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Item Unwritten laws and traditions of Baluchistan in light of the wandering falcon by Jamil Ahmad(UMT, Lahore, 2022) AYESHA FATIMAThis study is basically focused on the Baluchistan tradition and culture and the idea of their honor also their codes of manner with a lot of an effort giving to the study for understanding the Baluch codes of social life also how their culture and customs effects the society of that province because these people have a large number of their nomadic tradition which they follow strictly especially the unwritten laws of their tribes. Now in the 21st century these codes are changed with the passage of time. Because most of people migrated to the agricultural land from desert and hills that’s why their needs of life and sources are also change these things also effect their tradition and customary laws. Study will focus the codes of honor in the tribal areas and negative or positive effects of their tradition on people and the person who did not follow the rules of their tradition should always be punished. They are very strict for their customs in the case of adultery and love marriages both are not allowed if anyone stand against it, they kill both the woman and her lover. This study will also focus on the tradition of their revenge because Baluch are well known for their revenge. If they find that person after hundreds of years, they take their revenge or maybe it is in the form of adultery as depicted in the novel The Wandering Falcon. This study will observe that under these unwritten laws where the woman of the tribe stands, and about the patriarchal elements which are also mentioned in the novel. The research included in this paper will be examined through the anthropological perspectives about culture and tradition as writer himself was living in the Baluchistan province for military purpose but as a person, he observed by living in their tribes about specific place, and about their people.Item Manifestation of psychological trauma in broken verses by Kamila Shamsie(UMT, Lahore, 2022) AMAT-UR-REHMAN TEHREEMThe research paper aims to explore Trauma Theory by Cathy Caruth in Kamila Shamsie’s novel, Broken Verses through qualitative analysis. The main objective of the paper is to delineate mental trauma embedded in the memory of the characters, which molds their present and future identities. The significance of the dissertation is unraveled in the traumatic, rampant ravages in the ecstatic childhood, hurling victims in an eternal void of identity crisis. The research questions that this paper will address are as follows: What does the title “Broken Verses” signify? What are the different types of traumas stated by Kamila Shamsie in her writings including “Broken Verses”? How the traumatic experiences change the behavioral and psychological patterns of trauma survivors? The tools for this research constitute of the novel Broken Verses by Kamila Shamsie as the primary source. Whereas, Trauma Theory by Cathy Caruth serves as one of the secondary text from a theoretical perspective. The study fills the gap in research on Broken Verses as a critical study of the cynical Pakistani politics and the seeping in of fundamentalism in government body. The research leaves open the intellectual space to explore Fascism in Shamsie’s selected work.Item Exploring patriarchal violence through gender schema theory in Manto’s “open it” and Ismat’s “the fourth day outfit”(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Kamran MaqsoodThis study intends to compare two short stories, “Open It” (Khol do) and “The Fourth Day Outfit” (Chauthi ka Joda), written by Saadat Hasan Manto and Ismat Chughtai respectively. It analyzes the sufferings and struggles of women, marginalization, and defacement of social rights of women in a patriarchal society and how women's bodies are repressed at the time of partition. This research highlights the miserable life of the women predetermined due to their socially defined gender roles. Both authors severely examined male-dominated societies, repression, and destructive violence against women. They criticize domestic violence and superstitions in the majority of their writings. The study shall highlight the goal of marriage as an endpoint for women and horrific violence against women during the partition of India. The objective of this research is to explore and analyze how these two famous writers have discussed the emotions and feelings of victimized women in society. The study will apply the Gender Schema Theory by Sandra Beam to highlight the development of gender schemas in men and women at their early ages. These stereotypes allow children (men and women in their early ages) to categorize the aspects in terms of masculine or feminine. These concepts are based on the basic premise of this theory, of how children are influenced by the roles of male and female in the culture of their society and how those same children consider themselves sexually dominant and adjust themselves to society by learning the lessons of gender.Item Commodification of female in game of thrones season I.