2022

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/11360

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Religious and communal violence and collective trauma of 1947 partition
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Muhammad Nouman
This thesis aims to show the communal and religious violence and horrors during the time of partition as depicted in Khushwant Singh’s Train to Pakistan. It avails Gilad Hirschberger’s collective trauma theory to explore how common and innocent people were collectively traumatized by communal violence and argues that it still persists in the collective psyche of the people of the Indian subcontinent. Before partition, different communities (Hindu, Muslim, Sikh) were living together peacefully and but the circumstances of partition broke down the trust and harmony of society. Life after partition was no longer the same. The collective trauma of partition shattered the fabric of society by exposing a darker side of humanity. Religion was used to incite communities against each other, which spread communal violence like wildfire in different parts of the subcontinent, including Punjab. Social, political and religious values collapsed and administrative authorities did not take any step to control violence. Rather they were intentionally or unintentionally involved in spreading the violence as well. Innocent people tried to protect their religion through the massacre of other communities. It caused collective trauma as each community was trying to do the same. During this time, people were no more human, they were just Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. Violence can never be justified by any religion. The people’s sufferings were not only limited to physical suffering, they suffered mentally and emotionally as well, and their generation still have that mental anguish because of the wound of partition trauma in their collective unconsciousness. These are the ideas prevalent in Train to Pakistan, and using its characters, this thesis details collective trauma in the subcontinent.
Comparative analysis of Manto’s selected short stories and Bhansali’s Gangubai through the lens of functional prostitution
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Rabia Muzaffar
Saadat Hassan Manto has the tendency to observe insalubrious things that are the building material of society and are discarded by the human eye. He has brought the matter of subjugation of sex workers under the light, in order to normalize it, although it is still considered a taboo subject. Simultaneously, Sanjay Leela Bhansali also came forward to visualize such illicit subject matter on screen in order to highlight the dark aspects of society. Therefore, this research puts forward the content and comparative analysis of Manto’s selected short stories and Bhansali’s Gangubai Kathiawadi. It focuses on the features of society that is unwilling to accept prostitutes thus treat them as commodities, despite of the fact that prostitutes are human beings and they have a social function. It also highlights the position of prostitutes on economic and social grounds and also bargains about their status in the 21st century. This research has utilized the theory of Functional Prostitution by Kingsley Davis in order to portray the functional side of prostitution. It targets the themes of oppression, marginalization, and subjugation faced by women in the phallocentric system, and how in this process, they lose their true selves, self-esteem, and dignity in the social fabric of society. The research unfolds the facts about the rights of prostitutes that they should not be restricted to the fringes of society as this occupation has now become functional in modern world so they ought to be treated well on humanitarian grounds.
Ascertaining pessimistic post-modern man and society in the Netflix original series squid game
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Iqra Butt
Squid Game is a popular Netflix original series created by Hwang Dong-hyuk that looks at a harsh fictionalized reality of a world where human beings are treated as disposable players chiefly for entertainment purposes. The series holds up a dark mirror of reality projecting extremism, survival, and lust for power and money through the players, treated as a capitalist commodity. The series explores how individuals attempt to make their lives significant enough by pursuing an ultimately worthless material-oriented life over which they have no control. The storyline revolves around the characters' desire to pay off their immense debts by jeopardizing their lives for the entertainment of the wealthy and sadistic elite. This research examines the degrading existential crisis of post-modern man and society in the context of Arthur Schopenhauers’ Pessimism. The pessimist attitude serves as a backdrop for physical and psychological enslavement. With its qualitative investigation, this study critically analyzes the text (i.e the show) while delving into the ideas of pessimism in relation to the exploited post-modern man's condition. The series is treated as a form of ‘text’ discussing underlying symbols, characters’ dialogues, insatiable suffering through action and is interdisciplinary with film studies (a structural-text based film analysis). The textual analysis of the series employs theoretical underpinnings of Arthur Schopenhauer’s ‘Pessimism’ as a framework, while majorly focusing on ‘desires’, ‘suffering’, ‘pain’, ‘boredom’ and ‘pessimist nihilism’. The implementation of these ideas is further visible in the deteriorating condition of the contemporary post-modern man depicted through the series. The modernization has brought with it a pessimist attitude that has contaminated the mindset, where humanity has been thrust towards achieving an absurd monetary goal that seems promising yet is ultimately futile.
