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Item Judiciary as a Securitizing Actor(UMT.lahore, 2022-06) Muhammad Sukhran ChopraThe judicial system in the contemporary state system is constitutionally enshrined with the power to safeguard the fundamental rights of the people. These rights were termed the basic human rights which evolved into human development and ultimately into human security. The notion of security gave an impetus of urgency to the human discourses all of which have humans at their very core to protect. The post-cold war world saw the rise of securitization to broaden and deepen the security paradigms. Whereas the role of an independent and active judiciary in the process of securitization has been oft-neglected, the researcher has tried to study this role with reference to Pakistan judiciary. In the recent wave of judicial activism, the judicial wing of the country has often been involved in the securitization of issues which require urgent attention. However, no distinct role is attributed to judiciary in academia and practice, so this paper tries to fill that vacuum with a view to touch upon the possible mechanism of securitization through judiciary. In an attempt to answer the research questions, the paper touches upon the contours of the doctrine of Public Interest Litigation and suo motu powers of the Supreme Court of Pakistan derived from Article 184(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. This jurisdiction of the court and its implications on human security with reference to the process of securitization are discussed in detail.Item The Hindu Mythology and The Geography of Kashmir as A Securitizing tool; A Critical Analysis(UMT.lahore, 2022-10-20) MUHAMMAD AKIF KHOKHARHuman beings are rational social animals but react to emotions more than rational thoughts, sometimes even defying rationality when encountered with social constructs like creed, race, caste, beliefs, etc. Social Constructivists argue that humans learn and adapt through interaction with each other and give meaning and assign value to the constructs that are created in the process of these interactions; such values are usually emotional. Religion is one of these constructs. Religious emotion, when attached to any material, person or philosophy, dramatically changes its importance for that particular society. The same is the case with geographic locations. Geography does not only hold strategic, economic, or martial significance (among many other aspects) but it also plays a very important role in religious ontology and epistemology. Believers travel hundreds and thousands of miles to fulfill religious rituals and pilgrimages. The sacred places have played an empirical and decisive role in human history, wars have been fought and hegemonies have been declared based on religious sentiments attached to them.Item US Withdrawal & Taliban Regime in Afghanistan(UMT.lahore, 2022) Mohammad YousifAfghanistan a country devastated by decades long war which is recently facing another period of chaos and humanitarian crisis after withdrawal of United states and allies’ forces. Reemergence of Taliban in Afghanistan with collapse of state structure, so now country faces existential crisis coupled with economical down fall and people’s misery. This study aimed to know the consequences of U.S withdrawal and Taliban reemergence in Afghanistan. Specifically, this study tried to understand the future of peace in Afghanistan and its relativity to regional peace and existing regional blocks and their strategies and tried to analyze that what happened in past and recent developments of crisis in Afghanistan. After investigating above mentioned aims and objectives this study finds out that U.S withdrawal and Taliban takeover in Afghanistan shows big faults in United states strategy to fight back the terrorism and bring stability to war torn countries. Taliban takeover will have dire consequences for future of country, regional security and it will be encouragement for other insurgent groups with same ideology in neighboring countries aimed at governance change. official documents, interviews, war reports and government funded researches towards peace and conflict studies concerned to our area of research were analyzed and a comprehensive analysis has been provided.Item US INDO-PACIFIC ENGAGEMENT(UMT.lahore, 2022) Mehak TariqIn recent years, Maritime security has become one of the most important mandates in terms of international relations. A major part of the world is covered with water which implies countries with a responsibility to safeguard their passages. Maritime security extends beyond the traditional notion of security as it can mold with current concepts of security and make its relevance. Due to the changing dynamics, the US formed an Indo-Pacific policy that includes India, Japan, the UK, and Australia with other countries signing up. In this thesis, we will discuss the cooperation between US and India and its direct effects on Pakistan's National Security policy because the foundation of such a mandate is born from the competition between states. In this thesis, we are going to apply the lens of Structural realism to solve the puzzle vis-à-vis emerging strategic and geopolitical alliances in the contemporary world. This thesis argues how Indo-Pacific policy is