(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Ayesha MalikThis dissertation explores the commodification of femininity through a textual analysis of the popular TV series Game of Thrones using the Feminist Perspective. Over the years of its screening, the series has gathered a huge fan base all across America and globally as well. My interest in the chosen topic arises from the fact that this particular TV series is known for the subject matter, violence and explicit content which makes it notorious as well for some audiences. Yet, it has the highest ratings on all platforms and is a multimillion-dollar project which has a global outreach, including much prominence in our own country. This is the exact reason why it must be discussed and analyzed in detail, because there are many aspects of the show which can unveil the dilemmas that exist in human societies, especially those relevant to females and the treatment by the male counterparts. The screening of many popular national and international shows depicts males and females quite differently, and usually in a Malik 8 stereotypical manner. This is however, alarming, especially when a particular show or film gathers a large fan following and the subject matter of the show revolves around the objectification of women.Item Compositional analysis of morpheme(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Hira AwanCompositional analysis of morpheme: This research will explore the process of word-formation used in “Dukhtar” movie. It is directed, written, and produced by Afia Nathaniel. Word formation is the process of creating new words based on words themselves or different words. These words are formed by the process of clipping, bending, or by the process affixation. This research mainly focused on two types of word formation Compounding and Derivation. It is based on the qualitative descriptive method. The data are words that are extracted from the movie contain word formation processes. The movie is the finest example for demonstrating the process of word formation because the characters of the movie have used various words to fill the communication gap and to show some emotions and feelings through their language. The tenacity of the research is to highlight and identify the forms of affixes of derivation and inflectional use in the Urdu Language. The result of this study revealed that the words used in the movie include dominant kinds of word-formation process that is “Compounding” and “Derivation”. The purpose of this study is to highlight the words in the Urdu language and the processes from which words are formed.Item Islamophobia(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Muhammad AliThe present research aims to explore and analyze the concept of Islamophobia. It illustrates that the fear or hatred of Islam is not a new phenomenon rather it encompasses a history fueled with conflicts leading to prejudice and discrimination. The negative stereotypes and misconceptions about Muslims and Islam are the product of history. The phenomenon of Islamophobia intensifies globally after the World Trade Center attack owing to the negative portrayal of Muslims and Islam by media, politics, and literature. This results in growing hatred towards Muslims and Islam. This study highlights the impact of Islamophobia on the West after the Twin Tower attack and how it shapes their attitude and behavior towards Muslims and Islam by critiquing events and incidents from Mohsin Hamid’s novel “The Reluctant Fundamentalist”. The novel pinpoints the elements of racial profiling and discrimination towards Muslim ethnicity. The paper utilizes the theory of social constructivism to encapsulate specific attitudes and behaviors resulting from negative portrayals of Muslims and Islam. The theory stresses the concept of Islamophobia more as a construct than a phenomenon that stemmed from inaccurate and stereotypical depictions of Muslims and Islam. Alongside the primary text “The Reluctant Fundamentalist” by Mohsin Hamid, this qualitative study makes use of several scholarly articles and media reports to delineate the concept of Islamophobia.Item Tapal tea advertising in Pakistan(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Hamda KhalidThe current study aims to analyze the significant role of language in the discourse of advertisements; mass media. Language is an important tool for communication and its importance elevates when it is viewed from the perspective of convincing someone to perform any action. Advertisement is a vast field for businessmen, women and brand owners as it is the platform through which they make their products known to every class of the society and increase percentage of the sales outcome in the targeted market. This study contends that the language description, specifically the taglines are infused with cultural values and are striking enough to attract the audience to persuade them to buy their products. A qualitative content analysis of Tapal Tea taglines and themes is carried out. 7 advertisements from (2000-2020) are selected for this purpose. These advertisements are analyzed through the theory of social semiotics which emerged since the publication of Michael Halliday's Language as Social Semiotic in 1978, but this paper focuses on the version proposed by Gunther Kress, Theo van Leeuwen, and the multimodal Linguistic/ Alphabetic process for the framework. The changing themes of TVC aims to promote the idea of strong family ties, gender roles, gender discrimination, cultural diversity, ethnicity, and typical social norms.Item The critical introspection of existentialism in female characters in sunlight on a broken column by Attia Hosain(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Mahnoor AfzalThe study aims to explore Existentialism in Attia Hosain’s novel Sunlight on a Broken Column. The objective of this qualitative research is to unravel the quest of identity of female characters through the thematic lens of existentialism such as Individuality, Freedom, Personal Choice and Existential Angst. The study is meant to depict the presence of Muslim female characters during the partition of India and progressive female identities are depicted to affirm coping mechanisms by dint of rebellion against patriarchal norms. The primary source of research is Attia Hosain’s novel Sunlight on a Broken Column, whereas, Soren Kierkegaard’s Existentialism serves as a secondary tool of research.Item Diasporic analysis of the post-colonial novel the crow eaters by Bapsi Sidhwa(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Manal Abdul RehmanThis study intends to highlight the postcolonial elements of diaspora in the novel The Crow Eaters by Bapsi Sidhwa. By looking at the discourse and events in the book, the thesis explains the ways in which the novel