2024

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    A CROSS-SECTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARD BREAST MILK FEEDING AMONG THE HEALTHY POPULATION OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) RIDA FATIMA
    Despite the recognized benefits of breastfeeding, Pakistan faces challenges with low initiation rates and widespread preliminary feeding practices. This contributes to infant morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to analyze the correlation between sociodemographic factors and hygiene practices with maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding breast milk feeding among Pakistani mothers. This cross sectional study was conducted among a healthy population of mothers in Lahore, Pakistan. The study included mothers of children aged 0-12 months, all native citizens of Pakistan, and free from any diagnosed diseases. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast milk feeding. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square test, and correlation analyses to examine the relationships between variables. The analysis revealed no significant association (p>0.05) between age and perception of the difference between breast milk and cow milk. However, education level showed a significant association (p<0.05) with perception and consumption of breast milk vs. cow milk, with higher education levels correlating with greater awareness of the difference. The vast majority of mothers demonstrated a high awareness of breastfeeding's importance (97.5%). A few mothers, however, believed that formula milk is as healthy as breast milk. Mothers who believed breast milk should be the infant's first feed were more likely (p<0.05) to have received encouragement from health professionals to breastfeed.
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    A SURVEY-BASED STUDY TO ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY FACTORS AND RISK OF MIGRAINE
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) FARHEEN SARWAR
    Migraine, a widespread neurological condition characterized by recurring episodes of pulsating headaches, imposes a substantial burden on individuals and healthcare systems globally. Although pharmacological methods are frequently utilized for managing migraines, recent studies indicate that making changes to one's diet and lifestyle may also have a significant impact on reducing the frequency, intensity, and accompanying symptoms of migraines. The present study explores the effects of dietary and lifestyle characteristics on migraines. The participants were required to fill out the questionnaire that consisted of 45 items further divided into three different sections. In this study, a total number of 320 participants were recruited and the result was analyzed using various statistical tools including nonparametric test chi-square test. The results of the study showed that 92% of participants
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    ASSESSING THE QUALITY AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF CHICKEN MEAT AVAILABLE IN THE LOCAL MARKET
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) ABDULLAH HASSAN BASHIR
    The market is facing a rise in the availability of both local and supermarket food products, which needs a comprehensive understanding and comparison of their quality characteristics. Evaluating parameters such as moisture content, protein content, peroxide value (POV), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), pH, drip loss, and color attributes can offer valuable insights into the overall quality of these products. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the compositional characteristics and quality attributes of locally sourced and supermarket chicken meat samples in Lahore, Pakistan. The analysis focused on determining the moisture content, crude protein content, drip loss, pH, color, texture, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), peroxide value (POV), and conducting microbial analysis. This study conducted an extensive analysis of local and supermarket food products, focusing on four specific samples: local 1, supermarket 1, local 2, and supermarket 2. Each sample underwent assessments for moisture content, crude protein content, POV, TVBN, pH, drip loss, and color attributes. The analysis comprised three replicates (R1, R2, R3) to ensure robust and representative results. The findings indicate noteworthy variations in the quality characteristics among the different types of food products. Moisture content ranged from 71.8% to 74.6%, with supermarket 2 displaying the lowest value and local 1 exhibiting the highest. Protein content varied between 18% and 19.1%, with supermarket 2 exhibiting the highest protein content. POV and TVBN values provided insights into the oxidative and spoilage states of the samples. In conclusion, this study contributes to the understanding of the compositional characteristics and quality attributes of locally sourced and supermarket chicken meat samples in Lahore, Pakistan. The findings highlight potential differences that may arise due to various factors such as sourcing, processing methods, and storage conditions. Further research is necessary to explore the underlying factors influencing these differences and to provide more comprehensive insights into chicken meat quality in the region.