A comparative view of morphological processes in English and Urdu languages
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) ZUNAIRA KHAN
This study is aimed to determine the differences and similarities existing between Urdu and English with respect to the morphological processes. This study uses Contrastive Theory, proposed by Robert Lado (1957), which says that every two languages do share some common morphological phenomena, despite being unique in individuality. The morphological phenomena which are being discussed in the study includes coinage, alternation, backformation, affixation, clipping, borrowing, blending, acronym, reduplication and compounding. The study is descriptive in nature while the data collection is qualitative. From the data analysis, it is being discovered that Urdu and English shares many common morphological processes while there are some which can only be seen in one language. i.e, Urdu doesn't involve the participation of acronym, and blending while these two can be seen largely involved in the morphology of English. This study used as a source for obtaining information regarding the two-target language or as a guide for learning about the linguistics of Urdu and English comparatively. This study can also be used as a template for making a comparative analysis regarding the morphology of Urdu and English. The last part of the study includes the recommendations regarding how one can overcome the problems in the line of second language learning.
Perspectives on human-animal relationships seen through the lens of attachment theory in the black beauty
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Rabia Yasin
Black Beauty addresses the problem of the brutal treatment of animals during the Victorian era while taking place against a Victorian backdrop. Other societal issues including class division, slavery, and knowledge of animal rights are also addressed in the book. An important aspect of the book is human behavior with the animal horse. Despite the fact that the book became a successful seller right away, little critical thought has gone into researching it. The standpoint of the attachment theory has not been thoroughly investigated, and a purely moral perspective looked crucial to filling up the research gaps. Although children's literature has been analyzed from a moral standpoint, Black Beauty by Anna Sewell through the lens of attachment theory seems to offer a lot of room for research. Although this novel's plot incorporates a number of ideas, this study applies the "Theory of Attachment" to the Black Beauty tale. This theory, which deals with how people and animals interact, assisted in analyzing the issue with the horse and how people handled him properly. This study has been done on the data acquired from all the secondary data sources and the secondary data qualitative analysis. Beauty is the ideal horse because she is fearless, devoted, independent, and obedient. The plot of this book uses a variety of concepts; however, this study uses the "Theory of Attachment" to analyze the Black Beauty story. This concept, which focuses on the interactions between humans and animals, was helpful in assessing the horse's situation.
Defiance of gender depiction
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Umar Bashir
In this ever-changing world where women are still trying to break away from the weak and stereotypical on-screen representation, Arcane is a game changer. Even after going through the much-needed progress, the female characters still seem somewhat made up, lacking something that one cannot seem to put a finger on. Arcane, also known as Arcane: League of Legends, hits the bullseye in this regard. It not only introduces strong characters but rather transforms them into one. To unveil how these ‘Phenomenal’ women break the mold, this study intends to utilize the Jungian Archetypes, namely The Persona, The Shadow, The Self, and The Animus, to delve deep into their psyches. It will focus primarily on the main characters Vi, Jinx, and Mel, while also discussing side characters like Ambessa and Sevika to prove the argument that Arcane stupefies the audience with its exemplary on-screen female portrayal. Through the Jungian analysis, this study proves how these female characters break out of their repetitive monochromatic characterization on the screen. Vi, Jinx, and Mel find their best self and lose some key relationships with their family in the process. Sevika and Ambessa also show some glimpses of their 'real' self despite being minor characters. This study treats Arcane as a ‘film text’ with its own grammar, structure, and narrative elements which contain camera angle and shots, plot, characters, and character arcs. It uses the scarce research material and also relies on subjective exegesis to exhume the nature of female characters’ drives. It shows how they make their own choices, not because they are women, but human, making their whole journey an empowered one. This study acts as the forerunner in researching this newly released series which not only brings something new to the table but also acts as an impetus for future researchers.
