2022

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18th Amendment
(UMT.lahore, 2022-12-19)
Pakistan travels the long journey for attainment the position of successful democratic country many steps were taken and many amendments were made to achieve the desired goal. The researcher examined the faults and barriers in the democratization process in this research. It highlights the different aspects of weak democratization, like free and fair elections, participation of people in this process, and the role of education and the rule of law in the country in the contest of the 18th amendment. Moreover, political parties are also discussed in detail as the main character of democratization, as how they benefit from amendment and the reason behind weak democracy in the country, the invalid democratization between political parties, and the lack of democratic culture between them. To acquire data, qualitative research methodology was used, including interviews with political leaders of two major political parties and members of civil society, content analysis of secondary material within the democratization theoretical framework; this research uses reports where democratization and solid political parties play their role in achieving democratization in the country.
An Analysis of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Ali Khan's Development Vision through the Postcolonial Lens
(UMT.lahore, 2022-03-13) Ariba Anwaar Ul Haq Hashmi
The study has re-examined development in the context of 19th century India. The 19th century is the era denoted with the establishment of British Empire, and decline of Mughal Empire. Moreover, during the 19th century various educational reforms, such as Macaulay Minutes were implemented for progression of the Indian Society. However, several studies noted that educational reforms were a colonial tool to maintain the domination of the British colonial regime. And the notions such as developed English and underdevelopment Subcontinent facilitated the implementation of reforms on one hand, on the other it helped to sustain the British rule. Moreover, during British Raj, large number of Muslim communities showed concerns regarding modern educational reforms. And it was noted that a significant number of Muslims were not able to acquire modern education. And since modern education became a prerequisite for development; consequently various surveys and reports reiterated that Muslims are behind; both economically and intellectually. And, Sir Sayyid Ahmed introduced various educational reforms for the development of the 19th century Indian Muslims. The study had analyzed Development Vision of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan though postcolonial perspective. In addition the study has provided various lessons from 19th development vision for post-colonial nations after the analysis of development of 19th century through post-colonial ideas of Homi K Bhabha that includes mimicry, ambivalence and hybridity.
Analyzing the decision making in compliance with the Nonproliferation paradigm
(UMT.lahore, 2022) FATIMA SHAKEEL
The aim of this research project is to determine why some states were able to comply with the Nonproliferation Treaty while some weren’t, for example, the case of Iran and Pakistan. Both these states started nuclear proliferation during the cold war arms race. This paper departs from the very puzzling fact that under the non-proliferation many states have officially stopped proliferating whereas some aren’t abiding which leads to confusion as the ones proliferating are much more feared than the ones adhering to it. There were many reasons that account for Iran’s ratification in February 1970 and eventually breaching after the closure of Clandestine Nuclear Program in 2002, in contrast to Pakistan’s refusal. This paper will be looking forward to the following frameworks; the vulnerability of the state in the context of the economy, international pressure mounted against the state, political contestation internally and externally, and security liabilities. We will look into how these factors will lead to a state’s decision-making regarding nuclear proliferation. The emphasis will be on decision-making, whether it has been influenced by the above four factors mentioned.
Analyzing the Securitization of International Law as Lawfare
(UMT.lahore, 2022) TAJWER SHAMSI
The American intervention in the Middle East, namely in Iraq (2003) and has widely been regarded as controversial by academics and practitioners of international politics, alike. The debate over the rationale of one of the greatest war of the century - in terms of its impact on the global politics in the unipolar world - of the century remains highly contentious over whether the American invasion was grounded on genuine concerns of self-defense, terrorism; or whether the Americans – supported by their NATO allies and the UK – had ulterior motives rooted in the protection of national interests which exceeded their military security. Debates over the rationality of the intervention, the justification, and the legality of the intervention has been held widely and massively arisen in academic circles; however, there exists a lacuna on how and why the USA managed to sell the intervention to its own people and to the rest of the world. The aim of this paper is twofold, the first aims to explain the legal rationale of USA intervention in Iraq and the second aims for explaining the lawfare strategy used by the USA for her intervention. The paper will argue that the USA securitized the Saddam regime in Iraq and made it a matter of urgency under international law and its national security so as to achieve its own national interests and thereby strategically employed a strategy of lawfare against those who had threatened its national interests.
