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Item Chinua Achebe’s novel things fall apart and Maya Angelou’s novel I know why the caged birds sing through the lens of colonialism and racism(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Umm-e-HabibaThis research aims to draw the attention of people that what racism and colonialism have done to humanity in the past. By applying the theoretical framework of Frantz Fanon's book (Black Skin, White Mask) it demonstrates the idea of colonialism and racism. In his work, Fanon placed a great significance on language. He apprehended that people having black skin exist in two modes: initially, when they are around blacks and then, the other when they are with whites. 19th century is marked as an era when European powers manipulated many states including Asia and Africa. Most of the time, their intention was the acquisition of natural resources. This research will also focus on Maya Angelou and Chinua Achebe about their hardships. Both the writers immortalized the history in a way that it should not be forgotten and they made sure that both the world and every human being of color know that they and their voices are worthy and never to be silenced. Angelou and Achebe talk about the depiction of the complexities of race that is featured in their work. The main purpose of research is to solve the bumps to find out the actual condition of the Black people around the globe and when white people took the lead on them and became superior. The research also focuses on the situation of the Black that how they are still so hopeless, so impenetrable to human thought, neither could they breed in a human way nor they are getting support as a White people.Item Universal truth(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Muhammad AyazMuhammad Assad (Leopold Weiss) was an Austrian believer from Judaism to Islam in the mid twentieth century. His life took him across the Muslim world and into the circle of a portion of its most significant contemporary verifiable figures. This book is part travelog, part account, and part investigation of his excursion towards Islam. All through his movements he gives more extensive reflections on his perspective on Islam as a Westerner, and clarifies in successive detail his choice to at last embrace the confidence and a totally new way of life as a Muslim. All through his movements he gives more extensive reflections on his perspective on Islam as a Westerner, and clarifies in successive detail his choice to at last take on the confidence and a totally new way of life as a Muslim. Assad was an individual counselor to King Abdul-Aziz container Saud during the period in which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was shaped, and his appearance and perceptions of Arabia before this period are very wonderful. As he, when all is said and done, states at the book's beginning he is portraying a world which does not exist anymore (and this book is many years old as of now); so this book makes some mind boggling memories container like feel.Item Tracing the effects of trauma in Manto’s short stories(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Maha FatimaThe current research takes into consideration of Sadat Hassan Manto's short stories regarding the Subcontinent's partition. The purpose of this study is to reveal the psychological trauma narratives and war memories in Manto's damage characters as a result of the devastation of partition. Manto, a partition eyewitness, played a significant role in highlighting the brutality of partition with brutal honesty, reflecting all those events that propagated violence, murders, rapes, abducting, abusing, psychological scars, horrible emotionality, and the depressing social culture during the partition wartime in his short stories. This research provides a detail review of psychological trauma and war memories in Manto's selected short tales, highlighting those instances of sorrow that result in the victims of partition's unwritten recollection of the tragedy. The partition of India is the most major historical event with the biggest psychological and physical consequences. Freud trauma theory is used to explain the pre partition trauma by Sadat Hassan Manto in this research. Research states that Trauma is a two-fold term that refers to mental experience and ties an external incident to particular after effects on a person's psychic world. Trauma is one of the most prominent topics in modern literature.Item A brief study of train to Pakistan by Khushwant Singh under just war theory(UMT, Lahore, 2021) MEHR MOHSINThis paper aims to scrutinize the theme of partition in the book Train to Pakistan (1956) by Khushwant Singh. As a famous partition literary writer, Khushwant Singh has penned down the reality of both nations during and post partition. Being an unbiased narrator, he has openly unveiled the barbaric and animalistic attitude of people. He highlights the religious disputes between Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus living in a village for hundred years and depicts the chaos and bloodshed after the declaration of a separate homeland. However, the incidents and stories presented by Khushwant Singh portray the violation of some basic war principles. Under the paradigm of War Theory, a famous war theorist, Alexander Moseley introduced the Just War Theory in which he further proposed three main laws of a war, i.e. Jus Ad Bellum (reasons for war), Post Ad Bellum (ethics after war) and Just in Bello (war rules). As put together, under the category of Just in Bello he familiarized the three major principles like Discrimination, Proportionality and Responsibility. As partition of 1947 was nonetheless a war, it can be observed how these principles were violated by the people