Department of Psychology

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/1189

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Relationship between Depression, Narcissism and Internet Addiction among University Students
(University of Management & Technology, 2017) khan, Arooj; sarfraz, Anam
Internet addiction is an important factor which influences the social competence negatively. This convenient sampling study tried to explore the role of relationship between depression and narcissism with internet addiction. The sample size was 200, which consisted 100 boys and 100 girls, with an age range of 16-25 (M=21.95, SD=1.71). The participants were selected conveniently from University of Management and technology. An independent sample t-test was applied to check mean difference between two genders and study variables (Internet Addiction, Depression, Narcissism), Pearson product moment correlation was applied to check the relationship between narcissism, depression and internet addiction and Regression analysis was used to predict the narcissism, depression and internet addiction. The results of t test indicated significant gender difference in depression and no gender differences were found in internet addiction and narcissism. Furthermore correlation results showed that Internet Addiction was significantly correlated with Depression. However, no relationship was found between Internet addiction with Narcissism and Depression with Narcissism. Moreover regression analysis results revealed that depression and internet addiction, which shows that Internet Addiction was found to be significant positive predictor of Depression whereas Narcissism was not significant predictor of Depression.
Parent Adolescent Conflict, Psychological Wellbeing and Academic Achievement among Adolescents
(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Noor Fatima
The present study investigated the relationship between parent adolescent conflict, Psychological wellbeing, and academic achievement among adolescents. It was hypothesized that there was likely to be a relationship between parent adolescent conflict, Psychological wellbeing, and academic achievement; and Psychological wellbeing would mediate the relationship between parent adolescent conflict, and academic achievement. Correlational research design was employed. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling technique from different colleges in Gojra. Sample comprised 207 adolescents (106 boys, 101 girls) who appeared in the intermediate first year exam in the Board of Secondary Education. Their age ranged 15-19 (M=17.25, SD=1.98) years. Those who gave consent to participate in research were recruited. Conflict Behavior Questionnaire for Adolescents were used (Robin & Foster, 1984), Selected number of relevant items were used from Mental Health Continuum (Corey, & Keyes, 2008), and academic achievement measured through marks of the first year were obtained from the college record. Study explained that there was a reciprocal impact between parent adolescent conflict, Psychological wellbeing and academic achievement as with the increase in conflict with parents the Psychological wellbeing and academic achievement decreased. Furthermore, mother adolescent conflict was significant negative predictor of academic achievement and Psychological wellbeing, though the effect was not significant in the case of father adolescent conflict. Mediation analysis indicated that Psychological wellbeing mediated between father adolescent conflict and academic achievement, as direct effect were significant after controlling the effect of mediator. Moderation analysis showed that gender was not found to moderate relationship between parent adolescent conflict with Psychological wellbeing or with academic achievement. This study provide bases to understand the effects of parent's adolescent conflict on Psychological wellbeing of students and its effect on academics. Further studies to conduct the longitudinal studies on this topic in-depth understanding of the issue.
Step parents rejection, peer rejection sensitivity and bullying- victimization among children
(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Naseem, Tanzila
The present study explored the relationship between step parental rejection, peer rejection sensitivity and bullying-victimization in children. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship between step parent rejection, peer rejection sensitivity and bullying-victimization in children. And peer rejection sensitivity is likely to mediate the relationship between step parental rejection and bullying-victimization in children. The sample was consisted of 120 children (60 with step mothers and 60 with step father) with the age range of 9-13 years (M = 11.55 , SD = 1.34 ). The data collected from different cities of Punjab using non-probability purposive sampling. Urdu versions of Parent’s Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 2005), Bully Scale (IBS) (Shujja and Malik, 2011) and Child’s Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Shujja and Malik, 2016) were used. The results of Pearson product moment showed that Rejection sensitivity is positively correlated with maternal acceptance rejection and bully. Results for step mother revealed that rejection sensitivity had positive significant correlation with bullying, bully and fight. The correlation for step father revealed that total bully had positive significant correlation with bully, victim and fight. Results of direct effect revealed that maternal acceptance rejection was found to be significant and positive predictor of rejection sensitivity. Moreover rejection sensitivity was found to be significant positive predictor of bullying. Rejection sensitivity was found to be significant mediator between maternal rejection and bully. Research finding pave the ways to parents and counselor/clinicians towards the exploration of step children’s bullying behavior.
