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Item Integration of bim and energy optimization for sustainable environmental design of a building(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Bhajan Kumar; Sajeel Ahmad; M. Usman Pasha; Ali Asad; Talha MunirEnergy optimization of existing buildings is an important process aimed at improving energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption, ultimately fostering sustainable and environmentally-friendly structures that offer comfortable living environments. Extensive research indicates a growing demand for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings, driven by the need to mitigate the environmental impact of construction. The adoption of 3D Building Information Modeling (BIM) plays a pivotal role in achieving green and sustainable construction objectives. This research involves the creation of a 3D model using Revit software, followed by the implementation of various energy optimization strategies to enhance building efficiency. These strategies encompass the installation of energy-efficient lighting systems, HVAC system optimization, and the utilization of cost-effective sustainable materials for flooring. The cumulative effect of these measures results in a significant reduction in the building's environmental footprint and operational costs. Through rigorous analysis and assessment, the study demonstrates the noticeable benefits of energy optimization in existing buildings, showcasing the conversion towards sustainability and enhanced energy efficiency. The findings underscore the substantial impact of energy optimization on annual energy consumption, highlighting its pivotal role in the pursuit of sustainable building practices. Keywords: BIM, green buildings, construction 4.0, sustainability and energy optimizationItem Factors influencing the use of overhead pedestrian bridges in lahore(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Shaham Ali; Farhad shah; Irtaza Haider; Sher M. KhanThe study examines the usage of overhead pedestrian bridges in Lahore, focusing on factors affecting individual behavior and societal trends. The characteristics chosen were highly positively connected with one another, according to correlation analysis, and they provide good data set for identifying prediction factors for the use of overhead pedestrian bridges. Independent T-Test found no significant gender difference in usage of overhead pedestrian bridges in Lahore. According to a multiple regression analysis, "others using the bridge" and "physical barriers" were the biggest predictors of how often overhead pedestrian bridges were used. The study also provides recommendations to increase the usage of overhead pedestrian bridges in Lahore and promoting a safer, pedestrian-friendly urban environment through safety culture, pedestrian-friendly design, and communal responsibility.Item Hydroshed analysis using gis and rs technology with industry 4.0 approach(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Muhammad Hannan Saif; Numan; Daud AhmedThe research, titled "Hydroshed Analysis Using GIS and RS Technology with an Industry 4.0 Approach," presents a comprehensive study of the Soan River basin, employing cutting edge Industry 4.0 technologies. Through a meticulous analysis of both static and dynamic parameters, specifically land use and precipitation patterns, this study unveils critical insights into the region's hydrological dynamics. Static parameters reveal significant transformations in land use, with a noticeable shift towards increased cropland at the expense of grasslands. This shift, while holding economic potential, raises concerns regarding flood vulnerability during crop harvest seasons. Dynamic parameters, particularly precipitation trends, expose alarming signs of climate change, including dwindling monsoon rainfall and elevated winter precipitation levels. These revelations underscore the pressing need for proactive mitigation measures. Leveraging the Industry 4.0 approach has proven efficient and expedient, outperforming conventional methods. By harnessing freely accessible software and data sources, this research demonstrates the power of accessible global information in evaluating and managing critical landscapes. The study’s findings ii emphasize the urgency of sustainable development initiatives in the Soan River basin, addressing resource restoration and disaster resilience. Additionally, these analyses inform the formulation of robust policies and water management strategies, aligning with the region’s evolving needs and challenges. This research offers not only invaluable insights into the specifics of the Soan River basin but also highlights the vast potential of accessible technology in addressing pressing environmental challenges on a broader scale.Item Retrofitting of two-ways slabs using carbon fiber reinforced polymers(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Muhammad Uzaer khan; Basim Aziz Khan; Muhammad Sharjeel Arshad; Shan Ismail; Muhammad Nadeem AwanIn order to enhance their functionality and extend their useful lifetimes, structural components in buildings and infrastructure must be retrofitted. A vital component of many structures, two-way slabs are typically susceptible to numerous types of degradation, including cracking, bending, and reduced load-carrying capacity, which can compromise the operation and safety of the entire structure. This thesis examines Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) systems, an innovative and sustainable solution for retrofitting two-way slabs. This study's primary objective is to completely evaluate how CFRP retrofitting techniques enhance the structural performance of two-way slabs. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach that also incorporates analytical modelling and finite element analysis. On full-scale two-way slab specimens before and after retrofitting with CFRP materials, experimental testing will be done to gauge the improvement in load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and ductility. To fully understand the mechanical properties of CFRP composites, testing for material characterization will also be conducted. Analytical models and finite element simulations will be used to forecast how retrofitted slabs will behave under various loading scenarios. Parametric studies will be done to optimize the retrofitting properties, such as CFRP orientation, thickness, and spacing, in order to get the best performance increase. In addition, the economic and environmental viability of CFRP retrofitting will be evaluated, taking into consideration factors like a lower carbon footprint and life-cycle cost analysis. Additionally, practical concerns with CFRP retrofitting will be covered in the thesis, including installation techniques, quality control, and compatibility with present building materials. Case studies of actual retrofitting projects will be looked at in order to obtain insight into the practical IV application of CFRP retrofitting in different structural configurations and environmental settings. It is hoped That the findings of this study would significantly advance the field of structural engineering. The research's conclusions will assist structural engineers, architects, and building specialists in making well-informed decisions about changing current structures to improve their resilience, safety, and sustainability.Item Numerical analysis of brick masonry using fea(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Mujahid Hussain; Shahbaz Haider; Muhammad Faheem; M. Ahmad RandhawaThis comprehensive study looks into the transformative potential of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials in brickwork rehabilitation. It reveals the remarkable mechanical properties, performance benefits, and innovative applications of CFRP reinforcements through an in-depth literature review. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is used to reinforce masonry walls, slabs, beams, and columns, among other structural elements. The results shed light on their ability to increase load-bearing capacity, reduce cracking, stiffen, and ensure long-term durability. This study paves the way for future research by identifying key research gaps, while also highlighting the invaluable insights it provides practitioners and researchers alike. This study represents a significant step forward in the conservation and revitalization of historic and weathered brick masonry structures using methodologies. Columns, for example, can be strengthened by FRP outer wrapping or embedding them in a FRP stabilization system. Externally bonded FRP gives the column passive restraint, improves axial stiffness, reduces lateral expansion for given load levels, and allows the column to achieve higher stress and deformation levels than unwrapped columns.Item Design of prestressed highway bridge girder(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Umer Farooq; Syed Sammar Hussain; Muhammad Faisal; Hamza JavedThe purpose of this project was to design a prestressed bridge girder in Ayun, Chitral. The project commenced with the preliminary analysis of different type of loadings such as HL-93, AASHTO truck lane, Pakistan’s military tank and NLC loadings following with the influence line diagrams for maximum bending moment and shear. The second step was to determine the effects of different types of loading at different points, the load distribution factors and the sectional properties of girder with the help of Microsoft Excel. And the succeeding steps were to determine the ultimate flexural and shear strength, prestress losses, deflections and camber, design of anchorage zones and structural drawingsItem Optimization of spillway and stilling basin design for mohmand dam(UMT.Lahore, 2023) HAMMAD UL HASSAN; M. MUNEEB JAVED; NARJIS ABBAS; USAMA TAYYABAn analysis of spillways involves a comprehensive study to control the discharge of excess water from a reservoir or dam, preventing overtopping and potential damage. Generally floods effects the hydraulic structures so in order to mitigate its effects, it is important to analyze the performance of spillway and stilling basin at varying flood discharges. The objectives of the study were modelling of the Mohmand Dam Spillway using Flow 3D software and manually using USBR. The water flow parameters and surface profiles for spillways and stilling basin for Mohmand Dam were also computed. Different spillways types i.e. ogee, side channel, chute and drop for Mohmand dam were compared on the basis of spillway dimensions, design discharge, physical parameters, theoretical design (uncontrolled and controlled Ogee spillway, upper and lower stilling basin. The ogee spillway was found best due to its performance evaluation based on flow capacity, flood control, energy dissipation and sedimentation control. The design flood of 27,427 m3 /s was used for the design of Mohmand Dam spillway. The ogee spillway and stilling basin were designed manually based on USBR. The upstream and downstream profiles, design flood discharge passing capacity was computed manually. USBR Type III stilling basin was computed for the Mohmand Dam. Because of manual design, the computed dimensions of spillways and stilling basin were then simulating and modelled using SketchUp and Flow 3D models respectively. Different flow parameters were determined for spillway and stilling basin was found within permissible limits i.e., velocity, Pressure, Froude number and water surface profiles. An effort was done to optimize the spillway and stilling basin by reducing the structural dimensions keeping the hydraulic parameters safe and to safely pass the design flood iii discharge. The results depicted that Spillway and stilling basin of Mohmand dam were optimized at 5% reduced width (129.96m) at design discharge 27,427 m3 /sec. Flow discharge was passing safely and smoothly at original width (136.8m) and at 129.96m but at 10% decrease width, the discharge did not passed safely through the structure. It was concluded that the Flow 3D software has been successfully applied for the spillway and stilling basin modelling of Mohmand Dam. The spillway on original dimension 591.56 m × 136.8 m× 205 m the flow parameters of pressure 182434 Pa, velocity 7.537m/sec and Froude Number 1.471 has been found within the permissible limits. The spillway at 5% decreased dimension 591.56m × 129.96m × 205m the flow parameters of pressure 238342Pa, velocity 8.786m/sec and Froude Number 1.713 has been found within the permissible limits with clear waterway has been found safe to pass the design flood of 27,427 m3 /sec. However, a design at 10% decrease in