from both sides. Under this very effort, this paper tends to analyze reasons behind the partition chaos. It will further explore the implication and violation of these basic rules by analyzing the plot and characters in the book and the actual situation at the time of partition. It further aims to study the religious dispute and clash between peace-living people that how it was sabotaged by the political conspiracies of the people.Item Exploration of Daud Kamal’s before the carnations wither with the lens of mysticism(UMT, Lahore, 2021) SyedaTathir ZahraThe research paper aims to explore Gerald James Larson’s Mysticism theory in Daud Kamal’s collected poems, Before the Carnations Wither. The objective of the research is to explore the facets of Daud Kamal’s poetry through images, symbolism, and themes used in the lens of mysticism and spirituality. The study highlights the poetry of Daud Kamal as a canvas rich interpretation of mysticism. Along with the different facets of tradition, culture, partition, and history with a focus on the writing style, images, and themes. The study fills the gap in research on Before the Carnations Wither which has hitherto not been deconstructed and critically analyzed in compliance to Mysticism. Mysticism theory, with a specific focus on Larson’s theory respectively, is the tool for this research paper. The study highlights the significance of Daud Kamal’s writings with different perspectives of culture, history, and religion in the light of a mystical and realistic theoretical lens. The future researchers can explore various other domains of Mysticism theory in the collection of poems and they can further explore the realistic theoretical framework in Daud Kamal’s poetry. It is a qualitative research with a special focus on grounded theory. It is not an interdisciplinary research.Item Heer renders resistance to patriarchy and puts forth a glimpse of 21th century(UMT, Lahore, 2021) MUNTAHA RANAHeer Waris Shah was a tragic story of Sufism and eternal love. It actually portrays culture, tradition norms and, human satisfaction level or most prominently a refutation of the system of patriarchy. This research argues that Heer knows her rights and puts forth an image of a 21st century- woman who stands against the patriarchal society where men are the only powerful element. I basically conduct an analysis of Heer Waris Shah in a way that focuses on patriarchy and how this element forces Heer to go against the conventions of society courageously. I use Bell Hook’s theory of patriarchy and Karl Marx theory of superstructure in this thesis to analyze the data. This analysis validates the research questions. This research shows that how Heer stands against man-made superstructures in society and fights like the women of 21st century.Item American dream and social mobility in the great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Maryam AshrafGreat American novel ‘The Great Gatsby’ is a perfect epitome of American Dream, reflecting the era of the 1920s after World War I when people began to dream of success, wealth and pursuit of happiness through social mobility. The dream of the future (American Dream) was the consequence of Capitalism, which brought materialism with it. The research is conducted with the support of the literary work of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s ‘The Great Gatsby’ along with Karl Marx’s theory of ‘Capitalism’. The research aims to analyze how materialistic approaches can no longer advance humanity within the context of the novel The Great Gatsby. The objective of the research is to explore the attitudes of numerous characters, from different socioeconomic classes, which are the corroboration of the theory of Capitalism. The aim of the research is to assess the scope of the dreams and desires of the characters within the context of the American Dream and the farfetched promises it entails. Using the Marxist approach, this research fills the gap in literature based on the theory of capitalism as it deals with the aspects of upward social mobility in the novel The Great Gatsby. Forthcoming researchers can question the idea of materialistic approach by exploring social mobility in literary works of other writers of American Literature. It is a qualitative research focusing on a grounded theory. It is not an interdisciplinary research.Item Feminism in Virginia Woolf’s a room of one's own and three guineas(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Muhammad Zohaib AsgharWoolf has invariably dealt with the societal issues explicitly related to women‘s way of living life and character. Her introductory course deals with the feminist movement, which she presented in her writings—either fiction or non-fictional ones. One‘s room and Three Guineas are contemplated as pioneer works by detractors, which are contributory in shaping womanist literary condemnation. Being discontented with the tendentiousness towards women, Woolf‘s women-based outlook of liberation for females is shown in these two works. This study is conducted to put light on the subject matters of the writer‘s way out in her works and how both essays are linked up with the view of women liberation. Woolf faces up to the themes corresponding to feminism, for instance, mental emancipation, financial liberation, and pressure; a woman permitted in her relationship with a man who is her husband, brother, or friend. For example, Woolf scrutinizes the estrangement of women from the public sphere or educational institutions and their incapacities to get equal opportunities and distribution of affluence compared to men. In Three Guineas, she confronts the revolting fascism by advocating thoroughgoing political activism and the rising air meandered towards war. The researcher uses investigative/logical