creating Maritime security concerns for Pakistan in the Asia-Pacific region as the world is moving towards multipolarity and rebalancing. Also, we will analyze US geostrategic concerns and its favored policy towards structured alliances.Item China’s Engagement with Taliban after American Withdrawal(UMT.lahore, 2022) Jalal Ud Din KakarUnited States’ sudden withdrawal from Afghanistan created a huge power vacuum in the region and induced serious repercussions for all regional states. Especially, China is facing a new situation in its backyard that has the potential to disrupt its Belt and Road Initiative. Afghanistan’s location makes it important place connecting eastern and western parts of BRI. This study by delving into primary and secondary sources concurs that China is thinking about a serious engagement with new regime in Afghanistan. Using the analytic of engagement and conceptual framework of geo economics it brings out the potential avenues of cooperation between both countries and what it means for Pakistan. From the Chinese perspective the thesis informs about Chinese intentions to engage with Taliban regime in economic and security related spheres. Conversely, it also throws light on the Taliban’s political and economic predicament after the post US withdrawal Afghanistan. It aims to understand the potential avenues of cooperation that exist between both countries, of which one has no international recognition. Lastly, thesis also included discussion on China-Taliban’s engagement and its implication for Pakistan and argues that Pakistan’s national security is heavily dependent on both China and Afghanistan.Item The New Indian Strategic Culture(UMT.lahore, 2022) Abdul Waris HameedItem Post-Merger Prospects of Perpetual Peace in Newly Merged Districts (NMDs) - Erstwhile FATAs From Human Security Perspective(UMT.lahore, 2022-08) MUHAMMAD ALIThe FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) in northwest Islamic Republic of Pakistan have witnessed an unprecedented prolonged conflict, which have severely damaged the security and social fabric of the tribal society with a death toll exceeding over 0.13 Million. In 2018, these tribal Areas were merged with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in a struggle to standardize the region and recover the peace. This thesis investigates the areas that, after 2018, came to be known as the NMDs (Newly Merged Tribal Districts). This thesis looks at the social, economic, and political situation of this NMDs and how people's sense of security has been affected. This thesis focuses on human centered security approach in order to bring out people's feelings of security both during and after violent conflict, the reconstruction of NMDs in a post FATA-KPK merger security environment influenced by a plethora of elements disrupting the peace process in NMDs with an intent to contribute towards a perpetual peace acquisition for the oppressed people of NMDs living amid the chaos between guns, cap and beret consequential to the two and half decades old unsolicited state of conflict in the area as an aftermath of U.S. invasion of Afghanistan since 2001.Item Analyzing the decision making in compliance with the Nonproliferation paradigm(UMT.lahore, 2022) FATIMA SHAKEELThe aim of this research project is to determine why some states were able to comply with the Nonproliferation Treaty while some weren’t, for example, the case of Iran and Pakistan. Both these states started nuclear proliferation during the cold war arms race. This paper departs from the very puzzling fact that under the non-proliferation many states have officially stopped proliferating whereas some aren’t abiding which leads to confusion as the ones proliferating are much more feared than the ones adhering to it. There were many reasons that account for Iran’s ratification in February 1970 and eventually breaching after the closure of Clandestine Nuclear Program in 2002, in contrast to Pakistan’s refusal. This paper will be looking forward to the following frameworks; the vulnerability of the state in the context of the economy, international pressure mounted against the state, political contestation internally and externally, and security liabilities. We will look into how these factors will lead to a state’s decision-making regarding nuclear proliferation. The emphasis will be on decision-making, whether it has been influenced by the above four factors mentioned.Item Analyzing the Securitization of International Law as Lawfare(UMT.lahore, 2022) TAJWER SHAMSIThe American intervention in the Middle East, namely in Iraq (2003) and has widely been regarded as controversial by academics and practitioners of international politics, alike. The debate over the rationale of one of the greatest war of the century - in terms of its impact on the global politics in the unipolar world - of the century remains highly contentious over whether the American invasion was grounded on genuine concerns of self-defense, terrorism; or whether the Americans – supported by their NATO allies and the UK – had ulterior motives rooted in the protection of national interests which exceeded their military security. Debates over the rationality of the intervention, the justification, and the legality of the intervention has been held widely and massively arisen in academic