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    ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF MOTHERS REGARDING BREASTFEEDING
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) RIDA FATIMA
    Despite the recognized benefits of breastfeeding, Pakistan faces challenges with low initiation rates and widespread preliminary feeding practices. This contributes to infant morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to analyze the correlation between sociodemographic factors and hygiene practices with maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding breast milk feeding among Pakistani mothers. This cross sectional study was conducted among a healthy population of mothers in Lahore, Pakistan. The study included mothers of children aged 0-12 months, all native citizens of Pakistan, and free from any diagnosed diseases. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast milk feeding. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square test, and correlation analyses to examine the relationships between variables. The analysis revealed no significant association (p>0.05) between age and perception of the difference between breast milk and cow milk. However, education level showed a significant association (p<0.05) with perception and consumption of breast milk vs. cow milk, with higher education levels correlating with greater awareness of the difference. The vast majority of mothers demonstrated a high awareness of breastfeeding's importance (97.5%). A few mothers, however, believed that formula milk is as healthy as breast milk.
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    ASSESSMENT OF MEAL SKIPPING PATTERNS AND RELEVANT ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) MUHAMMAD MOIN
    An alarming trend that has emerged in recent times is the rising incidence of meal skipping among university students. Meal skipping is common among university students for several reasons, including busy schedules, stress, and change in way of life. Students may become malnourished if they skip meals because they are not consuming the nutrients their bodies require. Current study aims to determine meal skipping patterns and anthropometric indices and to analyze correlation of anthropometric indices with meal skipping. The findings of this research will shed light on the beneficial effects of healthy eating patterns on body and contribute to healthy food choices among university students. This study comprised of 250 university students (n=250) ranging from 18 to 30 years. Only male participants were included in this research. The University of Management and Technology Lahore, was the site of the study. Data collection for the students consisted of two stages. In the first phase, a validated questionnaire used to collect data on meal skipping behaviors. While second phase involved measuring a series of anthropometric indices. Participants were categorized into two groups (skipper and non-skipper) based on skipping meals.
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    ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITION STATUS OF CHILDREN UP TO 6-59 MONTHS OF AGE IN THE FLOOD-AFFECTED AREAS OF SOUTH PUNJAB (DISTRICT DG KHAN AND DISTRICT MUZAFFARGARH) AFTER INTEGRATION OF IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) Muhammad Tanveer
    As a worldwide public health issue, childhood malnutrition has serious consequences. Children who are malnourished are at a greater risk of dying from contagious diseases, and it is reported that malnutrition is indeed the root cause of almost half of the global fatalities in children younger than five years old. Extreme poverty and lack of education are linked to malnutrition in Pakistan. Children in Pakistan who are younger than five years old have high rates of malnutrition according to several studies. To Examine the Nutritional and Immunization Status of Children 6-59 months old, health care services requirements, and nutrition knowledge among people in flood-affected areas. This cross sectional observational study includes participants through structured interviews of families conducted by August–November 2023 in different flood-affected areas of South Punjab, Pakistan through convenient sampling data. The sample size was 384. The inclusion criteria to participate in this study involve children aged 6 months to 5 years along with the mothers or fathers to fill out the survey. 154/384 fall in the age of 6-12 months. Most children fall in the 4-8kg category. Factors related to malnutrition that as appetite, health problems such as cough, and diarrhea, socioeconomic status of parents and their occupation, and breastfeeding status of children were significantly (p<0.05) correlated to measuring mid-arm circumference.
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    ASSOCIATION BETWEEN UNIVERSITY STUDENT FAST FOOD CONSUMPTION AND MENTAL HEALTH
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) RIBAHA JAVED
    Fast food, which is characterized by its high calorie and low nutritious value, has become more popular nowadays. This research aims to examine a representative national sample of university students from various institutions of Lahore to determine if there is a correlation between fast food consumption and mental health. The study used a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional survey strategy in order to identify the variables impacting the fast food's effect on the psychological well-being of university students. Data collection from the defined population sample was done using a quantitative technique via a validated and a self-designed questionnaire. Fast food intake was substantially related with psychological distress in a sample of 400 university students (P> 0.05). It follows that, although the association of fast food with gender is weak, it's likely that one gender has slightly better eating practices than other. A slight favorable association is also seen between age and eating practices. The data does suggest that older adults may have slightly better eating habits than younger ones. There is a weak but positive association between having a high education level and healthy eating practices.