Lived Experience of Hiv/Aids Survivors: Stigmatization, Impact and Coping Strategies
(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Akram, Saba
Current study was carried out to explore the stigmatization, impact of HIV and coping strategies related to stigmatization and HIV related stressors. For this purpose, six male participants were selected, through purposive sampling. Participant were interviewed in AIDS treatment center of Jinnah Hospital after taking permission from Punjab AIDS Control Program. Data were analyzed through Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). It was observed that participants were encounter with HIV through different sources as, injecting contaminated syringes, homosexual and heterosexual relationships, and blood transfusion. Three superordinate themes emerged were stigmatization of HIV, impact of HIV and coping strategies of HIV. Participants were stigmatized due to the endemic nature and sources through which virus get into the body. Due to fear of stigmatization participants concealed their HIV and selectively disclosed their disease to trusted individuals in their lives. Disclosure of HIV status led support. Participants disclosed their illness to get support HIV had an impact differently to the participants as, physically and psychologically, impact on family and societal impact; they faced societal rejection, social isolation, and fired from job. To cope with this stigmatization and negative impact of HIV, participants used two kinds of coping strategies; adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies. Adaptive coping included: religious coping, social coping and technical coping whereas, maladaptive coping included; avoidant coping, aggressive coping and blaming. These coping strategies helped participants to reduce their stress. Themes elicited from transcriptions were significantly related to the literature. This study may help us in understanding the struggling journey of coping strategies of HIV survivors with stigmatization and stressors related to HIV.
Development of Indigenous Scale for Measuring Relational Aggression among University Students
(University of Management & Technology, 2016) Iqra Shabir Bhatti
The current study was conducted to develop a valid and reliable indigenous scale to measure relational aggression among university students. Keeping the cultural specificity of relational aggression in view, focus groups were conducted with students. Firstly, phenomenology of relational aggression was explored from 30 students. Behaviors were generated through two focus groups conducted with university student's i.e, (boys and girls) separately. The verbatim obtained from each focus group was transcribed and after eliminating repeated, culturally irrelevant, and age-wise inappropriate behaviors. Then, verbatim transformed into statements and drafted using response format Never (1), Sometime (2), Often (3) and Always (4). Psychometric properties were determined by administering finalized items pool of 41 items on conveniently drawn sample (N = 206) i.e., (boys=103, girls=103) from four universities of Punjab with the age range of 19 to 25 years (M = 20.47, SD = 1.75). Principle component factor analysis with varimax rotation provided two exclusive factors i.e. relational bullying and impulsive aggression. The final scale contained 22 items with statistically derived two exclusive factors with recommended alpha coefficient ranges (.63-.82). The clinical, academic and practical use of this scale is also explained and evaluate in terms of cultural manifestation of relational aggression in boys and girls. Moreover, the results were discussed for future counseling services to the educational intuitions.
Impact of Personality Traits and Learning Styles on Academic Performance
(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Muhammad Arif
Abstract This study examined impact of big three personality trait (Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) and two learning styles (Deep Learning and Surface Learning) on Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) of the under graduated students. We used NEO-FFI (Costa& McCrae, 1985) scale for personality traits and Revised- SPQ-2F (Biggs, Kember, & Leung, 2001) for learning style on a sample of 100 students of age 18-25 years from School of Social Science and Humanities, University of Management and Technology by convenient sampling technique. Participants were divided into two upper and lower median groups on deep learning and surface learning style to compare their mean scores on CGPA through independent sample t-test. Similarly high and low scoring students on extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness traits were compared on CGPA. Findings indicated that students with surface learning style secured better CGPA than deep learners. Moreover interaction of deep learning style with surface learning style predicted CGPA better. A simple linear regression analysis indicated that extraversion trait predicted CGPA more than any other personality trait. To check our third hypothesis extraversion's interaction with two learning styles emerged as strong and significant predictor of CGPA. This interaction along with extraversion trait predicted CGPA more strongly (R2=.10). Implications of the results are discussed at the end.
