Department of Civil Engineering

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Optimization strategies for improving irrigation water management of lower Jhelum canal
(Technical Journal,University of Engineering and Technology Taxila., 2015) Muhammad Usman Rashid
The paper includes computing crop water requirement, identification of problems and optimization strategies for improved irrigation water management of a canal command. Lower Jhelum Canal (LJC) System was selected as a case study. Possible strategies for optimization are enhancing irrigation water productivity by high value and high yield crops, adoption of resource conservation interventions (RCIs) at the farm level, improving irrigation system efficiency and its management. Estimation of daily reference evapotranspiration of LJC command was carried out by Penman Montieth - 2000 method and metrological data of Sargodha for the period 1999 to 2010 was used. Crop water requirements were computed from reference evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and periods of crops for existing cropping pattern. The comparison of the crop water requirements and available water supplies indicated shortage of more than 51% in Kharif and 54% in Rabi seasons. The gap between requirements and supplies is fulfilled by groundwater in the command. The structural measures identified in the present study for improving canal management include rationalization of canal capacities in keeping with the current water requirements and availability, rehabilitation and remodeling of canal network and lining of distributaries and minors in saline groundwater areas. An array of measures and practices identified for improved water management at the farm level include: improvement and lining of watercourses, proper farm design and layout, adoption of resource conservation technologies involving laser land leveling, zero tillage, and bed-furrow irrigation method. Adopting proper cropping systems considering land suitability and capacity building of farming community in improved soil, crop and water management technologies would enhance the water productivity in an effective and sustainable manner.
Optimization of multiple reservoirs operation with consideration to sediment evacuation
(Water Resources Management, Springer, 2015) Muhammad Usman Rashid
The paper develops a new methodology and RESOOSE model for optimizing operation of multiple reservoirs considering sediment evacuation for multiple objectives consisting of maximization of irrigation, hydropower, storage conservation and minimization of flood damages. The optimization and sediment evacuation modules of the model are based on Genetic Algorithm and Tsinghua equation respectively. According to the criteria developed for selection of reservoirs, three reservoirs on Indus River of Pakistan have been selected. The model has been calibrated and validated for Tarbela and Chashma Reservoirs. The calibrated model has been applied to Diamer Basha (proposed) and Tarbela Reservoirs. Eight scenarios comprising of combined and individual objectives were developed. The optimized results of different scenarios have been compared with existing rule curves. The optimization results reveal that objective function for hydropower, irrigation, and storage conservation benefits would be enhanced by 11, 13 and 84 % respectively while flood damages would reduce by 80 %. Similarly the optimized rule curves will increase the benefits up to 579, 960, 533 and 648 million US$ per year (on 2012 prices) for all the four components respectively. The maximum value of US$ 977 million per year has been found for the scenario 5 which gives equal priority weight to all the four sectors. The developed model can be applied to other two reservoirs (in series) for optimization of rule curves
Evaluation of options for remodeling of upper Jhelum canal, Pakistan
(Technical Journal,University of Engineering and Technology Taxila., 2015) Muhammad Usman Rashid
The paper develops and implements remodeling approach for alluvial irrigation channels. The approach mainly includes in-depth analysis of original/existing design parameters, identification of existing condition of channel and hydraulic structures along with their problems.Evaluating different options and finalizing the remodeling parameters by emphasizing hydraulic, structural and economic consideration. Upper Jhelum canal in Pakistan was selected as case study channel. The condition survey of channel was conducted which showed that it was facing multiple problems i.e. excessive silt deposition, erosion of banks, inadequate freeboard, side embayment and widened channel section. The channel was unable to run at the design discharge and therefore required remodelling. The reasons for multiple problems were diagnosed during the study. The analysis showed that the viable approach for remodeling of subject canal is at enhanced design parameters. Different options were developed by varying different hydraulic parameters and possible economical solutions were analyzed using different approaches to suggest the most suitable remodelling strategy for UJC. The existing parameters with minimum change became basis for re-designing of the channel by different approaches i.e. Lacey's regime theory, Manning's formula and Tractive force method. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to finalize the design parameters emphasizing hydraulic, structural and economical consideration. The remodelling of UJC as per recommended parameters will ensure increased agriculture and power benefits and enhance conveyance efficiency.