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    ATTITUDES, PERCEPTIONS AND KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PLANT-BASED MILKS IN LAHORE PAKISTAN
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) Zonaira Amjad
    Introduction: Globally, the preference for plant-based milk (PBM) over animal-based milk is growing, primarily because of health and environmental concerns. It comes in various shapes, flavors, and types from various plants that are processed to extract milk for use in various plant-based milk products. Aim: This study investigates customers' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of PBM in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Punjab's capital city, Lahore, Pakistan, with 230 participants from diverse sociodemographic backgrounds. The study utilized an online questionnaire consisting of four sections: demographics, knowledge regarding PBMs, attitude towards PBMs, and perception regarding PBMs. The reliability of the data was checked using Cronbach's alpha test, and the mean and standard deviation were calculated. The Kolmogorov-Simonov test checked normality, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. The non-parametric Chi-square test was used, Spearman's correlation test was applied to correlate the significant variables, and Binomial Logistic Regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between variables of interest.
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    CORRELATION OF NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE, EATING PRACTICES AND BARRIERS TO HEALTHY EATING AMONG UNIVERSITY
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) HINA MUSSARAT
    University is the momentary period among youth and adulthood. Nutrition knowledge is one of the factors that could influence a university student’s nutritional behaviors. This cross sectional study was conducted among different universities of Lahore to determine nutrition knowledge of university students, their application into practical life and different barriers that they face during their time in university. Out of 397 students’ male participants were more than the female participants with the age group of 23-26 years and the weight ranging from 40-60 kg and the height between the 162- 167cm. Most of the participants were single and graduates. Study findings showed that participants with moderate knowledge of nutrition had moderately healthy eating practices. Around 8% had the unhealthy intake of food with the minimum nutrition knowledge. While around 76% had the moderately healthy eating practice with the moderate nutrition knowledge. However, 16% had the healthy food intake with the excellent nutrition knowledge. There was a positive correlation between the nutrition knowledge and eating practices with the significant association between the both with the p value less than 0.05. There were many different factors involved in adaptation of specific eating practices like lack of time, lack of access to healthy eating and insufficient nutrition knowledge.
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    DETERMINING THE FACTORS AFFECTING DECISIONS REGARDING FORMULA MILK FEEDING PRACTICES AMONG DIFFERENT SOCIO ECONOMIC CLASS MOTHERS
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) SAMINA ALLAHYAR
    Adequate nutrition during infancy is essential for healthy growth and development for all newborns. However, the rate of breastfeeding has been decreasing and is being replaced by formula feeding, mostly in the urban domains (areas) of developing countries, including Pakistan. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the practices of formula feeding and associated factors among mothers with children aged from 0-12 months. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore from October 2023 to March, 2024 among 384 mothers. A simple random sampling technique was used in this study. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics and Chi-Square analysis were performed, and variables with a p-value<0.05 were declared statistically significant with formula feeding. The present study determined that the factors associated with the supplementation of formula feeding include maternal employment, Insufficient milk production, cesarean delivery, maternal positive attitude toward formula milk and doctor recommendation, whereas factors associated with completely formula feeding include maternal (HCV, Diabetes, and complications during delivery) and infant health related factors (Lactose intolerance, milk allergy, pre-term birth and other medical conditions). However, maternal age, education and monthly income, as well as advertisement and labelling did not show any significant association with feeding choice. Hence, much effort should be invested in educating pregnant and lactating mothers to improve their knowledge of formula feeding while worked on such activities that change their attitude toward formula feeding.