Perceived Social Support and Personality Styles as the Predictor of Depression, Anxiety and Stress with Resilience as a Mediator among Orphan Adolescents
(University of Management & Technology, 2017) Qadeer Namra
The study aimed to explore the mediating role of resilience between perceived social support, personality styles, depression, anxiety and stress among orphan adolescents. It also aimed to find gender differences in terms of depression, anxiety and stress. Data was collected through purposive sampling and a sample of 200 orphan children was collected (girls=100 and boys=100) from different orphanages of Lahore and Sialkot. The research design was correlational cross-sectional. Data was collected through Multi-Dimensional Perceived Social Support (MPSS) by Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet & Farley (1988), Big Five-44 (BF-44) (John O. P & Srivastava, 1999), State Trait Resilience Inventory (STRI) (Hiew, 1998) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). The data was analyzed through pearson product- moment, independent sample t-test and path analysis (Structural Equational Modeling). The current study revealed that there was no significant relationship between extraversion personality, depression, anxiety and stress. This indicates that introverted personality was prone to anxiety, stress and depression. Resilience played a mediating role between perceived social support of friends, significant others as well as depression, anxiety and stress. Also, no gender differences in depression, anxiety and stress were found. This could indicate that both male and female undergo through the same severity of depression ,anxiety or stress.
Rejection Sensitivity, Perceived Social Support and Psychological Maladjustment among Arranged Marriage and Choice Marriage Men and Women
(University of Management & Technology, 2017) MALIK, SADIA
The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between rejection sensitivity, perceived social support and psychological maladjustment among arranged married and choice married men and women. It was hypothesized that rejection sensitivity is likely to be negatively correlated with perceived social support and positively correlated with psychological maladjustment, whereas perceived social support will be negatively correlated with psychological maladjustment in arranged married and choice married men and women. Perceived social support is likely to be a moderator between rejection sensitivity and psychological maladjustment among arranged married and choice married men and women. Correlational (cross-sectional) research design was used. Sample was comprised of (N=121) married men (arrange, n=27, choice, n=35) with the age range 21 to 50 years (M=35.73, SD=8.89) and married women (arrange, n=21, choice, n=38) with the age range 21 to 50 years (M=36.36, SD=7.34). Urdu versions of Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ_Adult) by Downey and Feldman (1996), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) by Dahlem, Farley and Zimet (1988) Psychological Maladjustment Questionnaire (PAQ) by Rohner (2005) were used. Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Hierarchical Regression Analysis and Moderation Analysis through PROCESS Macro were performed. Results showed that there is a significant positive relationship in rejection sensitivity and perceived social support with subscales i.e., family and friends. Perceived social support was found to be significantly negatively related to psychological maladjustment subscale i.e., negative self-esteem. Perceived social support subscale i.e., family and friends were significant negative predictors of psychological maladjustment subscale i.e., negative self-esteem. Moreover, perceived social support subscale i.e., significant others was found to be a negative predictor of psychological maladjustment subscale i.e., negative self-esteem and negative worldview. While demographic variable age at time of marriage in moderation analysis was found to be a significant negative predictor of psychological maladjustment along with its subscales negative self-esteem and emotional instability. Results also found that the interaction between rejection sensitivity and perceived social support subscales i.e., family, friends and significant others was non-significant in arranged married and choice married men and women. It is suggested that in future more in depth research should be done to disclose the predictors of psychological maladjustment.
Religious Intolerance and Psychological Adjustment among University Students.