represents suppression, injustice and classification based on ethnicities. The recurring elements of biases, favoritism, class subjugation and bigotry are compared in the different social classes and ethnicities found in Lahore in the British occupied India. The novel was written to mark the identity of the Parsi community and it highlights the post migration trauma in the Parsi community. The colonial treatment including the injustice and prejudice done against the Parsi community by treating them with discrimination is brought to light. This theory is taken from Homi K. Bhabha’s book The Location of Culture (1994) where Bhabha includes that awareness needs to be raised about cultures and identities as they constitute an important part in the life of the third world citizens. This study analyses a community where power dynamics exist between different class systems and hierarchies are set up between people belonging to different ethnic groups. This thesis intends to scrutinize the events and characteristics of discrimination based on cultural identity. Culture is known to have a great impact on the patterns in human life where typical behavior is found in people in power and the ones subjugated. In this research study, diasporic criticism has been applied to the novel y in order to analyze these traits in the novel. The hybrid identity and trauma from displacement is formed in community members which is explored here in different circumstances.Item Self-destruction in Julius Barnes’s the sense of an ending(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Chaudhary Taha AnsarThe aim of this research is to explore the role of id, ego and superego in human’s personality and behavior through the lens of Julius Barnes’s novel, The Sense of an Ending. Exploration of characters and their interaction with each other provides an insight into the working of id, ego and superego. This research deploys Sigmund Freud’s theory of Psychoanalysis which suggests the three functions of Id, ego and superego, through which human’ psyche works. This understanding has played pivotal role in exploration of those factors that lead towards imbalanced form of personality due to trauma and may lead towards Self-destruction. Role of Id deals with impulses and urges, whereas, 'superego' deals with societal values, morals and ethics and 'ego' maintains balance between both id and superego. The imbalance between ego and Id results in drastic repercussions that require reparation. This research analyses major characters, and explores the effects of trauma and self-destruction, when ego fails to maintain a balance between their id and superego, hence leading the characters to opt for defense mechanisms. This research also highlights the depiction of trauma in the novel. This qualitative research is based on analyzing and interpreting the psychological state of the major characters of The Sense of an Ending more specifically under the broad vision of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis theory. Furthermore, this research examines the effects of trauma that led Adrian to commit suicide. The study finds that the traumatic effects present in Adrian’s actions and behavior when he was in school which other people were unable to see. Along with that, this research explores that Sarah Ford committed the sin of adultery, because of her monotonous routine and her husband’s lack of interest in her. This research is going to contribute in the field of literature, as trauma in this novel has remained unexplored till now. This research focusses on the idea of portrayal of memories that are not always past recordings, rather sometimes they can be a deliberate effort to assemble the pieces of the past together to make sense. Hence memories prove to be fallible that can cause catastrophic destruction to one’s self when one faces the reality.Item Analysis of islamophobia under critical race theory(UMT, Lahore, 2022) SHAHZMEENThis research paper investigates how the political abuse effect the minorities and operates racial prejudice and discrimination across the globe that result in Islamophobia. By highlighting a praetorian like Zia ul Haq, who is a leading example of how personal benefits can be gained by putting on the clock of Islam. A very famous journalist Muhamad Hanif give a deep insight about manipulative political hold of Zia ul haq in his novel a case of exploding mangoes where he narrates how Zia ul haq chase the freedom of his nation and treat his citizens as “free slaves” under his manipulative laws and policies in the name of benefiting Islam. The abusive political rule of Zia gave birth to racial oppression and discrimination that fetch hatred towards Muslim faith and cultural practices. In this context through the lens of critical race theory, the study analyzes racial biasness, oppression and discrimination which are the key factors to root islamophobia, in this context what are the views of American state towards of Islam what they think of Muslims cultural practices after the devastative scenario of 9/11 and how it influenced the people of two nations. Zia ul haq and western states are on same page both have thrust for attaining power by drawing the blood of slave “the minorities”. In this context undoubtable these political actors root islamophobia and racial hatred that discriminate races, identities and generations. The result of the study portrays possible ways to overcome these social ills, racial stereotypes and the existence of Phobia towards Islam as well as cultural belief system and practices of Muslims.Item Multiple shades of discrimination in a capitalist Mileu in Mohsin Hamid’s moth smoke(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Afifa MumtazThis paper aims to explore the shades of class discrimination, specifically in the post colonial South Asia, as portrayed through the characters in Mohsin Hamid's novel Moth Smoke. The study contends that although man is the builder of his objectives, yet