An exploration of trauma in Viola Davis’ finding me through Bessel van der Kolk’s trauma
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Mahnoor Syed
This study aims to be cognizant of the trauma the Africans experienced in the past and till today. The objective of this paper is to trace how the character of Viola Davis suffers trauma resulting from racism and how she copes with the physical as well as psychological disorders caused by it. This paper traces down the effects of bullying and harassment on people of color. In this context, Viola Davis' memoir, Finding Me, will be analyzed. Viola Davis' life is an embodiment of trauma caused to her because she is a black woman; a victim of “double” marginalization. Bessel Van Der Kolk’s trauma theory will be applied to this text. His theory states that Trauma is not something that happened back then, it is the current imprint of that pain, fear, living inside people. This theory will assist in understanding the effects of bullying and harassment on human beings in general. Qualitative analysis of Viola Davis’ book will pave the way towards a deeper understanding of misfortune, hardships and pain caused by racial discrimination to people of color. West has been a driving force in casting aspersions on Africans, resulting in their dehumanization. Colonization has deep seated roots in the lives of black people. The statement, ‘The West and the rest’ is also crucial in answering the questions of the why and how of the black people’s anguish. This study will unveil the atrocities done to the people of color and the trauma experienced by them. Researchers have analyzed many texts in order to give voice to African Americans’ subjugation but have not yet shed light on the memoir Finding Me. This study is significant because it will make the world aware of the biases present in our actions as well as to make future researchers speak up or give a voice to sufferings of subjugated people in general.
The impact of political memes and caricatures
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Shaheera Samim
This study is devoted to exploring the attitude of Pakistani citizens toward political memes and caricatures. The researchers have analyzed 10 caricatures published in one of the renowned Pakistani newspapers, DAWN, and 10 memes posted on Twitter during the downfall of Imran Khan (2022). Following the theory of content analysis along with compare and contrast approach, this particular study is based on Halliday’s model of Language and Discourse analysis. The contextual meanings of images were analyzed with the help of Halliday’s model, plus, differences along with certain similarities between memes and caricatures are also highlighted in this study. Further, online questionnaires were provided to the BS and MPhil-level students studying at the University of Management and Technology Lahore. Moreover, SPSS was used for analyzing the quantitative data and Cronbach alpha’s test was also conducted for examining the reliability of the questionnaire. Paired sample t-test was conducted on two samples, i.e., sample 1 had 10 questions related to memes, and sample 2 had 9 questions related to memes. Correlation between “meme and age”, “meme and caricatures”, and “caricature and age” were calculated to highlight whether the variables had a linear relationship between them or not.
A transcendental analysis of Elif Shafak’s the forty rules of love and Paulo Coelho’s the alchemist
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Nafeesa Abdul sattar
This study aims to explore the essence of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ideas of Transcendentalism in Paulo Coelho's The Alchemist and Elif Shafak's The Forty Rules of Love. After having recurrent dreams about treasure in the Egyptian pyramids for several nights, Santiago, the protagonist of The Alchemist, embarks on an expedition in search of it. He is eager to discover true happiness in his life. On his journey, he learned many crucial life lessons from a mentor, fell in love, and transformed himself into a someone different person. Like Ella Rubinstein, Shams of Tabriz, and Rumi, in The Forty Rules of Love by Elif Shafak, they subsequently discover the genuine meaning of their lives. The journey of the benevolent affection between Shams of Tabriz and Rumi unfolds the spiritual mysteries of the soul and this universe. This research is conducted in the light of Ralph Waldo Emerson's Literary Theory of Transcendentalism, and it examines how the protagonists in both texts have overcome certain obstacles, challenges, and perils in order to discover their actual selves. Previously, significant work has been done on these texts separately, but here the researcher will investigate these specific texts in light of Emerson's concept of Over-Soul, personal growth and development, and the concept of God. The fact is that both novels are set in the same ages, with contrasting cultural, religious, moral, and societal values. Ralph Waldo Emerson holds a certain belief about God and thinks that there should be no third party between God and man and it should be a direct relationship between them.