ARAB-ISRAELI RECONCILIATION AND THE CHANGING GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS OF THE MIDDLE EAST
(UMT.lahore, 2022-11-22) Adnan Ali
The improvement of affairs among some of the Middle East states and Israel has become an important and fresh movement in the present era. The region of Middle East afflicted by extensive unrest and civilian warfare, unstable geopolitical placements and struggle between competing alliances looking for to expand their spheres of influence and dictate consequences in the region's weak and fragmented States, its dynamics are a powerful tactical authoritative for the Middle East Stats in particular. Although recognized associations with Israel have long been fraught by the complexity of the Palestinian Israeli conflict, the national movement of Palestinian reduced the ability to impact regional politics has given Arab States more freedom to line up their own interests. During the year from 2020 -2021, Israel signed routine agreements with four Arab states.
China’s Engagement with Taliban after American Withdrawal
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Jalal Ud Din Kakar
United States’ sudden withdrawal from Afghanistan created a huge power vacuum in the region and induced serious repercussions for all regional states. Especially, China is facing a new situation in its backyard that has the potential to disrupt its Belt and Road Initiative. Afghanistan’s location makes it important place connecting eastern and western parts of BRI. This study by delving into primary and secondary sources concurs that China is thinking about a serious engagement with new regime in Afghanistan. Using the analytic of engagement and conceptual framework of geo economics it brings out the potential avenues of cooperation between both countries and what it means for Pakistan. From the Chinese perspective the thesis informs about Chinese intentions to engage with Taliban regime in economic and security related spheres. Conversely, it also throws light on the Taliban’s political and economic predicament after the post US withdrawal Afghanistan. It aims to understand the potential avenues of cooperation that exist between both countries, of which one has no international recognition. Lastly, thesis also included discussion on China-Taliban’s engagement and its implication for Pakistan and argues that Pakistan’s national security is heavily dependent on both China and Afghanistan.
Climate Change
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Alishbah Anwar
Herein research, the implications of changing climatic patterns on production of agriculture in Pakistan, a country that is heavily reliant on agriculture, are explored. Using secondary data, the study revealed indication of climate change and its serious effects on the country's already inadequate and devastated natural resources. Climate change has a number of major effects, including temperature increases; changes in precipitation patterns, increased glacier melt, humid conditions, and enlarged irrigation water demand. Furthermore, the study looks at Pakistan's irrigation infrastructure and volume, as well as irrigation water crises, domestic and international trans-boundary water disputes, food scarcity, and high food inflation rates. Low agricultural output owing to a lack of irrigation water is the major cause of food scarcity. In spite of having largest irrigation system of world, water scarcity has forced farmers to convert from water intensive crops such as rice, wheat, cotton, and sugarcane to low-water crops and vegetables, putting greater pressure on the food market. Crop yields also reduced during the long summer season due to increased evaporation and harshness of temperature. Surface water availability has been uneven during cropping seasons because of a steady rise in temperature during the last four decades, paired with changes in rainfall patterns. Furthermore, Pakistan's mountainous terrain causes excessive melting of glaciers and irregular annual precipitation, resulting in flash floods that displace millions of people and cost billions of dollars in food, standing crops, and substructure. Basic staples such as wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, and vegetables have become out of reach for the poor as Pakistan's population increases at a rate of above 2%, posing major social and economic consequences in terms of further increasing the vulnerability of the poor and disadvantaged.
CONSTRUCTION AND DECONSTRUCTION OF NARRATIVES
(UMT.lahore, 2022) FATIMA NAEEM
This research study provides an understanding of the binary discourse and employs it as a base to scrutinize the presidential speeches and statements, spanning from President George Washington Bush's comments on the night of the 9/11 attacks to his State of the Union address in which he declared Iran, Iraq and North Korea as "Axis of Evil." He created a good image of the Americans and dominated the public interpretation of the 9/11 terror attacks through his choice of words. The study examines Bush's allegorical construction of the enemy's identity when he labelled the suspects of the attacks as Muslims further hyping the stereotype that all the terrorists are Muslims and Muslims are terrorists. His discourse established the boundaries of discursive definition and imposed cognitive restrictions on the issue of terrorism. The beginning of “Us versus Them” or “United States versus Islam” established a culture of fear of terrorism that is continually associated with Muslims. Terrorism was seen as a problem that existed outside the United States (U.S.) rather than the problem inside or with the U.S. This study seeks to investigate the narrative constructed by the usage of specific language. It validates that Bush employed progressively aggressive language to generate a war-like aporia. Element of otherization is present in the ideology of Al Qaeda too. Leaders associated with Al-Qaeda also employed binary in their stances. Militant Islamists always hated the West because of the cultural differences. Osama Bin Laden wanted to provoke a response of the U.S. that would polarize the region and weaken the moderates and the secular forces.