(University of Management and Technology, 2018) Amna Farooq; Rabia Irfan; Abir Abid
Current study was conducted to explore relationship between religious intolerance and psychological adjustment of university students. Data was collected from 285 (141 men and 144 women) university students of University of Management and Technology through convenient sampling method. Their age ranged from 18 to 24 years (M = 9.41, SD = 14.38). two psychological inventories were used to collect data from participant; Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire PAQ (Naz & kasuar, 2011) and Religious Intolerance Scale RIS (Shujja & Mehdi, 2016). Pearson product moment correlation, t-test and Linear Regression Analysis were used to assess hypothesis. Results revealed that religious intolerance was significantly correlated with dependency and emotional unresponsive. Whereas, hostility was found to have significant correlation with dependency, negative self-esteem, negative self-adequacy, emotional unresponsive, emotional instability and negative world view. They also showed inter- correlation among study variables. Result showed there is no gender difference between religious intolerance, but significant gender differences were found in Emotional Unresponsive, Emotional Instability and Negative world view. Overall model accounted for 1% variance.
IMPACT OF WIDOWHOOD AMONG YOUNG WIDOWS AND THEIR SATISFACTION WITH THEIR LIVES
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Maryum Hafeez
The current study was aimed to explore the impacts of widowhood among young widows and their satisfaction with their lives. In this study, there were 3 widowed participants who were mothers between the ages of 25-30 at the time of their husband's death. Snowball sampling technique was used to locate the participants. Moreover, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain full and rich descriptions of widows' traumatic experiences. The data was analyzed by using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.The analysis of the data revealed significant themes and from the analysis of data five major themes were emerged. These themes are losses, who am I, making connection through memories, living through the firsts and support systems. The findings further highlighted the need to address a multi-disciplinary team to assist widows in embracing psycho-emotional as well as socio-economic challenges.
Perceived Parental Rearing Practices, Self-Concept and Eating Problems in University Population
(University of Management and Technology, 2018) Younas, Rabia
The present study has been aimed to find the relationship of Perceived Parental Rearing Practices, Self- Concept and Eating Problems. A sample of 300 students was selected through convenient sampling technique, comprising male and female students with the age range 17- 21 and 22 – 25 years with the (M = 20.78 & SD = 1.72). EMBU-A (Gerlsma, 1991) was used to measure the memories of parental rearing behavior. The Semantic Differential (Osgood, 1962) is a scale used for measuring the meaning of things and concepts. EDQ is the students eating problem questionnaire developed by Fairbun and Beglin in 1994.The Correlational results revealed the high positive correlation of emotional warmth father with self concept, mother factor of rejection highly correlated with self concept and high positive correlation factors of eating problems with EMBU-A. Regression analysis revealed that boy’s parental rejection was found positively associated with eating problems. The results in secondary t- test show significant difference in demographic variables. The one way analysis of ANOVA showed significant difference in student’s class and non significant difference in the education on parental issues. Findings support the eating problems shows positive relation with parental factors. Results are discussed in cultural and implicational terms.
Personality traits, cognitive emotional regulation and academic performance among university students.
(University of Management and Technology, 2018) Fatima, Nousheen
The current research study investigated that personality traits predict academic performance among university students. It was hypothesized that personality traits predict academic performance and cognitive emotional regulation (CER) moderates their relation. It was a correlational study. One hundred and forty-seven undergraduate students (77 men and 70 women) of University of Management and Technology, Lahore were recruited in this research with the age range of 18 – 28 years. Convenient sampling method was used to draw sample. NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1989) and Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (N.Garnefski, V.Kraaij&P.Spinhoven, 2002) were used whereas academic performance was assessed by CGPA of students. The Pearson product moment correlation analysis revealed Conscientiousness trait as having strong positive correlation with cognitive emotional regulation whereas, agreeableness was found to have weak relation (r = .087). Extroversion, emotional stability and openness to experience traits were found to have positive moderate correlation with CER. Personality traits had positive inter-correlation. Cognitive emotional regulation and personality had modest, though statistically significant relation. The whole set of five traits moderately predicted academic performance. Hierarchical Multiple Linear Regression analysis was carried out to find moderating role of cognitive emotional regulation. Results revealed that overall prediction of CGPA was 53%. Moderation was witnessed. CERQ the moderating variable in interaction with personality traits enhanced prediction of academic performance.
