Galactic outflows in different geometries
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Date
2023
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UMT, Lahore
Abstract
Our universe consists of trillions, if not seemingly countless number of galaxies. Many of these galaxies are known as active galaxies or more precisely AGN (active galactic nuclei), because of the emission of high-energy radiations from the center of galaxies due to central supermassive black holes. Different active galaxies burst out jets of radiation and particles forming different shapes depending on the ongoing active events in their center. In this thesis paper, I have discussed the behavior of particles in different geometrical shapes. For the sake of this paper, I have represented three shapes, one is a constant flux tube, the second is diverging environment and the third is an extremely diverging environment (funnel-like structure). The jets emitting from the galactic center are termed as thermal outflows. But these are not the only thing present in outflows structures. Many times, cosmic rays from other galaxies and from void space also interact with thermal outflows and modify its structure and particle dynamics. There are many models to deal with the dynamics of particles, but I have used the hydrodynamic model to deal with these gaseous structures. The solutions are divided into three regions; supersonic region, subsonic region, and unphysical regions. These regions are named on the base of particle speed with respect to sound speed. In unphysical regions, the solution curve shows two speeds simultaneously at one location, which isn’t possible. Here, transonic solutions are interested because a particle following transonic solution can go from subsonic towards supersonic regions or the other way round. In the first chapter, a brief 4 introduction of various concepts is given. In second chapter, Hydrodynamical model (single fluid - thermal outflows) is represented along with numerical solutions. After that in the third chapter, solutions are discussed more qualitatively. At last, hydrodynamic three fluid model is presented and discussed briefly.