diesel
(2013) Ayesha Mohy-Ud-Din; Mehwish Inam; Abdul Aziz Bhatti; Mashood Nasir
The increase in the demand and prices of petroleum products as well as the environmental concerns resulting from the burning of fossil fuels in electricity production has resulted in focusing on the use of environmental friendly renewable alternative energy resources, like solar, hydro, tidal, wind, geothermal and biomass energy. There has been plenty of research done so far on engine performance and biodiesel production. Biodiesel was produced from fresh oil (BFO) and waste vegetable oil (BWO) on using biofuels for electricity generation. The engine performance tests were conducted with petroleum diesel and biodiesel samples at different loads and variable speeds. On comparing the electrical efficiency of generator and brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC) values, it was observed that less fuel is required for same power output when BFO (0.19kg/kWh) and BWO (0.18kg/kWh) were used in place of petroleum diesel. Moreover, an increase in BSFC values of BFO and BWO as compare to petroleum diesel at different speeds leads to the same interpretation. Higher efficiency and lower BSFC values of BFO (Efficiency: 43.25%; BSFC: 0.19 kg/kWhr) and BWO (Efficiency:41.34%;BSFC:0.2kg/kWh) due to complete combustion and reduction in calorific value of the fuel. In case of BWO, the operational efficiency (41.34%) was found less than the diesel-fueled condition.
Detection of dry bloodstains on different fabrics after washing with commercially available detergents
(Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2015) Samreen Mushtaq; Nouman Rasool; Sehrish Firiyal
Blood is significant evidence that can help an investigator solve a crime. It can link a suspect to a crime and also help in reconstructing the crime scene. Criminals often attempt to eliminate bloodstained evidence at a scene by washing it. These attempts can result in alteration, or partial or complete removal of stained areas. Many presumptive tests are used to detect the bloodstains on clothes. In this study, bloodstained fabrics were washed with commercially available and frequently used detergents. Kastle-Meyer (KM), Leucomalachite green (LMG), Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and Hemastix tests were used to detect the presence of blood on these washed fabrics. The Hemastix test was found to be the most sensitive to detecting the washed stains on all cloths. The Leucomalachite green test was found to be the least sensitive. The ability of a fabric to retain blood after washing depends not only upon the chemistry and manufacturing of the fabric but also on the type of detergent. The time of immersion of the fabric with detergent also affects the removal of stains from fabrics. Ariel showed the best results in removing bloodstains from all fabrics. Cotton polyester and khaddar showed the maximum retention of blood after washing with either of the detergents, whereas silk polyester had the minimum ability to hold bloodstains.
DFT study of structural, electronic, thermo-elastic properties and plausible origin of superconductivity due to quantum degenerate states in latio3
(World Scientific, 2016) Nadeem Sohail; Saad Tariq |Ejaz Ahmad
In this paper, computations based on generalized gradient approximations were carried out to investigate the structural, electronic and thermo-elastic properties of LaTiO3 within the frame work of Density Functional Theory. In structural properties, the ground state structural parameters have been found to be in good agreement with those cited in recent literature. For electronic properties, in-depth analysis of quantum degenerate electronic states of LaTiO3 have been explained on the grounds of Projected Density of States. Elastic properties corresponds to anisotropy, elastic moduli's, phase stability, elastic wave velocities, thermal stability and Debye temperature were calculated and elaborated that has not yet been found in literature. In this observation, LaTiO3 exhibited ductile nature and physically stable indirect bandgap semiconductor behavior with quasi metallic nature near Fermi level due to La-Ti degenerate states. Moreover, longitudinal mode of vibration is observed to be maximum along [100] direction than transverse mode of vibration. A plausible reason of superconductivity may arise in LaTiO3 below Debye temperature.
Epidemiology of polio virus infection in Pakistan and possible risk factors for its transmission
(Elsevier, 2016) Mahvish Kabir; Muhammad Sohail Afzal
End Polio Pakistan program still has to overcome many hurdles; unfortunately on 8th February 2016 first polio case of the year has surfaced in Karachi. It seems that battle against polio demands little bit more conviction and motivation. WHO has set a goal of polio eradication in Pakistan till 2018, in order to evaluate the success of this target; polio eradication campaign in Pakistan has been analyzed in different perspectives. Our analysis indicated that major obstacles in eradication are low literacy rate, poor health infrastructure, lack of planning, natural disaster, economic crisis, counter insurgencies and almost no protection for polio health workers. WHO has allocated new funds to tackle this problem, now there is a need to spend this money more effectively; with proper planning and honest deployment of funds.