Attachment Styles, Sexting Attitudes and Relationship Satisfaction among University Students
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Batool, Hooria
The study was conducted to find out the relationship among attachment styles, sexting attitudes and relationship satisfaction. It was hypothesized that a) there is a relationship between attachment styles, sexting and relationship satisfaction, b) secure attachment will predict more satisfaction in relationship than avoidant and anxious attachment style, c) sexting will be a positive predictor of satisfaction in romantic partners whatever the attachment styles and d) sexting will mediate the relationship between attachment style and satisfaction e) there will be no gender differences in level of relationship satisfaction between romantic partners. The sample comprised of 50 males and 50 female university students through purposive sampling technique. The Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990), Sexting Attitudes-Revised Scale (Weisskirch & Delevi, 2011) and Relationship Assessment Scale (Hendrick, 1988) were used to evaluate relationship satisfaction in university students. The results showed that there was no significant relationship found among secure attachment, avoidant attachment and sexting attitudes. Only anxious attachment style had significant positive relationship with sexting attitudes. Secure attachment weakly predict relationship satisfaction whereas anxious attachment was a strong negative predictor of relationship satisfaction. Also sexting did not predict relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in relationship satisfaction between males and females. Such investigations and research papers will benefit young people who are in relationship and it will add to research literature, in the context of Pakistani adults.
Perceptions of girls regarding their spouse selection
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Amber Zahra
This study investigates the desired traits perceived by the girls for selecting their spouses and explains the factors affecting their spouse selection criteria. In addition to this, it also compares the perceptions of the girls and their parents about the spouse selection criteria (as told by the girls). The research is based upon 6 in-depth qualitative interviews using purposive sampling technique. According to the nature of the research design, a semi structured questionnaire constructed from previous literature was used. The interviews are analyzed by using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The themes and sub themes extracted during the analysis are discussed further in the light of literature review. The results highlight the importance of mate selection in Pakistan. It also brings out the difference between the perceptions and choices of young girls and their parents for their future spouses. The girls view physical appearance, nature or personality, education and family background to be the preferable criteria for selecting a spouse, while the parents consider religiosity, socioeconomic status and family background to be more important in spouse selection criteria. In Pakistani culture, most of the girls do not tell their parents about what kind of life partner they want to be married. But, they are willing to agree to what their parents will select for them because of their parents' experience and trust.
Music absorption, spirituality and serenity in university students
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Mahmood, Imran
The current research study investigated the relationship among music absorption, Spirituality, and serenity in university students. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship among music absorption spirituality and serenity, and spirituality will mediate the relationship between music absorption and serenity. It was co-relational research with cross-sectional design. The data from 165 university students (70 men, 95 women) were collected from different universities with the age range of 20-30 (M = 21.73, SD = 1.73) and purposive sampling technique was used. Music absorption scale (AIMS) (Sandstrom, Russo, 2011), expression of spirituality inventory (ESI) (MacDonald, 2000), brief serenity scale (BSS) (Kreitzer, Mary Jo, et al, 2009), and short test of music preference (STOMP) (Rentfrow & Gosling 2013) were used as measurement tools. The Pearson product moment correlation analysis revealed music absorption to be significantly positively correlated with serenity, and spirituality, it was also found to be significantly positively correlated with music absorption and serenity. The result of mediation analysis (indirect effect) showed that spirituality was significant a mediator between music absorption and serenity. Music along with spirituality or spiritual healing technique can be very helpful in various psychological treatments. Furthermore music therapy technique can be used for recalling past events.