width showed unsatisfactory results, which meant that the velocity of water passing over the spillway was high which caused extreme turbulence and cavitation on the spillway and stilling basin structure. The spillway has been designed and optimized using Flow 3D software according to USBR code in the current study. It is recommended to design and construct the spillway by using other software has and codes as well for the purpose of comparisonItem Water quality analysis using hec-ras: a case study of ravi reach pakistan(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Muhammad Hussnain; Ihtesham-Ul-Haq; Ibtisham Farooq; Muhammad Tauqeer; Muhammad Shaarif JavedThe quality of the water resources is facing threats because of continuous urbanization. This increase in human activities around the river areas changed the water quality, affecting the aquatic ecosystem. Eutrophication occurs when high levels of nutrients cause algal bloom. The water quality modeling can be a useful tool for assessing water bodies. The quality of the Ravi River has deteriorated during the past decades due to inappropriate sewage systems, so the aim of this research was to make a one-dimensional model to model the river water quality in terms of CBOD and DO concentrations. The results of the model were compared to the available literature on this river, as it was the only available data. The results showed the poor quality of the waters of the Ravi River in terms of high CBOD concentrations (200 mg/l), according to the International Water Quality Guidelines for Ecosystems (IWQGES) estimates, World Health Organization (WHO), and EPA Pakistan. These results were consistent with the previous studies, and thus HEC-RAS can be considered as an effective tool for modeling river water quality.Item Effect of cyclic wetting and drying on hydraulic and volume change behaviors of compacted swelling clay(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Hamza Islam; Muhammad Usman Ansari; Abubakar Liaqat; Noman Ahmad Mujtaba KhanA profound knowledge of how compacted expansive soils behave in field conditions is essential because of their widespread utilization in engineering applications. This study presents the effect of stress and boundary conditions, either independently or in combination, on the hydraulic and volume change behavior of highly compacted swelling clay. A series of axial stress states ranging from 26 kPa to 1000 kPa were applied through cyclic wetting and drying (CWD) method while taking into account two boundary constraints, namely constant stress (CS) and constant volume (CV). The initial soaking and drying cycle showed the most substantial effect of the CWD process on the hydraulic and volume change behavior of expansive soil. Under CS conditions, the CWD process resulted in the accumulation of shrinkage as well as a reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity (ksat). In contrast, under CV conditions, the CWD process led to a decrease in swelling pressure, with minimal influence on ksat. A prominent elastic response to the CWD process was observed after the completion of second cycle and start of the third cycle. For instance, the third to fourth cycle for volume change potential under CV conditions, and the fourth to fifth cycle for volume change potential under CS conditions. Furthermore, it was also concluded that swelling pressure (Ϭs) and ksat are not inherent properties of expansive soil, but rather are affected by iiia variety of variables such as stress levels, boundary conditions, and wetting conditions.Item Design of reinforced concrete frame for seismic loading(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Kashif Hameed; 4 Ali Raza; Nader Shah; Hassan Khaliq; Omair KhanThe building is located in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir. The building was a three-story frame structure. The soil under the structure was rocky that is why its site class is B. The SDC was D which depends on spectral accelerations and site classification. The spectral acceleration can be find out by using BCP-21. The base shear and story shear was calculated by using equivalent lateral load method. Multiple loads combinations were used to calculate the design loads. The effect of earthquake was also considered. The special moment resisting frame was used. The edge-supported slabs were designed by strip method. Slab transferred the load on beams by tributary area approach. The different sections of beams were designed according to the location. The square columns were designed by interaction diagrams and biaxial bending was checked by Breslers' reciprocal method.Item Efficiency improvement in construction project(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Muhammad Tayyab; Abdullah Bin Idrees; Mudassar Abbas; Syed Muhammad MukarramConstruction is one of the biggest and least efficient industries in the world. Building information modeling (BIM) and lean construction have gained more attention recently as ways to improve the efficiency of the building process. The purpose of this research is to investigate and validate the potential of BIM and LC for improving the efficiency of construction projects. The project is conducted in two phases. In the first phase, investigated the use of BIM-enabled Lean Construction on a single construction project. The project will focus on; The use of 9D Lean Construction principles, such as planning, execution, and CI, prefabrication, JIT, PP, LPS; and the use of BIM-enabled Lean Construction techniques, such as Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), clash analysis and feasibility and functionality analysis in VR. In the second phase, the results of the theoretical model of BIM-enabled Lean Construction are compared with traditional construction. The theoretical model indicated that most of the lean utilization is in design phase of the construction, with streamline workflow, virtual digitization, risk mitigation and optimized clash resolution, scheduling and costing. These improved the cost and time efficiency by 15.4% and 80% respectively due to prefabrication. Moreover saved Rs 2.89 Million and 158 8-hr shifts due to early on clash analysis and 200 days were saved due to proper planning using lean principle and techniques. BIM ensures standardized work throughout the project in conjunction with LC.