Ethnopharmacological studies on phytochemicals obtained from skimmia laureola (dc.) Zucc. Ex walp. Of Pakistan
(BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN), 2013) Ferhat Mehmood; Zaheer-Ud-Din Khan; Qurat Ul Ain Syed; Zahida Perveen; Ayesha Moeyuddin
A detailed study regarding total antioxidant capacity (TAC), radical scavenging and antimicrobial effects of the essential oils from Skimmia laureola leaves (SL), stem (SS) and roots (SR) were investigated. Essential oils obtained by steam distillation process were subjected to various assays to determine antioxidant capacity. TPC values were found to be 9.07, 20.90 and 71.95 mg/L gallic acid equivalent and 4.08, 22.96 and 329 mg/L quercetin equivalent for SL, SR and SS, respectively. A significant correlation between the percent inhibition of 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulpohonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation and the amount of essential oils viz R2 = 0.9971, 0.9851 and 0.996 for SS, SL and SR respectively. The percent superoxide anion radical scavenging activity was found to be 51.75, 45.37and 56.5 percent for SL, SR and SS samples, respectively. The reducing power in terms of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values were found to be 0.114, 14.33 and 1.2. mM FeSO4 for SL, SR and SS respectively. All samples exhibited good metal chelating activities. The percent inhibition of the complex formation was found to be 80.37, 44.35 and 25.96 for SL, SR and SS respectively. The oils showed antimicrobial activities comparable to chloramphenicol. The data obtained from oils demonstrate the powerful antioxidative, radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties of the plant.
Fabrication and characterization of TiO2 nano rods by electrochemical deposition into an anodic alumina template
(Springer Link, 2016-05-10) MUHAMMAD, IKRAAM,; SHAHID, SAMMIA; ZAMAN, SABAH
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods have been successfully grown into a tracketched anodized aluminium oxide membrane (AAM) by a particulate electrochemical deposition from an aqueous medium. The prepared TiO2 sols get stabilized against aging at pH 2. It was found that TiO2 nanorods grown from dilute aqueous solution with a low concentration gave a stable and uniform growth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that TiO2 nanorods dried at 500C were a mixture of anatase and brookite phases. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) images confirmed that TiO2 nanorods had a smooth morphology and longitudinal uniformity in diameter. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showed that TiO2 nanorods grown by electrochemical deposition from the dilute aqueous sol had a dense structure and possessed a repetitive pattern, containing small particles with an average size of 15 nm. Based on kinetic studies, it was found that uniform TiO2 nanorods with high-quality morphology were obtained under optimum conditions at an applied potential of 5 V, a uniform current density of 500 mA, and a deposition time of 5 h.
GC-MS and HPLC as the analytical tools in solving the taxonomic controversies of plants
(2013) Ayesha Mohy-Ud-Din; Muhammad A.Kashmiri; Z. Khan; Muhammad Mujahid; Muhammad H.Q. Khan
The science of chemical taxonomy is used for the classification of plants on the basis of their chemical constituents which are deeply concerned with the molecular characteristics. Five locally available plant taxa of Solanum nigrum Complex viz.: S. americanum Mill., S. chenopodioides Lam., S. nigrum L., S. retroflexum Dunal and S. villosum Mill. were investigated. GC-MS and HPLC were used as the analytical tools to resolve the international taxonomic controversy about these plants. Comparative qualitative and quantitative analyses of these plant samples were undertaken keeping Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Epicuticular wax as potential characters. The glycosides of alkaloids and flavonoids were determined by HPLC whereas their aglycones and epicuticular waxes were analysed using GC-MS. HPLC and GC-MS analyses of these constituents from S. nigrum Complex had not been reported previously. Statistical cluster analyses of results grouped taxa into different clusters on the basis of similarity index and Euclidean distance.
Genetic analysis of the saraiki population living in Pakistan.