the way any society operates can bring any strong man down. Furthermore, it aims to expose the crucial part of the society that is brought out by the ruling class over the lower one. Marxism serves as the theoretical framework for this study, and Louis Althusser's ideological state apparatus marks the method of this study. In today's society, the lower and working classes contemplate themselves as a drain on the earth. This paper discusses the point that to rise in life, man should solely belong to some privileged class. The findings of this study reveal the ways the protagonist in the primary text somehow manages to drive himself towards his destruction due to psychosocial issues and the division that society has built up. This study will also consider how socio-political issues have had negative effects on the minds of the working and lower classes and how merely existing and living their lives has turned into a sheer struggle.Item Exegesis of varna through the lens of social dominance theory in Sunjeev Sahota’s the year of the runaways(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Ali Zar AsgharSunjeev Sahota’s thematic concerns border on immigrant literature, identity crisis and Indian roots. The aim of the research is to explore the exploitation of Varna Casteism in South Asian writer Sunjeev Sahota’s novel The Year of the Runaways published in 2015. The researcher probes the role of casteism in a post-capitalistic world to assess how much it has seeped in the financial sector. The objectives are to unravel the hegemonic casteism; and to gauge the extent of conditioning through textual events and characters’ fates. To analyze the primary text, Lewis Coser and Ralf Dahrendorf’s Conflict Theory and, Jim Sidanius and Felecia Pratto’s Social Dominance Theory with specific focus on Legitimizing Myths have been employed. As secondary sources, literary reviews, online journals, print and written material have been used. The novel has hitherto been merely studied as Dalit Literature. However, the research undertaken expands the meagre research by bringing in the complete social model of Varna system, inclusive of genders as well. Research findings strongly endorse the role of Indian community itself in sustaining Varna Casteism through myth-making strategies employed.Item An exegesis of traumatic experience of war on terror in the blind man’s garden by Nadeem Aslam(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Anum MaqsoodThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of the war through the experiences of individuals who suffered as victims, lost their happiness and got transformed into dire individuals. This paper explores how trauma connects with the aggression that damages the people and the social interaction of individuals. It also uncovers the effects of ugly war, “War on terror”, that was left on the minds and hearts of people and its horrifying outcomes that came during the time of war. Trauma Theory will serve as the theoretical framework for this paper by Cathy Caruth. Aslam's The Blind Man's Garden provides the best fictional example for this purpose, depicting individuals traumatized by the prevailing fear and dealing with mental stress.Item A Marxist introspection of Pakistan army’s appearance versus reality in Pervez Musharraf’s in the line of fire(UMT, Lahore, 2022) HAMAIL ALIThe aim of the dissertation is to explore Marxism in Pervez Musharraf’s In the Line of Fire. The objective of the research is to substantiate appearance versus reality of a soldier’s life in the Pakistani Army through Marxism. It reflects the Marxist production of labor and product in the form of a Pakistani army cadet. The study highlights the formation of a soldier portrayed by the illustrious instance of a potter going about his work. The primary tool of research for the study is General Pervez Musharraf’s memoir, “In the Line of Fire”. Marxism by Karl Marx forms the secondary tool of research. The significance of the paper is to manifest in its analytical delineation of the memoir as a testimony for Marxist strands in the mechanics of inception of the Pakistani army. Furthermore the research tends to explore a new perspective around In the Line of Fire which has not been deconstructed and critically analyzed in terms of Marxism. Future researchers can explore Existentialism in the memoir.Item Comparative analysis between the joys of motherhood and things fall apart(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Laiba KhalilThis paper explores the shades of women's subjugation in Ibo culture that women have to face, especially in the postcolonial world of Africa, as portrayed through the protagonists in The Joys of Motherhood and Things Fall Apart. This research aims to depicts the situation of women and how they are treated and neglected in every matter of life. This study discusses the theme of gender inequality and how the male child is given much more importance while a female child is timid and treated as if she were an inconvenience. Audre Lorde's theory of Post colonialism serves as the theoretical framework for this study. This paper will mainly discuss the traditional African women by Emecheta and Achebe under a postcolonial domain. The findings of this study reveal how the character of Nnu Ego in The Joys of Motherhood is represented as an entity on which the Ibo clan heaps its unjust enactments and difficulties. On the other hand, the character of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart considers women as inferior beings and subservient to men.Item Social spaces(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Minahil SarfrazThis paper aims to apply the theory of Gender Performativity by Judith Butler on Sabyn Javeri and Zebunnnisa Hamidullah‟s selected short stories. Through gender performativity the institution of marriage is seen as a construct in the Pakistani society where women are victims of phallocentric oppression. With reference to the four short stories