Sustainable and optimized utilization of water resources: inflamable dams potential in Pakistan
(Pakistan Academy of Science., 2016) Muhammad Usman Rashid
Water is life line. Pakistan is close to becoming a water scarce country owing to our own poor water management coupled with exploitation of water resources by our neighbouring country India. If unfortunately, we become dependent on our neighbours for meeting our water requirements, they need not to wage war to enforce their dictations on us. A quantitative analysis has been carried out from extensive literature review and research studies. The paper highlights the growing water scarcity issues of Pakistan and control of water resources by India, contrary to the Indus Water Treaty. It also suggests the water management and conservation practices and sheds light on exploring new possibilities to meet our growing water demands. This study emphasizes in detail about the repercussions if we fail to realize the importance of this precious commodity and underlines importance of the needed institutional reforms. It also suggests the way forward in order to be able to meet the future challenges to avert the imminent water crisis in our country.
Hill torrent management in southern Punjab of Pakistan Historic perspective and new trends
(Technical Journal UET Taxila, Lahore, 2016) Muhammad Usman Rashid
Hill torrents (locally known as Rodh Kohi) are distinct type of waterways in which water drains from the mountains and hit the localities and infrastructure in its way with enormous speed. More than 200 hill torrents originate from the west of Suleiman Range and hit Taunsa, Dera Ghazi (D.G.) Khan and Rajanpur Districts of Punjab in Pakistan. Among these, 13 hill torrents are having large catchment areas and flood potential. These Hill Torrents after crossing fan area locally named as “Pachad area” crosses D.G. Khan Canal through 22 numbers cross drainage structures and frequently creates disaster up to River Indus. Hill Torrents generally associated with uncertain flood flows have kept D.G. Khan and Rajanpur Districts Hill Torrent fan area socio economically very weak. Most often catastrophic flood events cause loss of billions of rupees to infrastructure, houses and irrigated lands. Conversely huge area, about 2.02 hectares, cultivable piedmont (Pachad) area fails to receive valuable irrigation water. Since the ancient times, diversion embankments of small size have been utilized by local people for diverting flood flows to their irrigation fields. These earthen embankments usually fail for high flow events but effectively divert low floods. Anumber of studies and plans were suggested to manage the Hill Torrent Floods since 1929 to date. It has been noted that these projects have shown some improvements in terms of utilization of Hill Torrent water for irrigation to uplift the economy of the area. It has been observed that piedmont area of the hill torrents is very fertile but due to erratic nature of floods land utilization is very low. The flood water due to its erratic nature one side destroys the infrastructure while on the other side barren land in piedmont area (Pachad area) is deprived off water for agriculture. This situation demands that there is a lot of space to improve the management of Hill Torrent floods. In this study existing management practices and appraisal of previous studies for Hill Torrents management in southern Punjab have been discussed with focus on additional prospective for sustainability of initiatives to gain full benefits of Hill Torrent water with an improved protection against flood vulnerabilities
Application of computational flow dynamics analysis for surge inception and propagation for low head hydropower projects
(Pakistan Academy of Science, 2016) Muhammad Usman Rasheed
Determination of maximum elevation of a flowing fluid due to sudden rejection of load in a hydropower facility is of great interest to hydraulic engineers to ensure safety of the hydraulic structures. Several mathematical models exist that employ one-dimensional modeling for the determination of surge but none of these perfectly simulate real-time circumstances. The paper envisages investigation, inception and propagation of surge for a Low-Head Hydropower project using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis in FLOW-3D software. The fluid dynamic model utilizes Reynolds’ Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANSE) for surge analysis. The CFD model is designed for a case study at Taunsa Hydropower Project in Pakistan which has been run for various scenarios keeping in view the upstream boundary conditions. The prototype results were compared with the results of physical model and proved quite accurate and coherent. It is concluded that CFD Model gives an insight of the phenomenon which are not apparent in physical model and shall be adopted in future for the similar low head projects. Its application will be helpful in limiting delays and cost incurred in the physical model testing.
Development of bed-furrow intervention in the rice-wheat cropping system in Punjab, Pakistan
(Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan, 2015) A. Latif; A. A. Malik; M. U. Rashid; T. Sultan; U. Ghani; S. Ali
The successful implementation of bedfurrow, a resource conservation intervention (RCI), for rice-wheat cropping system has become the prime goal for researchers and cultivators by developing bedseeded crops in South Asia. The paper reviews the output, need, methods, merits, demerits and constraints for adopting bed-furrow RCI in Pakistan. The potential of this intervention and the issues of adopting permanent raised beds have also explored in the study. The application of Bed-furrow is only limited to few hectares for field demonstrations and research in Pakistan. The findings of research reveal substantial enhancement in output and profitability by including residue straw mulching on bed-furrow. The strategies that enhance the adoption, merits and output of bedfurrow for Pakistan in particular are as follows: i) selection of rice germ-plasm in aerobic circumstances gives improved output, ii) Provision of accurate and efficient seed and fertilizer at economical cost by improving the design etc. of four wheel tractors, iii) The scope and use of bed-furrow should be further enhanced by taking onboard all the state holders including farmers, agronomist, engineers, machine operators and manufacturers.Data collection and monitoring should be properly carried out for its sustainable usage within the region of South Asia and iv) to enhance the areas of farms where bed-furrow is suitable for their growing cops, soil and topographic conditions, thus offers economic profit and output/productivity. The participation and consultation of all the stakeholders including farmers, researchers, equipment operator is utmost important to manage hurdles for acquiring potential benefits, productivity and sustainability of bed-furrow intervention.