Liminal spaces for women
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Hibah Zahid
The study focuses on Ahmed Ali's work Twilight in Delhi and it is specifically going to shed light on gender roles together with the elements of misogyny in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. When talking about gender roles, one cannot deny the paradigm shift of female characters as the main leads in the contemporary world and the prominence of male dominance in the texts written in the past. These texts discuss and analyze gender passively, but we need to unleash and explore the root cause of the existing inequalities that are much needed to be explored through psychoanalysis of gender development. Ahmed Ali gives prominence to female leads like the character of Mushtari Bai. The role of the female character is given much importance in the light of post-colonial texts. On the other hand, Achebe explicates the idea of men and their misogyny, where the female characters are not given much importance. Not only that it is also visible that if a male character possesses feminine qualities this hate still exists because this hate is not specifically for the gender but more like for the acceptability in society for instance Achebe shows that Okonkwo did not hate his mother as much as he hated his father for having feminine qualities “Even as a little boy he had resented his father’s failure and weakness, and even now he still remembered how he had suffered when a playmate had told him that his father was agbala. That was how Okonkwo first came to know tha agbala was not only another name for a woman, it could also mean a man who had taken to the title (Achebe). In both of these novels, women are treated as liminal beings. However, bringing these two texts together and unraveling the reasons for gender inequalities and the cause of misogyny needs to be explored. Earlier, there was much work done on the root cause of misogyny, but here we will explore these particular texts with the Zahid 7 significance of the post-colonial era. Gabriela Orlando claims that biological factors are much more responsible for the birth of such inequalities. The western and eastern patterns of gender bias are one thing reflected in both these novels.
Diasporic analysis of the post-colonial novel the crow eaters by Bapsi Sidhwa
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Manal Abdul Rehman
This study intends to highlight the postcolonial elements of diaspora in the novel The Crow Eaters by Bapsi Sidhwa. By looking at the discourse and events in the book, the thesis explains the ways in which the novel represents suppression, injustice and classification based on ethnicities. The recurring elements of biases, favoritism, class subjugation and bigotry are compared in the different social classes and ethnicities found in Lahore in the British occupied India. The novel was written to mark the identity of the Parsi community and it highlights the post migration trauma in the Parsi community. The colonial treatment including the injustice and prejudice done against the Parsi community by treating them with discrimination is brought to light. This theory is taken from Homi K. Bhabha’s book The Location of Culture (1994) where Bhabha includes that awareness needs to be raised about cultures and identities as they constitute an important part in the life of the third world citizens. This study analyses a community where power dynamics exist between different class systems and hierarchies are set up between people belonging to different ethnic groups. This thesis intends to scrutinize the events and characteristics of discrimination based on cultural identity. Culture is known to have a great impact on the patterns in human life where typical behavior is found in people in power and the ones subjugated. In this research study, diasporic criticism has been applied to the novel y in order to analyze these traits in the novel. The hybrid identity and trauma from displacement is formed in community members which is explored here in different circumstances.
An exegesis of traumatic experience of war on terror in the blind man’s garden by Nadeem Aslam
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Anum Maqsood
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of the war through the experiences of individuals who suffered as victims, lost their happiness and got transformed into dire individuals. This paper explores how trauma connects with the aggression that damages the people and the social interaction of individuals. It also uncovers the effects of ugly war, “War on terror”, that was left on the minds and hearts of people and its horrifying outcomes that came during the time of war. Trauma Theory will serve as the theoretical framework for this paper by Cathy Caruth. Aslam's The Blind Man's Garden provides the best fictional example for this purpose, depicting individuals traumatized by the prevailing fear and dealing with mental stress.
Exploring patriarchal violence through gender schema theory in Manto’s “open it” and Ismat’s “the fourth day outfit”
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Kamran Maqsood
This study intends to compare two short stories, “Open It” (Khol do) and “The Fourth Day Outfit” (Chauthi ka Joda), written by Saadat Hasan Manto and Ismat Chughtai respectively. It analyzes the sufferings and struggles of women, marginalization, and defacement of social rights of women in a patriarchal society and how women's bodies are repressed at the time of partition. This research highlights the miserable life of the women predetermined due to their socially defined gender roles. Both authors severely examined male-dominated societies, repression, and destructive violence against women. They criticize domestic violence and superstitions in the majority of their writings. The study shall highlight the goal of marriage as an endpoint for women and horrific violence against women during the partition of India. The objective of this research is to explore and analyze how these two famous writers have discussed the emotions and feelings of victimized women in society. The study will apply the Gender Schema Theory by Sandra Beam to highlight the development of gender schemas in men and women at their early ages. These stereotypes allow children (men and women in their early ages) to categorize the aspects in terms of masculine or feminine. These concepts are based on the basic premise of this theory, of how children are influenced by the roles of male and female in the culture of their society and how those same children consider themselves sexually dominant and adjust themselves to society by learning the lessons of gender.