of Zebunnisa Hamidullah named as “The Peepul Tree”, “The First Born”, “The Bull and the She Devil” and “The Young Wife” published in 1971 and Sabyn Javeri‟s “The Urge”, an attempt has been made to analyze the chain of performativity going from 1950s till date. According to Hamidullah and Javeri‟s short fiction, marriage portrays a very bleak image of this societal institution. Through the work of both authors, it is presumed that the patriarchy and men are oppressing and crushing down womankind in every manner conceivable. This paper argues that women are still subjected to a harsh world that falls upon them, not merely because they were treated differently in earlier periods when there was less knowledge and people were less educated. Even after the feminist revolution, women have gained some power in contemporary or upper-class society, but on a larger scale, women's acceptability in rural regions remains to be hazy. For this qualitative research, the shackle of performativity has been broken by reading and comparing works of modern writers addressing the institution of marriage in today's society.Item Borderless spaces(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Sheeza KhanThe study is dedicated to examine borderless spaces are suppressed and how a space with boundaries, be it physical or abstract uses boundary as a tool to dominate and suppress the other. The study will focus on different forms of boundaries, imposed by external and internal forces in FATA tribal region that cause suppression with reference to The Wandering Falcon by Jamil Ahmad. The aim of the study is to highlight geographical boundaries defined and demarcated by states, use of political boundaries to impose power and domination on a borderless tribal space and also to focus on the cultural boundaries defined by tribal patriarchy that exploit and define the tribal women ultimately causing suppression. The purpose of the analysis is to show how a borderless space is most susceptible to suppression when there is imbalance and unhealthy boundaries. The study uses Gloria Anzaldua’s “Borderland Theory” for the critical analysis on in-between existence of tribal people of FATA on border and its impacts on the tribal region. The theory is employed to understand how different boundaries are shaped in order to impose, define and exploit the borderless space of FATA. Anzaldua’s concept of Borderland is essential for this study as it gives an insight into how an individual lacking both physical and personal space loses his/her identity, security and stability. The purpose of this study is to raise voice of the minorities of the Borderland that are suppressed due to hegemony and discrimination. The study is significant as it gives an insight into how lack of boundaries contributes to vulnerability and subjugation. The study will enable the readers to understand the importance of boundaries and its connection to identity, peace, stability and progress. The study will further pave way for the study of minority literature to explore more on border existence, identity crisis and suppression.Item Lynette Vicari’s made in Pakistan(UMT, Lahore, 2022) EMERALD MELISSA ANTHONYCommunities depend on their narratives to project and protect their cultures, history, myths, and ideological roots, which also helps form their identity and image. Despite its capacity to overarch the literary domain and provide inclusivity, most Pakistani narratives deliberate partition in terms of only two communities as involved in the making of the Two-Nation Theory. In doing so, it has deprived aspiring minority writers of an equally representative voice in the nation’s literature. Among the minorities, very few writers have been able to sprout the courage and determination to construct a narrative of their own, without being spoken for by another. Lynette Viccaji is among those few who allowed her voice to transcend beyond the horizon of her blog, “Plums In The Pudding.” From partition narratives that never had a single thread of Christian contribution, to Pakistani literature that misrepresented the Christians of Pakistan, to eventually constructing a truly Christian memoir. Made in Pakistan is like the beginner’s handbook to learn about the Christian perspective of a life that followed post-partition with impacts of westernization, cultural assimilation from other parts of the East, and a continuum of the Christian Pakistani with a religious and ethnic identity. Except that of an oppressed and rather inferior Punjabi Christian identity, readers and audiences barely get to talk about what ethnic communities of Christians outside of Punjab are like, and that is largely because of the narratives emanating merely from Punjab in maybe decades now, and that too, by non-Christian and sometimes even non-Pakistani writers. This thesis will use the narratological framework to understand how the absence of the Christian narrative has led to a non-existent Pakistani Christian identity.Item Violence and double consciousness(UMT, Lahore, 2022) UMAIR SHOUKATThe paper textually explores Chinua Achebe's No Longer at Ease to depict the long-term E impacts of colonization enacted by the British colonizers in West Africa, and how feminist violence creates a double consciousness which then depicts social, cultural, and economic difficulties still faced by the modern African women. The colonizers considered the Nigerians as corrupt, lazy, and mentally sick, which shows the supremacy and imperial nature of the colonizers towards the colonized Nigerians. The main contention of this paper is to show how colonizers used racist violence, propaganda literature, infusion of the caste system, and an inferiority complex identity crisis as a tool for injecting hatred into the minds of Nigerian women and Double consciousness was the effect which created a psychological challenge for Afro-Americans, especially women. Women are considered valueless and associated merely with their sexual identities.