Electoral Quota and Women’s Political Participation
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Habiba Nazir
The aim of the research is to find out why there is low representation of women in the politics of Pakistan and why there is no equality of women's seats in the parliament throughout the history of Pakistan. The core objective is to examine the effectiveness of electoral quotas in increasing women's representation and participation in politics in Pakistan. The barriers that prevent women from effectively participating in politics are identified. The major research question of this research is to improve women's electoral quotas and political participation in government bodies. It analyzed the impact of women's political participation on policies and decision-making in Pakistan. To prove the authenticity, the theory of Feminists liberalism is implemented, and Feminist liberalism has the belief that women and men should have the same rights. The theory fully complies with women's representation in the politics of Pakistan.
EMERGING INDO-SAUDI ARABIA RELATIONS IN 21st CENTURY
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Sana Aslam
The growing conflict between India and Pakistan, the growth of amiable ties between Saudi Arabia and India has a significant impact at the relationship of these three nations with each other. The following research paper discuss how since the separation of India and Pakistan there have been many conflicts historical and contemporary that impact the international politics, economics, social behaviors, and military conflicts. The paper discusses theoretical perspective of realism and neorealism to understand the conflicts and better understand the circumstances and implications of such political conflicts. Through data and textual analysis, the paper analyzed different styles of relations between the respective nations and how Pakistan is impacted by Indo-Saudi relations as well as it’s relation with India to impact Saudi Arabia.
Governance and Multi-Party System in Pakistan Case study of Pakistan (2008-2022)
(UMT.lahore, 2022) HAMEED UR RAHMAN
Lack of good governance is the basic impediment to the growth of a nation, and in an ethnically diverse state like Pakistan, it has remained a conundrum for policymakers and political pundits. For the most part of its history, Pakistan has remained a two-party system government with intermittent periods of military regimes. The two-party system limited the choice of the voters to either end of the political spectrum and gave rise to polarization among the masses, destabilizing national unity and the democratic process. The instability in the democratic political culture of the society has given rise to the issues of governance. With the rise of a third political force in the form of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), the former structures of politics shifted towards a multiparty system where representation is accorded to the different sectors of the society. Following the 2008 elections, when the last military regime ended and a new era of democracy began, Pakistan started slowly shifting towards a multiparty system where all three major political parties PMLN, PPP, and PTI were capable of forming their own governments. This paved way for coalition governments which increased the political participation of different groups of society and it increased democratization and awareness among the youth and the female demographics. A multiparty system is more suited to ethnically diversified countries like Pakistan where inclusivity, accountability, transparency, and effectiveness of governments are achieved through the formation of coalitions between political parties. A close study of the current democratic era from 2008 to 2022 under the lens of coalition formation in the nascent multiparty system will help assemble the practicality and necessity of it in Pakistan. Pakistan is a developing democracy and it is still in its infancy when it comes to the multiparty system. The issues of governance, political instability, and national unity can be ameliorated by embracing the multiparty system in Pakistani politics.