Coping strategies of female victims of domestic abuse
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Laiba Shahid
This research aims to explore the results of domestic violence in different households by keeping in view two texts, It Ends with Us by Colleen Hoover and A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen. This exploration is based on keeping in view two kinds of violence that are physical and emotional violence by studying the main characters and their response to violence in both texts. By applying a theoretical framework of psychoanalytic theory's defense mechanisms by Sigmund Freud, it is explored how the protagonists of these texts were able to cope with their inescapable and unacceptable situations. The cycle of violence was broken up in similar ways in both texts because the types of violence were different. This research scrutinizes whether it is emotional violence or physical violence, it makes the women feel suffocated in their own houses. The major differences between these types of violence and their effects on the protagonists are also explored. The basic concern throughout the research is that when females are left with no choice, they just have to cope with their situations rather than escape them.
A post- colonial exegesis of re-constructing African and Pakistani landscape of ‘digital aesthetic arts’
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Fajar Hassan
The apparent end of colonialism and colonial empire ignited the new scope and trend that revolves around the edifice of post-colonialism, post-colonial literature or post-colonial studies. The pressing memories that are stamped on the psyche of once colonized population are voiced out by post-colonial countries.” The notion of post-colonialism takes its inherent roots from colonialism and studies the after effects of response and resistance to the legacy of colonizers” (Arora).This dissertation will however demonstrate- how Media studies have expanded significantly above and beyond from few past decades and how with the invention of mediascape, post-colonial theories are inculcated with media theory making it a ‘Post-colonial media theory’ for re-politicizing Western assumptions (Saglier and Rodriguez). With the help of Qualitative research, the gaps in this research paper will be filled bringing a new approach and study area for future researchers. A comparative analysis will be applied to this study of digital aesthetic art that how Black Africans and Pakistani Muslims moved way past the active resistance and are displaying ‘Passive resistance ‘with the help of post-colonial screen literature. Taking three distinct yet somewhat aligned areas( sports anthems/songs, content creators/ influencers and advertisements/commercials) into consideration the study will explore the focal point of discrimination which both the ethnicities have faced from centuries till this modern ear. Although the shadow of colonialism doesn’t let us forget the image of ‘other’ and ‘racial discrimination’ even in a post-colonial setting but through electronic/mass media’s resisting practices we will be able to locate the ways to somehow eradicate these prevalent practices.
Lynette Vicari’s made in Pakistan
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) EMERALD MELISSA ANTHONY
Communities depend on their narratives to project and protect their cultures, history, myths, and ideological roots, which also helps form their identity and image. Despite its capacity to overarch the literary domain and provide inclusivity, most Pakistani narratives deliberate partition in terms of only two communities as involved in the making of the Two-Nation Theory. In doing so, it has deprived aspiring minority writers of an equally representative voice in the nation’s literature. Among the minorities, very few writers have been able to sprout the courage and determination to construct a narrative of their own, without being spoken for by another. Lynette Viccaji is among those few who allowed her voice to transcend beyond the horizon of her blog, “Plums In The Pudding.” From partition narratives that never had a single thread of Christian contribution, to Pakistani literature that misrepresented the Christians of Pakistan, to eventually constructing a truly Christian memoir. Made in Pakistan is like the beginner’s handbook to learn about the Christian perspective of a life that followed post-partition with impacts of westernization, cultural assimilation from other parts of the East, and a continuum of the Christian Pakistani with a religious and ethnic identity. Except that of an oppressed and rather inferior Punjabi Christian identity, readers and audiences barely get to talk about what ethnic communities of Christians outside of Punjab are like, and that is largely because of the narratives emanating merely from Punjab in maybe decades now, and that too, by non-Christian and sometimes even non-Pakistani writers. This thesis will use the narratological framework to understand how the absence of the Christian narrative has led to a non-existent Pakistani Christian identity.