Perceived emotional abuse and social competence in adolescents
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Anum Azhar
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between Emotional abuse and Social Competence. It was hypothesized that there was likely to be a relationship between emotional abuse and social competence and emotional abuse was likely to predict social competence and (self-efficacy, sociability, adaptability, leadership, self-confidence and social initiative) and also to find out gender difference. The sample was comprised of 270 students, (n=131 boys and n= 135 girls), with age range of 14-19. The cross-sectional research design was explored by using childhood trauma questionnaire (Bernstein, et al., 2003) and social competence scale for Adolescents (Shujja, Malik, & Khan, 2015). Pearson product moment correlation analysis was applied to check the relationship between emotional abuse and social competence, which indicated that emotional abuse was significantly negatively correlated with social competence (self-efficacy, sociability, adaptability, leadership and social initiative). However, Regression analysis revealed that emotional abuse was found to be a significant negative predictor of self-efficacy, sociability, adaptability, leadership, self-confidence and social Initiative. Emotional maltreatment children should be given the same amount of attention as sexual and physical abuse children. Family intervention and parent training program should be must for prevention and treatment
Online game addiction, dark triad and aggression among students
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Ahmad, Rabia
This study was conducted to explore the relationship between Online Game Addiction, Dark Triad (sub-clinical psychopathy, machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism) as a mediator and aggression(physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, hostility and indirect aggression). The research design for this study was cross-sectional and co relational. There were 400 participants (Male=197, Female=204) age range from 14 to 25 (M=19.2, SD=3.2). Game addiction, dark triad (Machiavellianism, sub-clinical psychopathy and sub-clinical narcissism) and aggression (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, hostility and indirect aggression) were found to be positively correlated. Game addiction also positively predicted dark triad (Machiavellianism, sub-clinical psychopathy and sub-clinical narcissism) and all dimensions of aggression.Machiavellianism and sub-clinical psychopathy positively predicted aggression; sub-clinical narcissism didn’t predict any kind of aggression. Dark triad (Machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism and sub-clinical psychopathy) partially mediated the relationship between game addiction and all dimensions of aggression. These indigenous findings of the study will also contribute in the field of clinical psychology, counselling psychology, gender psychology and personality psychology
Attachment styles, spirituality and relationship satisfaction in university students
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Nawaz, Mehwish
The present study investigated the relationship between attachment styles, spirituality and relationship satisfaction in university students. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship between attachment styles (avoidant, secure, anxious) spirituality and relationship satisfaction. Further, it was hypothesized that spirituality will act as a mediator between relationship satisfaction and attachment styles. The cross sectional research design was used. The sample comprised of 100 (males=50, females=50) in university students age range of 18-25 years were taken from private and public sectors of Lahore. Three assessment measures were used to assess the variables,Adult attachment scale(Collins, Stephen &Read, 1990), Spirituality Index of Wellbeing (Daaleman, &Frey, 2004), Relationship Assessment Scale Scale(Hendrick, 1988) were used. The correlation analysis revealed that avoidant and anxious attachment styles were found to be positively and significantly associated with spirituality and non-significantly correlated with relationship satisfaction. Moreover, the results revealed that spirituality was found to be significantly and negatively relatedwith relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, the mediation analysis revealed that spirituality was found to be significant between relationship satisfaction and anxious and avoidant attachment styles.
Perceived parental criticism, self-control and borderline personality disorder symptoms in young adults
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Asma Anwar
Religiosity and spirituality among undergraduate Muslims
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Shahak
This study investigated the relationship of religiosity with spirituality based on the notion that religiosity and spirituality are two distinct constructs. We explored how different religious attitudes including, extrinsic, intrinsic and quest orientation lead to spiritual qualities using survey method research design. The study aimed to investigate the gender difference in religiosity and spirituality, as well as the association of religiosity with spiritual aspects. The study included undergraduates Muslim students (N=212) from two universities with age range 18-25 (M=21.42, SD=1.97) including Males (n=106) and females (n=106). The results indicated the intrinsic religiosity as a significant predictor of all seven spiritual aspects (meaningfulness, trust, acceptance, care for others, and connectedness with nature, transcendent experience and spiritual activities). Extrinsic was a predictor of transcendent experiences and quest was a predictor of acceptance. The findings suggest that intrinsic religiosity is a significant dimension of religiosity that leads to productive qualities of spirituality. Quest religiosity was not significant predictor of spirituality which is in contrast of the studies conducted in western individual cultures.

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