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    Development and Evaluation of Emulsion-based Zinc Fortified Cupcakes Using In Vitro Simulated Digestion Modelling
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) Ayesha
    Zinc is a crucial micronutrient that plays multiple roles in human body. While, the deficiency of zinc has substantial consequences for overall health. Prevalence of inadequacy of zinc intake is around 17.3% of the population worldwide. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for zinc fluctuates by age, sex, and life stages. The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate emulsion-based zinc fortified cupcakes using in vitro simulation digestion modelling. The impact of emulsion technology can be evaluated by amount of zinc absorbed in the body through in vitro simulation digestion. In this study zinc-based water-in-oil emulsion containing canola oil was prepared. In addition, various treatments of cupcakes with different proportions of emulsion were formulated and analyzed on the base of height, weight, baking loss, and sensory analysis. Moreover, color and textural analysis were also being performed. Selection of best cupcakes for in vitro simulated digestion was done on the basis of sensory evaluation. Physical characteristics of cupcakes for all treatments were significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other except width and baking loss (p > 0.05) of cupcakes. Results revealed a significant (p<0.05) effect of incorporation of emulsions on textural attributes except hardness (p=0.441) for all treatments.
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    EFFECT OF FOOD CHOICES AND BODY IMAGE-RELATED CONCERNS ON MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) Saba Yousaf
    Mental health of university students has been recognized as a major public health concern. University students often struggle with negative body image due to media exposure and problems with weight as well as lack of awareness regarding basic characters of food that they consume. This study is aimed at exploring effects of food choices and body image-related concerns on mental health issues among university students in Pakistan. A sample of 400 students from different universities of Lahore was included in this cross-sectional study. Information related to students’ demographics, food choices, eating habits, body shape perceptions and mental health was collected. The results demonstrated that consumption of certain food groups and body image-related concerns had statistically significant association with symptoms of depression (p<0.005). normal BMI and moderate to high intensity physical activities were not significantly associated with symptoms of depressions and perceived stress. In addition to this, statistically significant and negative correlations of certain food groups and food items consumption with mental health issues were obtained i.e., cereals and grains (r= -.302**, p=0.000), meat and proteins (r=-.277**, p=0.000). body image-related concerns and BMI were statistically significant and positively correlated with depression i.e., (r= .345**, p=0.000) and (r= .0230, p= 0.000) respectively.
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    EVALUATING THE LINK BETWEEN EATING HABITS, LIFESTYLE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PCOS IN WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) IQRA MUKHTAR
    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is the most common endocrine disorder widely present among women of reproductive age. About 52% of the women living in Pakistan are suffering from this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the association between eating habits and lifestyle with the development of PCOS. According to research, dietary practices and lifestyle choices can have a big impact on development and management of symptoms associated with PCOS. This study aimed to evaluate the link between eating habits and lifestyle with the development of PCOS in women of reproductive age. This cross-sectional study was done to check the eating habits and lifestyle of women suffering from PCOS, from august 2023 till February 2024. Only women diagnosed with PCOS, aged between 14 to 45 were included. A self-structured questionnaire containing 46 questions was used to collect data regarding eating habits and lifestyle. The data were computed and analyzed using IBM statistical package for social sciences version 20 (IBM SPSS version 20). data was analyzed by using two statistical techniques based on SPSS software.
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    EVALUATION OF DIETARY DIVERSIFICATION TRENDS IN LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION INTERVENTIONS
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) Syeda Tayyaba Batool
    Lifestyle interventions are beneficial to prediabetics and significant to individuals. Lifestyle intervention program includes nutrition counseling and leads to reduced total calories and fats for a participant at increased risk of diabetes. Diabetes prevention lifestyle behavior modification delivery have shown diabetes risk reduction in community. The study aims at investigating dietary trends during intervention visits among participants attended one-year lifestyle intervention and observing changes in their energy and macronutrient intake during the study. A total of 33 pre-diabetic dietary data of participants was analyzed from the sample who attended dietary intervention study and their 24-hour dietary recalls were collected at four dietary visits over one year duration. (73%) males and (27%) females were included in the study of average age 49.1 years with an average 31.8 body mass index (BMI) of the sample and mean waist circumference of the study participants at baseline was 105.6 centimeters. Data collection tool was case-reports for participants receiving intensive lifestyle dietary intervention. The case-reports comprised 24-hour recalls in a paper-based method. My Fitness Pal app was used to convert dietary recalls into macronutrients calculations. This app has high level of appropriateness for calculation of macronutrients of dietary record of given information from 24-hour recall data. The baseline and other dietary visits changes wer
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    FORMULATION & CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL LOZENGES USING SOLVENT DISPLACEMENT METHOD
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) NOOR
    General gastrointestinal (GI) issues like nausea and vomiting can occur due to several emetic stimuli when hazardous chemicals, medicines, germs, viruses, or fungus enters the body through the GI tract or parenteral pathways. The prescription of anti-emetic pharmaceuticals is deemed unnecessary, hence, is avoided. The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been a practice for eliminating nausea and vomiting either of motion or morning sickness origin. Some of the ingredients used in these herbal remedies include ginger, lemon, chamomile, rosemary and peppermint. However, their incorporation in one product is a challenge. Lozenges are a good medium for that. These are palatable, easier to use and justifiable in terms of safety concerns. To enhance the bioavailability of these components and for the increase in their dissolution rate, dispersion techniques have proven more efficient than any other method. The solvent displacement method of dispersions, which is best suitable for plant products, is used in this study to formulate functional lozenges containing the dispersions of ginger, lemon and mint for the relief of nausea and vomiting symptoms.