India’s Maritime Strategy and Its Implications for Pakistan
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Nazish Noreen Bhutta
Judiciary as a Securitizing Actor
(UMT.lahore, 2022-06) Muhammad Sukhran Chopra
The judicial system in the contemporary state system is constitutionally enshrined with the power to safeguard the fundamental rights of the people. These rights were termed the basic human rights which evolved into human development and ultimately into human security. The notion of security gave an impetus of urgency to the human discourses all of which have humans at their very core to protect. The post-cold war world saw the rise of securitization to broaden and deepen the security paradigms. Whereas the role of an independent and active judiciary in the process of securitization has been oft-neglected, the researcher has tried to study this role with reference to Pakistan judiciary. In the recent wave of judicial activism, the judicial wing of the country has often been involved in the securitization of issues which require urgent attention. However, no distinct role is attributed to judiciary in academia and practice, so this paper tries to fill that vacuum with a view to touch upon the possible mechanism of securitization through judiciary. In an attempt to answer the research questions, the paper touches upon the contours of the doctrine of Public Interest Litigation and suo motu powers of the Supreme Court of Pakistan derived from Article 184(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. This jurisdiction of the court and its implications on human security with reference to the process of securitization are discussed in detail.
Musharraf’s Local Government System
(UMT.lahore, 2022) FERVA ISHAQ
General Pervez Musharraf made a significant contribution to the development of Pakistan during his regime from 1999-2007. In his tenure, he always focused on maximizing the performance of Punjab because it housed a significant number of people and powerhouse in the Pakistani politics. Subsequently, he introduced local government system which he believed to deliver better services to the general public at grassroots level. The implementation of local government system has created different challenges that the government of Musharraf faced at that time and the policy implications that existed that harmed the overall government system. The main focus of this study is to develop a sustainable case study analysis based on the local government system implemented by Musharraf and determine the possible factors that have had a significant impact on the poor performance of the local government in his tenure. Research is entirely based on conducting quantitative and qualitative study analyses because they are both essential to study the overall local government of Musharraf implemented in Punjab and focus on the sustainable development that it has brought to the growth of Punjab. The questionnaire was constructed to collect the data concerning the qualitative study analysis. This study argues that Musharraf's local government had a huge impact on Pakistan's development. During Musharraf's reign, the opposition parties had a constant effect on local administration. The decrease in government's performance may be attributed to one element alone and that is opposition. As a result of its prominence in Punjab's local government, societal change has a significant influence on the total local government.
PAK-ETHIOPIA BILATERAL ECONOMIC COLLABORATION AND THE FATE OF LOOK AFRICA INITIATIVE
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Javeria Fatima
The bilateral ties between Pakistan and Ethiopia were examined in this research. It demonstrates the connection between their histories, political contacts, and economic ties, as well as further analyses Pakistan's political and economic interests with these nations. Understanding the underlying dynamics driving the under look-Africa policy, an initiative that produces healthy relation in Africa, involves a case study of Ethiopia, a major African economic power. To acquire data, the qualitative research methodology was chosen, including interviews with ambassador professor and business people contact analysis of secondary material within a geo-economics theoretical framework. this research used discussions and reports.in a world where Africa’s sustainability is both moral and political Pakistan’s connection with Ethiopia should be enhanced
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy towards Bangladesh
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Bushra Bano
Pakistan and Bangladesh are indispensable in historical ties, economic interdependence, and geostrategic objectives. Geographical factors, economic exchanges, commercial ties, ethno cultural closeness, and historical ties provide several opportunities for developing friendly, cooperative relations between the two nations. It is indisputable that the events leading up to East Pakistan’s nine-month civil war in 1971, culminating in the third Indo-Pakistan War and Bangladesh’s independence, is the most significant in South Asia since 1947. Historical events still influence internal politics and international relations in the Subcontinent. Even today, the most widely accepted theories for what occurred prior to the formation of Bangladesh in 1971 hold that it was the result of random occurrences, global historical processes, and the activities of political actors. On 16 December 1971, after 24 years of fierce interaction between East and West wings, Pakistan disintegrated, and a violent liberation movement ended in the foundation of Bangladesh. Despite the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1974 due to mutual recognition, the bitterness of the past and memories of the 1971 civil war in East Pakistan persisted in the post-1971 period and impacted the bilateral relations between the two independent states. Despite better relations, the trust deficit and antagonism continue to resurface due to unresolved issues between the two nations. This study seeks to investigate the outstanding issues between Pakistan and Bangladesh. It also examines the obstacles to tackling these issues. It states that a durable relationship between two regional powers is necessary to challenge Indian supremacy in the region and that this is only possible if they escape from the weight of history.