circles; however, there exists a lacuna on how and why the USA managed to sell the intervention to its own people and to the rest of the world. The aim of this paper is twofold, the first aims to explain the legal rationale of USA intervention in Iraq and the second aims for explaining the lawfare strategy used by the USA for her intervention. The paper will argue that the USA securitized the Saddam regime in Iraq and made it a matter of urgency under international law and its national security so as to achieve its own national interests and thereby strategically employed a strategy of lawfare against those who had threatened its national interests.Item TÜRKİYE’S SOFT POWER ASSESTS IN PAKISTAN(UMT.lahore, 2022-08) Yunus Furkan UrfalıoğluThe traditional concept of hard power has been insufficient to explain the close relations that Türkiye and Pakistan have in recent years. The two did not have close relations at the level of peoples apart from military and political relations in the past. For this reason, the concept of soft power was found more appropriate to examine the relations between the two countries. With the AK Party government coming to power in 2002, Türkiye started to use soft power tools professionally in foreign policy. In the first chapter of the study, after introducing the subject, the importance of the study was mentioned. In this section, the problem statement, research objectives and research questions were also included. In the second chapter of the study, after literature review and theoretical framework a detailed examination of the concept of soft power, which was put forward by Joseph Nye, was made. In third chapter, after research methodology were presented, we discussed the soft power potential of Türkiye within the framework of soft power resources determined by Nye. This section showed that Türkiye has an important soft power potential with its rich culture, political values that prioritize democracy and humanitarian foreign policy. And in the fourth part, Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TCCA), Institute of Yunus Emre (IYE), Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (PTARC) and Türkiye Maarif Foundation (TMF) institutions, which are among Türkiye's soft power instruments operating in Pakistan, are examined. This chapter also proved Türkiye's high potential in the region in the field of soft power. In the last chapter, conclusion part, a brief summary of the study has been made, and the outputs, evaluations and suggestions were included.Item India’s Maritime Strategy and Its Implications for Pakistan(UMT.lahore, 2022) Nazish Noreen BhuttaItem Re-Defining the Term Security(UMT.lahore, 2022) Zakia BatoolGender discrimination is one of the non-traditional security threats. The population ratio of men and women show that women are more than half of the total population in the world. As the international system is in the favor of male and male dominant society and women considered as, marginalized member. In every field of life, women are discriminated on basis of their gender. Historically and Traditionally masculine attributes attached to the concept of security. This research paper focus and highlight the importance of gender security in order to cope up with the contemporary issues of human security because if the human security is concerned it means all the genders not only male members of the society. The consideration of the research is that it focus on security and claimed that the security premises only considering male security which not comply to the security perspectives of female. These situations create the gender disparities among both gender and in international level only men issues are highlighted and women are neglected. The issue of human trafficking is the main international security issue of human and this problem highly impacted the lives of women rather than men as they become the victims of trafficking more than men of any country. In this context the role of private sector cannot be neglected by any state as non-traditional actors also play very important role in this regard. The main focus of the research paper is to redefine the term security in the context of gender lens so that every member of the world gets the safe and secure environment.Item Taliban Regime in Afghanistan(UMT.lahore, 2022) IHTISHAM ALISince the exodus of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces from Afghanistan in 2022, the regional political stage has seen a growth in chaos owing to the hasty fleeing of the United States (US) and NATO forces. The political vacuum left behind has paved the way for the Taliban to regain control of Afghanistan. While, some political thinkers find it beneficial for the people of Afghanistan, many other disagree on the implications of this scenario on the bordering countries and the region in general. The establishment of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan poses security and political threat to the national, regional, and global peace. In this regard, Pakistan is the most susceptible country to security threats from its Afghan border, especially the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which right at the border of Afghanistan. The study endeavors to point out all the implications and effects of the establishment of the Taliban regime