Representation of women in advertisement
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) AQSA FATIMA
This research looks at commercials on television from a feminist perspective. This study emphasizes the use of language in television commercials utilized by promoters to attract the viewers. The research demonstrates how biased language is utilized in commercials and how language is used to describe the female body. Fairclough's (2001) critical discourse examination and Machin's (2007) multimodal examination were employed for visual and linguistic studies. The data show that various socio-cultural frameworks are employed to display women in commercials. Commercials portray a stunning feminine body. This research also demonstrates that language is used to establish attractiveness and appearance notions, and commercials are used to create various stereotypes about women's looks and bodies. As a result, marketing language is utilized to manipulate human brains and generate a fantasy standard of living.
Existence precedes essence
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Areej Ahsan
Netflix’s original series Dark is a mind-bending show that puts its viewers in a provocative existential crisis. The series corroborates the existence of characters lingering in an eternal cycle of tragedy, where time is the ‘essence’. Time is the higher power, administering a seemingly inescapable fate within which the characters enact their free will. The key characters of the show, Jonas/The Stranger/Adam, Alternate Martha/Eva, and Claudia, seek to break this chain of events and, at the same time, uphold their philosophies regarding the purpose of human ‘existence’ and the inherent faculty of the ‘essence’. This study aims to analyze the characters of Jonas/The Stranger/Adam, Alt-Martha/Eva, and Claudia through the application of Nietzschean concepts of Nihilism, Amor Fati (Love of Fate), and the Ubermensch (Superman), respectively. With its qualitative investigation of the storyline, this thesis ventures an insightful understanding of the existential connection between existence and essence. The show will be considered as a form of ‘text’ and will be interdisciplinary with film studies (a structural-text based film analysis). Through film-based textual analysis, it attempts to examine how the actions of the three central characters, in trying to fulfill their ulterior motives and desires, whether those are selfish or selfless, consequently forge the Nietzschean Eternal Recurrence and trigger suffering for themselves as well as for others. This research also highlights how the key characters were relentless in chasing their deepest desires. The findings promote a nuanced interpretation of Dark as they divulge existence triumphing over essence. It concludes that the show’s dramatis personae are the puppeteers of its eternal cyclic struggle with time and predestination.
Challenging “love laws” in Arundhati Roy’s the god of small things
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Muzamil Abbas
This study attempts to explore the subjugation, oppression, and rebelliousness of women in the novel, The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy by using Marry Wollstonecraft’s theory of feminism. The study investigates the way Roy challenges the norms or the Love Laws of the patriarchal society. This study focuses on the way women suffer in a patriarchal society, how women were suppressed in the patriarchal society, how women were not given a voice to act according to their desires and how women rebel against the social norms of patriarchal society by breaking love laws. This study aims to investigate how female characters in The God of Small Things, treated as “Other” species and how it reflects the suffering of women in general. In addition, this study discusses how female characters in the novel dared to challenge the Love Laws to gain freedom in a patriarchal society. A qualitative method is uses to conduct a feminist analysis of the novel, The God of Small Things in order to deal with the posed questions.
Borderless spaces
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Sheeza Khan
The study is dedicated to examine borderless spaces are suppressed and how a space with boundaries, be it physical or abstract uses boundary as a tool to dominate and suppress the other. The study will focus on different forms of boundaries, imposed by external and internal forces in FATA tribal region that cause suppression with reference to The Wandering Falcon by Jamil Ahmad. The aim of the study is to highlight geographical boundaries defined and demarcated by states, use of political boundaries to impose power and domination on a borderless tribal space and also to focus on the cultural boundaries defined by tribal patriarchy that exploit and define the tribal women ultimately causing suppression. The purpose of the analysis is to show how a borderless space is most susceptible to suppression when there is imbalance and unhealthy boundaries. The study uses Gloria Anzaldua’s “Borderland Theory” for the critical analysis on in-between existence of tribal people of FATA on border and its impacts on the tribal region. The theory is employed to understand how different boundaries are shaped in order to impose, define and exploit the borderless space of FATA. Anzaldua’s concept of Borderland is essential for this study as it gives an insight into how an individual lacking both physical and personal space loses his/her identity, security and stability. The purpose of this study is to raise voice of the minorities of the Borderland that are suppressed due to hegemony and discrimination. The study is significant as it gives an insight into how lack of boundaries contributes to vulnerability and subjugation. The study will enable the readers to understand the importance of boundaries and its connection to identity, peace, stability and progress. The study will further pave way for the study of minority literature to explore more on border existence, identity crisis and suppression.

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