Political Participation of Women in KPK
(UMT.lahore, 2022) FAROOQ KHAN
The study aims to explore the historical and current situation of women's political participation in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan, the challenges and impediments faced by women, and the opportunities and solutions for the future. Despite the constitutional emphasis on women's security, representation, and participation in politics, the participation of women in KPK has been limited due to cultural and religious customs, tribal and patriarchal culture, and a lack of education and political awareness. However, recent socio political changes have increased women's involvement in politics in KPK, with more women participating in elections, becoming political workers, and politicians. The changing trend is attributed to various factors, including the establishment of a liberal political party in the province, the removal of conservative groups, media, education, and technology. The study highlights the significance of women's political participation for democracy, spreading democratic values and the system of democracy in wider areas of Pakistan, and women's equal role in society. The research is bifurcated into three parts, identifying the causes of the problem, the current situation, and the solutions to ameliorate the condition in KPK. The research aims to assist policymakers in developing policies that can help increase women's political participation in the province and contribute to the democratization of Pakistan.
Post-Merger Prospects of Perpetual Peace in Newly Merged Districts (NMDs) - Erstwhile FATAs From Human Security Perspective
(UMT.lahore, 2022-08) MUHAMMAD ALI
The FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) in northwest Islamic Republic of Pakistan have witnessed an unprecedented prolonged conflict, which have severely damaged the security and social fabric of the tribal society with a death toll exceeding over 0.13 Million. In 2018, these tribal Areas were merged with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in a struggle to standardize the region and recover the peace. This thesis investigates the areas that, after 2018, came to be known as the NMDs (Newly Merged Tribal Districts). This thesis looks at the social, economic, and political situation of this NMDs and how people's sense of security has been affected. This thesis focuses on human centered security approach in order to bring out people's feelings of security both during and after violent conflict, the reconstruction of NMDs in a post FATA-KPK merger security environment influenced by a plethora of elements disrupting the peace process in NMDs with an intent to contribute towards a perpetual peace acquisition for the oppressed people of NMDs living amid the chaos between guns, cap and beret consequential to the two and half decades old unsolicited state of conflict in the area as an aftermath of U.S. invasion of Afghanistan since 2001.
Re-Defining the Term Security
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Zakia Batool
Gender discrimination is one of the non-traditional security threats. The population ratio of men and women show that women are more than half of the total population in the world. As the international system is in the favor of male and male dominant society and women considered as, marginalized member. In every field of life, women are discriminated on basis of their gender. Historically and Traditionally masculine attributes attached to the concept of security. This research paper focus and highlight the importance of gender security in order to cope up with the contemporary issues of human security because if the human security is concerned it means all the genders not only male members of the society. The consideration of the research is that it focus on security and claimed that the security premises only considering male security which not comply to the security perspectives of female. These situations create the gender disparities among both gender and in international level only men issues are highlighted and women are neglected. The issue of human trafficking is the main international security issue of human and this problem highly impacted the lives of women rather than men as they become the victims of trafficking more than men of any country. In this context the role of private sector cannot be neglected by any state as non-traditional actors also play very important role in this regard. The main focus of the research paper is to redefine the term security in the context of gender lens so that every member of the world gets the safe and secure environment.
ROLE OF CIVIL BUREAUCRACY AT LOCAL LEVEL IN PUNJAB
(UMT.lahore, 2022) Amina Mushtaq
Devolution is such a democratic way in which central government devolve its power, responsibilities and authorities at the grass root level so that promote political participation, contribute in decision making process, monitor accountability process, to check on taxation, revenues and other financial resources and deliver efficient provision of services. Pakistan‟s local government has been remained far from the concept of devolution. The bureaucracy and politicians are considered as important stakeholders for the implementation and governing the business of devolution in the country. In case of Pakistan bureaucracy has remained a main hurdle in devolving power at the local level. Increasingly, the autocratic regimes have often attempted to restore the local government system in Pakistan. However, they were more interested in creating political groups that could provide them political support at domestic level. While in other hands local government system did not flourish in true sense under democracy as well. This study has attempted to briefly analyze the role of bureaucracy during General Pervaiz Musharraf military regime (1999-2008) and Pakistan Muslim League civilian governments (2013-2018) at grass root level. It also explains how much power is devolve at local level during both regimes and how it has transformed the role of civil bureaucracy at local level.

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