in context of Pakistan, KPK province, and the tribal areas. As well as, the thesis attempts to find the solutions to these security implications created by the US and NATO exit from Afghanistan and the resultant formation of a government by the Taliban.Item Electoral Quota and Women’s Political Participation(UMT.lahore, 2022) Habiba NazirThe aim of the research is to find out why there is low representation of women in the politics of Pakistan and why there is no equality of women's seats in the parliament throughout the history of Pakistan. The core objective is to examine the effectiveness of electoral quotas in increasing women's representation and participation in politics in Pakistan. The barriers that prevent women from effectively participating in politics are identified. The major research question of this research is to improve women's electoral quotas and political participation in government bodies. It analyzed the impact of women's political participation on policies and decision-making in Pakistan. To prove the authenticity, the theory of Feminists liberalism is implemented, and Feminist liberalism has the belief that women and men should have the same rights. The theory fully complies with women's representation in the politics of Pakistan.Item Governance and Multi-Party System in Pakistan Case study of Pakistan (2008-2022)(UMT.lahore, 2022) HAMEED UR RAHMANLack of good governance is the basic impediment to the growth of a nation, and in an ethnically diverse state like Pakistan, it has remained a conundrum for policymakers and political pundits. For the most part of its history, Pakistan has remained a two-party system government with intermittent periods of military regimes. The two-party system limited the choice of the voters to either end of the political spectrum and gave rise to polarization among the masses, destabilizing national unity and the democratic process. The instability in the democratic political culture of the society has given rise to the issues of governance. With the rise of a third political force in the form of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), the former structures of politics shifted towards a multiparty system where representation is accorded to the different sectors of the society. Following the 2008 elections, when the last military regime ended and a new era of democracy began, Pakistan started slowly shifting towards a multiparty system where all three major political parties PMLN, PPP, and PTI were capable of forming their own governments. This paved way for coalition governments which increased the political participation of different groups of society and it increased democratization and awareness among the youth and the female demographics. A multiparty system is more suited to ethnically diversified countries like Pakistan where inclusivity, accountability, transparency, and effectiveness of governments are achieved through the formation of coalitions between political parties. A close study of the current democratic era from 2008 to 2022 under the lens of coalition formation in the nascent multiparty system will help assemble the practicality and necessity of it in Pakistan. Pakistan is a developing democracy and it is still in its infancy when it comes to the multiparty system. The issues of governance, political instability, and national unity can be ameliorated by embracing the multiparty system in Pakistani politics.Item Political Participation of Women in KPK(UMT.lahore, 2022) FAROOQ KHANThe study aims to explore the historical and current situation of women's political participation in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan, the challenges and impediments faced by women, and the opportunities and solutions for the future. Despite the constitutional emphasis on women's security, representation, and participation in politics, the participation of women in KPK has been limited due to cultural and religious customs, tribal and patriarchal culture, and a lack of education and political awareness. However, recent socio political changes have increased women's involvement in politics in KPK, with more women participating in elections, becoming political workers, and politicians. The changing trend is attributed to various factors, including the establishment of a liberal political party in the province, the removal of conservative groups, media, education, and technology. The study highlights the significance of women's political participation for democracy, spreading democratic values and the system of democracy in wider areas of Pakistan, and women's equal role in society. The research is bifurcated into three parts, identifying the causes of the problem, the current situation, and the solutions to ameliorate the condition in KPK. The research aims to assist policymakers in developing policies that can help increase women's political participation in the province and contribute to the democratization of Pakistan.Item RUSSIA UKRAINE CONFLICT AND ITS IMPACT ON EUROPEAN UNIONSECURITY(UMT.lahore, 2022-03-13) Mehboob-Ul-HaqFormer Soviet country Ukraine has close political, economic, and social links to Russia. Crimea, a part of Ukraine, was taken by Russia in 2014. Moscow had the opinion that western organizations, particularly the EU and NATO, had closer relations. Invasion