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    Formulation and Characterization of Encapsulated Oat Bars with Fenugreek and Black Cumin Seeds for Regulating Glucose Metabolism
    (UMT.Lahore, 2024) Aneeqa Naveed
    Hyperglycemia is a chronic condition particularly related to a major health issue i.e., Diabetes mellitus. Due to a massive shift in lifestyle, its prevalence is increasing globally at an alarming level. Anti-diabetic pharmaceutical drugs possess several adverse effects on the human body if taken for a long time. Recent studies have shown that Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) contain promising therapeutic potential in health promotion and disease management. Fenugreek and black cumin seeds are in the ‘herbs and spics’ class of CAM that have potent hypoglycemic effects owing to the presence of bioactive components. The bioavailability of these active compounds improves their efficacy and nutritional benefits within the body. The emulsion technique is one of the strategies which is particularly effective in enhancing bioavailability and ensuring the safe delivery of these components to their targeted sites. In this milieu, the present study was designed to formulate functional oat bars containing fenugreek and black cumin oil-in water emulsion for blood glucose regulation. Both oils were mixed in different concentrations (50:50, 30:70, 70:30). The antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of both seed oils and their emulsions were assessed by DPPH, TPC, and α-amylase inhibition assay. The analysis revealed that black cumin oil has more antioxidant potential i.e., 46.97±0.6% DPPH activity and 112.12±0.3 mg GAE/100g TPC than fenugreek oil, while a higher α-amylase inhibition activity was exhibited by fenugreek oil i.e. 51.51±0.5%. The best emulsion treatment was selected based on the least changes in antioxidant activity, pH, and particle size during the storage study of 7 days. The emulsion containing 30% fenugreek and 70% black cumin oil was incorporated into the oat bars in various concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%) based on its stability.
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    FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL SNACK BARS SUPPLEMENTED WITH OAT FLOUR, CHIA SEED AND FLAX SEED
    (2024) Mariam Khan
    With the rising global interest in health-conscious eating habits, there has been a growing demand for functional food products that offer both nutritional significance and convenience. The incorporation of oat flour, chia seeds, and flax seeds into these bars presents an opportunity to enhance their nutritional profile, providing essential vitamins, minerals, fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids. Formulation of functional bars enriched with these ingredients provides a convenient and tasty way to incorporate them into daily diet. In this study, oat flour, chia seed and flax seed were used in different percentages 2% and 4 % to formulate functional snack bars. The developed bars were assessed for compositional parameters, sensory attributes and antioxidant activity. The results revealed that addition of different percentages of chia seed and flax seed increased the nutritional content of the snack bars. By adding different percentages of seeds the moisture content increased from 7.33±0.05% to 8.966±0.23%, ash content from 3.266±0.115% to 4.86±0.057%, fat from 10.83±0.76% to 25.167±0.76%, fiber from 2.53±0.05% to 5.86±0.15%, protein from 10.16±0.05% to 13.33±0.11%. The pH values also increased from 5.963±0.015% to 6.2067±0.046%. Mean L*, a*, and b* values of functional snack bars decreased with the addition of different