(Taylor&Francis, 2016) Noman Rasool; Asif Nadeem
Autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers are a powerful tool used in forensic sciences for profile matching and paternity testing, sibship and kinship analysis. This study represents the allele frequency distribution of 15 autosomal STR multiplex of the Saraiki population living in Pakistan. Allele frequencies of this population were compared with the other populations living in Pakistan. Buccal swabs were taken from 150 unrelated individuals of the Saraiki population living in different regions of Pakistan and profiles were generated using an AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification kit. Population genetic calculations were performed on this population. Allele frequencies of the Saraiki population showed that this population is at Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium except at loci D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, TPOX and FGA, with distinct differences in HObs and HExp values. The average heterozygosity and polymorphism information content (PIC) at all loci were 0.77 and 0.766, respectively. Each STR marker showed a high degree of polymorphism and a high power of discrimination (PD). A phylogenetic tree shows that the Saraiki population living in Pakistan is genetically distinct from other geographically neighboring populations of the country. The population data presented in this study can be used as a reference database for the Saraiki population in forensic casework
Identification of serum uric acid level as biomarker of kidney disease
(2016) Mustafa Azeem
Background: High serum uric acid (SUA) level can cause serious health problems including renal insufficiency. High SUA level is associated with many diseases including Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Objective of the present study was to evaluate serum uric acid as biomarker like blood urea and serum creatinine biomarkers of kidney diseases. Methods: Hundred subjects were randomly enrolled in this study, having kidney diseases such as renal failure, kidney stone, hematuria and proteinuria. Results: Serum uric acid level was elevated in 55 patients while blood urea and serum creatinine level was found raise in 72 and 83 patients respectively. High serum uric acid value was observed significant in 70.73% females (p=0.0003) and 44.07% males (p=0.2692). Conclusion: Serum Uric Acid is raised up to abnormal level in patients with impaired renal function significantly in females. Increased levels of serum uric acid were not significantly associated with serum creatinine and blood urea level in male patients. It is identified that SUA level can be used as biomarker of kidney disease in women. Keywords: Serum uric acid, blood urea, serum creatinine, renal failure, biomarkers, kidney diseases
Implementation of radionuclide scanning in medical science
(2013) Ayesha Mohy-Ud-Din|A. S. Imran; Mashood Nasir
A radionuclide scan is a way of imaging bones, organs and other parts of the body by using a small dose of a radioactive chemical. There are different types of radionuclide chemicals. The one used depends on which organ or part of the body is to be scanned. Gamma rays are similar to X-rays and are detected by a device called a gamma camera. The gamma rays which are emitted from inside the body are detected by the gamma camera, are converted into an electrical signal, and sent to a computer. A radionuclide scan is used for bone scan, tumor scan, cancer scan, kidney scan, lung perfusion scan, 'myocardial perfusion scan and thyroid scan etc. To detect the gamma photons usually a large crystal of sodium iodide is used in gamma camera. Different radionuclides used with their specific applications are summarized.
Molecular epidemiology and genotyping of SEN Virus in thalassemia patients in Pakistan
(Elsevier, 2016) Amir, Saira; Khan, Jehangir; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail
Optimized synthesis and physical properties of the biodiesel from fresh and waste vegetable oil
(at25th National and 13th International Chemistry Conference, University of Punjab Lahore, Pakistan, 2014) Ayesha Mohy-ud-Din; Mehwish Inam; Bhatti, Abdul Aziz
The increase in the demand and prices of petroleum products as well as the environmental concerns resulting from the burning of fossil fuels in electricity production has resulted in focusing on the use of environmental friendly renewable alternative energy resources, like solar, hydro, tidal, wind, geothermal and biomass energy. There has been plenty of research done so far on engine performance and biodiesel production. Biodiesel was produced from fresh oil (BFO) and waste vegetable oil (BWO) on using biofuels for electricity generation. The engine performance tests were conducted with petroleum diesel and biodiesel samples at different loads and variable speeds. On comparing the electrical efficiency of generator and brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC) values, it was observed that less fuel is required for same power output when BFO (0.19kg/kWh) and BWO (0.18kg/kWh) were used in place of petroleum diesel. Moreover, an increase in BSFC values of BFO and BWO as compare to petroleum diesel at different speeds leads to the same interpretation. Higher efficiency and lower BSFC values of BFO (Efficiency: 43.25%; BSFC: 0.19 kg/kWhr) and BWO (Efficiency:41.34%;BSFC:0.2kg/kWh) due to complete combustion and reduction in calorific value of the fuel. In case of BWO, the operational efficiency (41.34%) was found less than the diesel-fueled condition.
An overview on differenct aspects of hypodermosis: current status and future propects
(Elsevier, 2016-06-01) Haroon, Ahmed; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Simsek, Sami
Livestock plays a vital role in economic development of a nation and is being used in agriculture for draft power, production of farmyard manure as well as milk and meat production. Bovine hypodermosis is the top culprit among all parasitic infections across the world. Hypodermosis is an endemic disease in the mountainous areas/plain areas and is regularly observed in the northern hemisphere ofthe globe affecting cattle, deer, yaks and buffaloes. There is a wide variation in geographical distribution of Hypoderma spp. during the years 1945–2015. The manuscript includes a geospatial study that tries to maps the global distribution of hypodermosis in different areas of the world in order to detect hotspots or endemic areas that may be a potential source for disease spread. This information’s are very useful to predict the potential high risk areas that are prone to disease outbreak. The present review aims to evaluate the global distribution, molecular discrimination, diagnostics and vaccination of hypodermosis, focusing on its current status and future perspectives towards the management of the disease and its control strategies.
Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and enterovirus in water samples collected from different region of Peshawar, Pakistan.
(Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2016) Ahmad, Tahir; Arshad, Najma; Adnan, Fazal
Viral gastroenteritis and other water-borne diseases are the most neglected areas of research in Pakistan. To determine the quality of water, 4 enteric viruses were studied from different localities of Peshawar, Pakistan. The study validates the viral detection method for Rotavirus (RV), Human adenovirus (HAdV), Enterovirus (EV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV), directly from water sources of rural areas of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Overall, 95 five water samples were tested; among them, 9.47% were positive for RV, 38.94% for HAdV, 48.42% for EV and 12.63% for HAV. The presence of these viruses in water was directly correlated with meteorological data. High prevalence of EV and HAdV was detected frequently in the wet season from May – September, which can be the potential cause of spreading of gastroenteritis in the populationf. Environmental surveillance is an additional tool to evaluate the epidemiology of enteric viruses circulating in a given community.
Recent HCV genotype changing pattern in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan; Is it pointing out a forthcoming problem?
(Elsevier, 2016-03-08) Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Hussain Shah, Zaheer; Ahmed, Haroon
Screening of Ranunculus sceleratus for enzyme inhibition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities
(A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS), 2015) Sammia Shahid; Tauheda Riaz; Muhammad Nadeem Asghar
Enzyme inhibition potential of various fractions of Ranunculus sceleratus was checked against α-glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase and lipoxygenase enzymes. n-Butanol fraction showed very good activity (77.5 ± 1.0% inhibition at 0.1 mg/mL) against α-glucosidase. Its IC50 value was 35.7 ± 1.0 μg/mL comparable to quercetin (IC50 value 16.5 ± 0.4 μg/mL). Antibacterial activity was checked against five bacterial strains by 96-wells microplate assay using ciprofloxacin, a standard antibiotic. Chloroform, ethyl acetate, nbutanol and aqueous fractions showed excellent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (MIC at 7.1, 7.8, 5.6 and 5.3 respectively), which is greater than standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin (MIC 10.0). The antioxidant potential of all the fractions was evaluated. Ethyl acetate soluble fraction exhibited highest percent inhibition of DPPH radical as compared to other fractions. It showed 80.9 ± 1.2% inhibition of DPPH radical at a concentration of 30 μg/mL. These results suggest that R. sceleratus is a valuable herb, which inhibits the oxidative stress mechanism that lead to degenerative diseases.
SERO-prevalence of hepatitis b and c virus from rural areas of northern Punjab (Sargodha district), Pakistan
(Tropical Biomedicine, 2015) Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Zaheer Hussain Shah
Pakistan is endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections with 10 and 11 million infections, respectively. The epidemiological studies of these virus showed that the information is only from few cities of the country and is relevant to high risk groups. It is of great importance to have an idea about the prevalence of infectious agents in general population to help in identification of hot spot for infections. Identification of hot spots will help in disease management for future. As the there is no report form district Sargodha (Punjab Province) so this study was designed to analyze the prevalence of HBV and HCV in general population. Blood samples of 2373 randomly selected individuals from six different tehsils were collected and were analyzed for HBV and HCV sero-positivity. An overall prevalence of both HBV and HCV in district Sargodha was 28.10% (667/2373). HCV prevalence was (20.01%) and HBV seropositivity was (8.09%). Males were more infected than females, and a significant difference was found in positive cases between male (58.77%) and female (41.22%). The most common routes of transmission of hepatitis virus in present study were shaving assisted by barbers in male patients 143 (21.43%), non sterile or used needles & syringes 127 (19.04%), dental surgical procedures 88 (13.19%), and sharing razors in males 49 (7.34%). In female patients a significant factor is labor and child birth process. Most cases of hepatitis were seen in mesons, farmers and house wives. The prevalence of HBV and HCV in general population of district Sargodha is very high. The study will help for better management of disease to contain the disease spread. The study highlighted that District Sargodha is endemic for these viral infections and it is highly warranted to carry out more studies to get better idea about the infection spread. Community education campaigns are also highly warranted to general population as well as high risk population to control future disease spread.

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