of Ukraine by Russia in 2022 as part of the revived geopolitical rivalry between the major powers. The beginning of Russia's main invasion of Ukraine began with air strikes and missile attacks on Ukraine's military bases, moving troops and tanks across the northern, eastern and southern borders of Ukraine. Ukrainian troops counterattacked in several ways. This thesis describes Russia’s intentions in invading Ukraine and illustrates the conflict's core causes. It also discusses the Russia-Ukraine conflict's background, its impact on European security, and consequences of Russia’s invasion on Ukraine. Finally, the thesis contained an examination of conflict timelines.Item PAK-ETHIOPIA BILATERAL ECONOMIC COLLABORATION AND THE FATE OF LOOK AFRICA INITIATIVE(UMT.lahore, 2022) Javeria FatimaThe bilateral ties between Pakistan and Ethiopia were examined in this research. It demonstrates the connection between their histories, political contacts, and economic ties, as well as further analyses Pakistan's political and economic interests with these nations. Understanding the underlying dynamics driving the under look-Africa policy, an initiative that produces healthy relation in Africa, involves a case study of Ethiopia, a major African economic power. To acquire data, the qualitative research methodology was chosen, including interviews with ambassador professor and business people contact analysis of secondary material within a geo-economics theoretical framework. this research used discussions and reports.in a world where Africa’s sustainability is both moral and political Pakistan’s connection with Ethiopia should be enhancedItem Strategic Relations between India and Afghanistan(UMT.lahore, 2022) Mehr un Nisa SohailThe primary interest of every state is to ensure its national security. The thesis provides an explanation to the security challenges faced by Pakistan in its neighborhood. Pakistan has a course of strained relationship with two of its important neighboring states i.e., India and Afghanistan. After the 9/11 event with the fall of Taliban regime India has accelerated its efforts to increase influence in Afghanistan and to stay in loop for a long time. Afghanistan is located at the convergence of Central, Middle and South Asian regions, one of the most world prime geographical locations. Its strategic location and abundant mineral resources have always attracted international community. India is viewing Afghanistan as a productive investment and therefore employing various of strategies of soft power to earn a goodwill in Afghanistan. The security dilemma has increased the mistrust between India and Pakistan. India’s strategies are proving successful as Kabul responds positively towards New Delhi, instead of an evident displeasure on part of Islamabad. Pakistan is skeptical about India billions of investment in economic, political and social sectors in Afghanistan. The main aim of the thesis is to highlight the implications on Pakistan’s security due to India Afghanistan ties. For the purpose, security issues that emerged in South Asia in the wake of 9/11 can be better understood by using the regional security complex as the primary unit of analysis. Qualitative method of research has been opted. All the data is collected through primary and secondary sources. The study's methodology is based on a historical-descriptive-analytical analysis of political dynamics and how they affect Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India simultaneously. This research highlights what measures Pakistan should take in order to counter the Indo Afghan nexus.Item CONSTRUCTION AND DECONSTRUCTION OF NARRATIVES(UMT.lahore, 2022) FATIMA NAEEMThis research study provides an understanding of the binary discourse and employs it as a base to scrutinize the presidential speeches and statements, spanning from President George Washington Bush's comments on the night of the 9/11 attacks to his State of the Union address in which he declared Iran, Iraq and North Korea as "Axis of Evil." He created a good image of the Americans and dominated the public interpretation of the 9/11 terror attacks through his choice of words. The study examines Bush's allegorical construction of the enemy's identity when he labelled the suspects of the attacks as Muslims further hyping the stereotype that all the terrorists are Muslims and Muslims are terrorists. His discourse established the boundaries of discursive definition and imposed cognitive restrictions on the issue of terrorism. The beginning of “Us versus Them” or “United States versus Islam” established a culture of fear of terrorism that is continually associated with Muslims. Terrorism was seen as a problem that existed outside the United States (U.S.) rather than the problem inside or with the U.S. This study seeks to investigate the narrative constructed by the usage of specific language. It validates that Bush employed progressively aggressive language to generate a war-like aporia. Element of otherization is present in the ideology of Al Qaeda too. Leaders associated with Al-Qaeda also employed binary in their stances. Militant Islamists always hated the West because of the cultural differences. Osama Bin Laden wanted to provoke a response of the U.S. that would polarize the region and weaken the moderates and the secular forces.