reasoning in both these works to divulge entanglements, stumbling blocks, curtailments, and feminist issues uplifted by Woolf centuries ago. This study also depicts many changes that occurred in traditional values of women throughout the last 20 to 50 years. In this whole study, a new aspect is added to fill the gap if women. These days, the concept of feminism that Woolf has practiced in her all essays has been used incorrectly. Ideas about this subject matter from critics are carefully shown in this study...Item Introspection(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Ahsan AliLiterature has a significant impact on human life, and its language has the ability to convey the inner world of humans. Memories, retrospection, introspection, foreshadowing, and flashbacks that are colored by the wound, trauma, and pain of gender disparity have a lot of space in literature. Now is the time to create the plot of fear, and Margaret Atwood has done an excellent job of raising these problems. In her writings, she criticizes the social, cultural, and political ties that bind a female character. In her works, she aspires to achieve self-awareness, identity, and self-confidence while depicting the sufferings and misery of female characters. This research focuses on the protagonist's childhood relationship, victimization, alienation, and rehabilitation in Margaret Atwood's novel Cat's Eye. This paper applies postcolonial theories of othering and cultural resistance to Elaine's sagacity of displacement and alienation. The emphasis then turns to Elaine's character development, with Abraham's objective approach serving as the theoretical structure. The method of research used in this analysis is library research. As a result, this research concludes that Cat's Eye reflects othering and character growth throughout her life. Finally, she developed into an independent young woman who, as an adult, let go of her past.Item A new historicist study of mottled dawn portraying partition’s trauma(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Muhammad ZakimThe Partition of India became a catastrophic event that modified the social and cultural panorama of the subcontinent. This studies seeks to research communal riots and the general disturbance that become skilled with the aid of the humans of the subcontinent at some stage in partition from a new historicist thing with Manto‟s anthology Mottled Dawn being the number one textual content. Seeking the fact that Manto seeks psychological asylum through writing as a way to acquire catharsis of partition‟s trauma to express the „madness' of partition displays his trauma afflicted state of mind. Many of Manto's testimonies discuss with intellectual illness and depression, “Khol Do" " is one example. Through an in-depth observe of the Manto‟s series, this examine seeks to understand how Manto strongly criticizes religion by means of selling sectarian and masculine violence at some point of the separation. As a cultural representation inside the politics of segregation and poetry, Manto goals to focus on the significance of these cultural texts as separate historians of segregation and religion.Item Tracing repercussions of trauma in Mian Raza Rabbani’s the smile snatchers(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Samaia AmjadThis research tends to study child trauma and its effects on childhood referring to Raza Rabbani’s novella The Smile Snatchers. It discusses that child trauma serves as an unerasable memory associated to traumatic experience and the way it remains a part of their unconsciousness permanently. This study tends to argue that child trauma cannot be expressed but can be identified in the behavioral patterns in childhood that may vary from other normal children. It would also incorporate the basic perception of childhood and how trauma ravages the blissful childhood period, leaving the victims in eternal abyss. The aim of this study is to highlight the aftermath of traumatic experiences on childhood and to highlight how children suffer and continue to suffer, both physically and mentally. The study aims to validate that how a single experience can lead to a permanently disrupted childhood and impose a similar outlook on life as well. The study would trace out the immediate and long-term effects of child trauma on child’s behavioral, emotional and psychological patterns. Using the post structural approach of trauma studies by Cathy Caruth, the researcher will explore the novella with the lens of trauma theory, and its effects on childhood and growing ages. The aspect of the Trauma Theory by Cathy Caruth that, trauma tends to continuously repeat itself, would be focused along with the key features of Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History to support the argument throughout the study.Item A study of poetic devices in selective poems of romantic poets(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Humna RanaThe aim of this research is to illustrate that romanticism appeared in Europe towards the end of the 18th century and continued into the mid-19th century. The major elements of Romanticism are nature, emotions, and imagination. Nature, with its unbound gloriousness, is an enormous element in the Romantic era. Nature is frequently viewed as something antithetical to the practical. In the Romantic period, the poets used individual experiences and the personal feelings and emotions they associated with the veneration of the surroundings. During the analysis of these selected poems by Wordsworth, John Keats, and William Blake, the researcher assures the reader that poetic language produces depth in poetry and a more vivid feel through the use of different poetic devices. The study explicitly highlights the attributes of the poems that use