Effect of fines content on dry and saturated indirect tensile strength of hot mix asphalt mixtures
(Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan, 2015) S. Maqbool; A. H. Khan; A. Inam; T. Sultan; M. U. Rashid; M. A. Rizvi
Fines and coarse aggregates play vital role in achieving strength properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. ASTM D 3515 recommends nine types of gradations combinations to be used for HMA with variable fractions of fines. In this research the effect of fines in these nine gradations of HMA were evaluated. HMA with variable fines contents were prepared in laboratory using gyratory compactor. The indirect tensile strength using Universal Testing Machine (UTM HYD-25-II) of original and moisture conditioned HMA samples were determined. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) of the HMA samples was also evaluated. It has been observed that with the increase in the fines content the strength and TSR of HMA samples initially increase then it decrease. The HMA mixes having low plastic fines (PI = 6) should not be exceeded beyond 10 % in order to achieve optimum strength.
Development of local bagasse ash as pozzolanic material for use in concrete
(Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci, 2015) Muhammad Burhan Sharif; Rafia Firdous; Muhammad Akram Tahir
Concrete is one of the extensively used materials in construction industry. General construction uses ordinary Portland cement, however for specialized projects specific properties of concrete are tailored using different pozzolans. Sugarcane bagasse ash is abundantly available in Pakistan as being obtained from sugar mills which uses sugarcane bagasse as fuel. This research is focused to determine the maximum pozzolanic activity of sugarcane bagasse ash. Raw bagasse ash was calcined at temperatures of 500, 600 and 700 degree Celsius for 1, 2 and 3 hours heating duration. ASTM C 618 and C 311 were used to determine the suitability of sugarcane bagasse ash for its pozzolanic activity. It was found that maximum pozzolanic activity is achieved at a temperature of 500 degree Celsius for 1 hour heating duration and same was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis of calcined sugarcane bagasse ash.
Progressive collapse of reinforced concrete frame structure under column damage consideration
(Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci, 2015) Usman Ilyas; S H Farooq; I. Shahid; M. Ilyas
The research work is focused on progressive collapse analysis of reinforced concrete framed structure under column damage consideration using commercial software SAP2000. Nine story frame is selected and designed under gravity loads as per Pakistan Building Code. The frame is analyzed for progressive collapse under three damage cases; corner column damage, edge column damage and internal column damage. The frame is subjected to loading as described by General Services Administration (GSA) guideline for carrying out linear static analysis. The results include the variation of bending moment of beams and evaluation of demand capacity ratios(DCR) in the beams of the longer direction. The vertical deflections of the damaged joint are determined in cases with 0%, 40%, 60%, 80% and full damaged consideration. According to the GSA guideline atypical frame building having DCR values greater than 1.5 indicate more damage potential in the structural members. It is concluded that the edge column case with long bays is found critical because the bays with longer span have more damage as compared with smaller span bays. It can lead collapse of the frame in short interval of time and there is more possibility of loss of lives under such condition of structures. Based on this research it is suggested that the practicing engineer should incorporate the GSA guidelines for loading along with the other loads so that progressive collapse potential may be reduced up to some extent.
Performance of thermally activated sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material
(NED University Journal of Research, 2015) Rafia Firdous; Muhammad Burhan Sharif
The use of pozzolanic material has increased both in the production of clinker and as a supplementary cementing material in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in order to improve specific properties of concrete. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a residue resulting from the burning of bagasse in boilers in the sugarcane industry. This experimental research programme investigates the effect of inclusion of SCBA on hydration temperature, autoclave expansion, and compressive and flexural tensile strength of bagasse ash mortar and concrete. Cement was replaced with bagasse ash in different proportion ranging 10-25 percent in increment of 5 percent. The experimental test results indicated that the use of bagasse ash improves compressive and tensile flexural strengths while autoclave expansion and hydration temperature were reduced.

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