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Item A theoretical study of different zone formation in fermi bubbles(UMT, Lahore, 2023) MUHAMMAD ARIFFermi bubbles are formed by the release of large amount of energy from the black holes by tidal disruption at the center of galaxy. We divide these fermi bubbles into different regions. These regions include strong gravitational potential zone, a cumulative zone of diffusive, non-diffusive, and thermal region. While the last one is quasi-thermal zone. We study energy transfer mechanism by the irregularities produced by magnetic fluctuations in these regions.Item Solution of KDV and MKDV equation by using (g’/g)- expansion method and space-time fractional methods(UMT, Lahore, 2023) LAIBA IQBALThe complex nature of nonlinear evolution equation has always remained a hot debate in the field of plasma physics. Due to its complexity, it is quite challenging to find exact solutions to it using traditional techniques. Therefore, a methodology has been devised which we call g g ' expansion method. In this investigation we work on space-time KdV, mKdV, KdV-MKdV and space-time fractional ‘KdV-MKdV’ equation. With the help of g g ' expansion method and extended g g ' expansion method. Several types of new mathematical exact solutions are obtained, along-with solutions for hyperbolic relations, trigonometric variable functions, and rational expressions. By applying the said technique, we found that these are novel techniques in finding exact mathematical solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) and nonlinear fractional PDEs. Furthermore, graphical representations in the form of two-dimensional and three-dimensional are also presented to highlight the results of our new findings by using MATHEMATICA programming.Item Design and implementation of IR sensor-based obstacle detector(UMT, Lahore, 2023) Nasir SultanDesigning and implementing an IR sensor-based obstacle detector involves several steps. Here's a general overview of the process: Determine the specific requirements of your obstacle detector, such as the detection range, sensitivity, response time, and power consumption. Choose a suitable IR sensor for your application. There are various types available, including reflective sensors, through-beam sensors, and proximity sensors. Consider factors like range, output type (analog or digital), and ambient light immunity. The circuitry required for interfacing the IR sensor with a microcontroller or other processing unit. The circuit typically includes components like resistors, capacitors, and voltage regulators. Consult the datasheet of your chosen sensor for specific design guidelines. Perform calibration to establish the sensor's baseline readings in the absence of obstacles. This step is essential for accurate obstacle detection. Calibration involves measuring the sensor's output in a controlled environment and using those readings as a reference for subsequent obstacle detection. Determine the optimal positioning and mounting of the IR sensor for effective obstacle detection. Consider factors like the sensor's field of view, desired detection range, and the type of obstacles you want to detect. Mount the sensor securely in the desired location. Capture and process the sensor's output signals using a microcontroller or a dedicated signal processing unit. The processing may involve amplification, noise filtering, and thresholding to convert the analog signal into a digital representation suitable for obstacle detection. IR based obstacle detector was designed and implemented and was found suitable for automated application.Item Travelling wave solutions of nonlinear equations in physics via tangent hyperbolic and extended tangent hyperbolic expansion method(UMT, Lahore, 2023) KHANSA AHMAD QURESHIThe adjacent research inspect the rational and analytical approach for determining the desiring travelling wave solutions, intrinsically a localized nature of nonlinear wave equations (NWEs). A tangent hyperbolic methodology is suggested firstly for securing the exact and accurate solutions which comprehends solitons (as peakons), shocks, and kinks. The premise assumptions describe that majority results are comprised of tangent hyperbolic functions. The study demonstrates that this medium has been advanced for treating different physical and mathematical problems. Furthermore, an extended tangent hyperbolic technique is executed to tribute the incredible evolution of hyperbolic tangent method, for which indicates the consequences of abound solitary waves of NWEs. This yields the soliton kinks, cuspons and periodic solutions as well. The motive to approach on these mediums unambiguously is that they require elementary and limited algebra for attaining the results. These assumptions are concerned for specific cases that heeds to the real solutions. In a nutshell, the hyperbolic tangent expansion offers its immense applications in regard to operate NWEs. All the secured solutions are confirmed and justified by using a computational software, Wolfram Mathematica.Item Galactic outflows in different geometries(UMT, Lahore, 2023) UZAIR MAJEEDOur universe consists of trillions, if not seemingly countless number of galaxies. Many of these galaxies are known as active galaxies or more precisely AGN (active galactic nuclei), because of the emission of high-energy radiations from the center of galaxies due to central supermassive black holes. Different active galaxies burst out jets of radiation and particles forming different shapes depending on the ongoing active events in their center. In this thesis paper, I have discussed the behavior of particles in different geometrical shapes. For the sake of this paper, I have represented three shapes, one is a constant flux tube, the second is diverging environment and the third is an extremely diverging environment (funnel-like structure). The jets emitting from the galactic center are termed as thermal outflows. But these are not the only thing present in outflows structures. Many times, cosmic rays from other galaxies and from void space also interact with thermal outflows and modify its structure and particle dynamics. There are many models to deal with the dynamics of particles, but I have used the hydrodynamic model to deal with these gaseous structures. The solutions are divided into three regions; supersonic region, subsonic region, and unphysical regions. These regions are named on the base of particle speed with respect to sound speed. In unphysical regions, the solution curve shows two speeds simultaneously at one location, which isn’t possible. Here, transonic solutions are interested because a particle following transonic solution can go from subsonic towards supersonic regions or the other way round. In the first chapter, a brief 4 introduction of various concepts is given. In second chapter, Hydrodynamical model (single fluid - thermal outflows) is represented along with numerical solutions. After that in the third chapter, solutions are discussed more qualitatively. At last, hydrodynamic three fluid model is presented and discussed briefly.