metaphorical language, poetic devices, and a selection of specific words to convey underlying messages to the readers. For instance, in Keats’s poem, "Ode to Autumn," the poet describes his personal feelings about Autumn and the celebration of the Autumn season by nature. The significance of the project work is to view the primary function of poetic devices in poetry during the time of Romanticism. The aims and objectives of this research are to know the use of poetic devices and their impact on the readers' minds. The use of imagery and poetic devices in the poems of William Wordsworth, William Blake, and John Keats creates a sense of understanding about the poets' abstract ideas. The study investigates the unique elements of poetry in the period of Romanticism, known to be distinctive in using personal feelings and individual experiences of the poets through figurative language and the frequent use of imagery to materialize abstract ideas.Item An Eriksonian analysis of Edgar Allan Poe’s the fall of the house of Usher and Edogawa Rampo’s the human chair(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Amna NadeemThe intertwining of horror, mystery, and suspense have a macabre impact on human emotions. As a human being every human can feel the presence of fear in body and mind. Stories, novels and audio/visual content which contain fear, suspense and mystery can cause a serious psychological issue. The main focus of the research is to highlight the impact of horror and mystery on humans and the gothic and macabre elements on human consciousness. Sometimes reading or watching horror content can cause serious damage to the mind. By examining Poe and Ranpo’s short stories with the help of Erikson’s Psychosocial theory the research will reveal the results of gothic fiction on the human mind and also disclose how to overcome. The research will also analyze the characters in both of the short stories that how they suffer in the story and what was their main focusItem Feminist aesthetic as resistance(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Javaria RashidThis paper deals with aestheticism by keeping in view the theoretical lens of feminism. The feminist aesthetic movement elucidates Sylvia Plath and Adrienne Rich's aesthetic concerns in their poetry. Gender roles somehow limit women to think artistically and philosophically as well. Women are taken for granted but the feminist aesthetic gives way to transcend all the boundaries so all women can think and write freely. This paper contends that how androgyny works in Rich and Plath's poetry and how aesthetically the poetry is influenced by gender roles. According to the feministic notion, society has diminished women's own identity but the feminist theoretical framework offers women a chance to build their own identity and standard in society. Writers have resisted the traditional roles and raised their voices aesthetically against the violence they have faced. Feminist aesthetic challenge's philosophy of beauty, art, and sensory experience which helps us to find out aesthetics in poetry even where there is no philosophy.Item Cinematic adaptation starring Henrik Ibsen's play a doll's house(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Maham NaseemSocial identity and ideology are the necessities in the process of adaptation. The process of adaptation demands in depth meaning and exploration to represent the cultural aspects in any piece of literature. By applying the theoretical framework of adaptation by Linda Hutcheon, this study focuses on the detailed analysis about the characters. Moreover, it portrays a unique trend of the practical approach to articulating ideas of what author holds in his story. Adaptation is a process that focus more on the characterization, delivery of the dialogues and setting which further interrogates how different piece of literature are being adapted and how cultural implication and representation work differently in this process. Study shows how the idea of Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House was presented in the several English adaptations. Generally, adaptations were used culturally to represent the settings, conflict, and plot of the play rather to exaggerate what is being seen in the play. Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House was adapted quite often and every adaptation presents a unique notion of culture with respect to the particular locality which further emphasizes on the audience who were adhering that particular culture.Item The conflict between science and religion(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Shulammite PaulRichard Dawkins the author of The God Delusion has different focuses from his scientific source. Through this book, I contend to unveil the aspects against Christianity by analyzing the writing of C.S. Lewis by applying the theory of Marxism by Karl Marx. New Atheism was coined by the American journalist Gary Wolf in 2006 to showcase the growth of prominent atheists of the twentieth century. One of them, Richard Dawkins, advocates the ideology of new atheism in the view that religion, irrationalism, and superstitions shouldn’t be tolerated. Through his book, The God Delusion (2006) Dawkins challenges religion as the indoctrination of children and the social harms caused by the perpetuating ideologies that humans believe in. This thesis discusses the scientific testing on Christianity, and the emergence of new atheism as a contemporary movement to attack religion. Reason and Logic are subjected to the authority of God.Item Diagnosing the unassimilated wounds of partition’s trauma(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Mashal MumtazThe research paper aims to probe Cathy Caruth’s Trauma Theory in Khushwant Singh’s Train to Pakistan and Saadat Hassan Manto’s Khol Do. The objective of the research is to unveil the gruesome archives of traumatic happenings of partition through a comparative analysis of Sundari in Train to Pakistan and Sakina in Khol Do. Another objective is to unfold how trauma has influenced Singh and Manto to rewrite the history of partition. The study underlines the significance of trauma in shaping actions and individual and religious and national identities as the critical study traces individual encounters of characters with bleak conscious and poignant memories. The dissertation impregnates the gap in research on Train to Pakistan and Khol Do which have formerly not been dissected and scrutinized as a means of catharsis from trauma residing in the South Asian human subconscious. Psychoanalysis, with explicit emphasis on Cathy Caruth’s Trauma Theory, is the secondary source for this research paper. The study heightens the significance of trauma as an event which fragments human consciousness but is ripe with the potential to be shaped by language. Future researchers can question the idea of partition by exploring trauma in other post partition literary texts of South-Asian writers and draw a comparative analysis with the aforementioned texts. The research is qualitative and non inter-disciplinary which is conducted on a grounded theory.Item Analyzing the hegemonic representation of class and culture in Mian Raza Rabbani’s short fiction(UMT, Lahore, 2021) ZAINAB HAMEEDThis study aims to provide an insight into the culturally conditioned, downtrodden, and neglected side of the society as portrayed in the short story collection Invisible People by Mian Raza Rabbani through the lens of Antonio Gramsci’s idea of Cultural Hegemony is a constituent of Karl Marx’s theory of Marxism. This research presents a case study of the ruling class ruling through coercion and consensus. It depicts betrayal, misery, and deprivation of the abandoned class at the hands of the elites in a collection of 11 evocative, fable-like stories. The beliefs and cultural values of the ruling class then become the cultural norms and depict the whole society including the underprivileged, from their perspective. The same scenario can be observed in the mentioned text. The worldview of a person from the ruling class -the author, becomes the voice of the poor. Moreover, as Mr. Rabbani himself belongs to an elite family, occupying a position of power, yet illustrating the underprivileged- This ignites a further debate on the dominant ideology of the society. The scenario of a socially privileged person providing an insight into the harsh realities of the underprivileged provides us with the opportunity to access the work under the umbrella of Marxism, Repression, and class structure as it tackles the same subject. Therefore, the degree of cultural conditioning class structure, repression, feminism, and power dynamics are the points that will be discussed under the umbrella of these theories.Item A socio-political, historical and cultural critique of Javeri’s nobody killed her(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Anum ZahraThe current study has scrutinized the socio-political, cultural, and historical dimensions of Pakistani society depicted in Nobody Killed Her by Sabyn Javeri through the application of Marxist Literary Criticism Theory. Through the close reading analysis method, this textual study has executed an attempt to unfurl distinct contours of sufferings that go beyond the walls of caste and class and to decipher socio-political, cultural, and historical dimensions of Pakistani society accentuated in the novel. The study excavates the fact that the novel substantiates the miseries that cut across generations and the barriers of caste, class, and social status. The findings of the study reveal that the novel gives prominence to the kernel issues of Pakistani society such as class system, identity crisis, dehumanization and coercion based on social class, depreciation of moral values, and political conspiracies. The novel also ascertains how characters were caught in the traditions of ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’. It also weighs the economic exploitation of the characters where everyone wanted to conserve some social status that became unthinkable without money. The thorough comprehension of the text illustrates a pacy assassination plot that may appear wild but will be wholly familiar in the sub-continent. The novel serves as a politically psychological thriller about two passionate, enthusiastic, and politically ambitious women, who disclose themselves intertwined in each other’s lives as they are in the mesh of murky politics.Item An eco feminist analysis of Jane Austen’s pride and prejudice(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Samreen ArshadThe study explores the critical issue of ecofeminism, a subcategory of Eco criticism, in Jane Austen‘s novel Pride and Prejudice. Karen Warren in her essay, ―The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism‖ has clearly defined the world and environment as the composition of several hierarchies and binaries. Eco criticism deals with the idea of the relation between human and non-human objects. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Austen has incorporated several natural images and assimilated her characters with those natural aspects that are truly intriguing. The novel also contains several images which are entirely feminist and eventually they have a true impact on the characters and their expressions. The paper intends to carry out an ecofeminist study which will explore the relationship of the characters with their environment and both the entities are responsible for each other‘s survival.
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