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Item Remote volume control, Power supply, and Headphone amplifier design for a studio series stereo audio amplifying system(UMT Lahore, 2012-07-02) Haroon Muhammad Younis; Muhammad Asad AliA switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or simply switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator in order to be highly efficient in the conversion of electrical power. An SMPS is usually employed to efficiently provide a regulated output voltage. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching mode supply switched very quickly (typically between 10kHz to 1MHz) between full-on and full-off states, which minimizes wasted energy. In this design, AC to DC convertor, SMPS circuit, having a power MOSFET for switching operation and a PWM based feedback circuit for driving the switching of the MOSFET, is designed. We have taken an input of 220V AC, and of frequency 50Hz, it is stepped down. After being stepped down, it is rectified and passed through filter capacitor to give an unregulated DC voltage. The process of chopping is done via MOSFET, which works as a switch to control the output voltage here. A high frequency diode bridge is used with the help of fast recovery diodes 1N4148. Capacitor is then used to remove any ripples and regulate the outputs. At the end, voltage regulators are used to give results close to the desired values. Control circuitry or the feedback portion includes generation of square wave which is then converted into triangular, via op-amp integrator circuit. This control circuitry is used to control the gating signal produced by the MOSFET, which in turn controls the output voltage value. If the output voltage value is higher than the desired one, the pulse width of gating signal reduces and vice versa, which automatically compensates for the changes in output voltages and stabilizes it.Item Electronic time table display board using XBEE(UMT Lahore, 2012) Haji Muhammad Usman Rashid; Muhammad Tahir Sattar; Muhammad Abdul Rehman KhalidItem Multi-mode human tracking fan system(UMT Lahore, 2012-09-24) Ahmed Mujtaba; Muhammad Ali; Bilal AslamFor our final project we decided to construct a human tracking rotating platform that supports a fan. The platform, using dual element pyroelectric infrared sensors (PIR) sensors, rotates itself independently to direct air flow to whatever position a person moves to. In addition, the fan includes another setting that allows precise rotation between two people. These modes are selectable by the user. The running mode is displayed on an LCD. We decided to pursue this project because we had become fed up with the common fan's limitations. The platform is working in two modes: single mode and multimode. In single mode, when the right sensor detects human presence, it signals to the microcontroller (18F452) to rotate the motor counterclockwise. Similarly, when the left sensor senses human presence, the motor will rotate clockwise through the microcontroller. In multimode, the platform will rotate between two or more persons with precision. Another feature of this platform is that when you don't want to rotate it, you don't have to select any mode.Item Implementation of PLC for the control of induction motor(UMT Lahore, 2012-11-11) Muhammad Akif; Sh. Abdul Wahab; Abdul SamiThe use of control systems such as computers to control industrial machinery and processes, replacing human operators, is called automation. Automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well and provides a control without the intervention of human. It provides us the facilities such as moving heavier loads accurately, positioning accurately, moving very fast/slowly, reduced manual handling & improved efficiency. We have implemented programmable logic controller (PLC) for the automation and control of induction motor. Programmable logic controller is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for machine control. It works by looking at its inputs and depending upon their state, turning on/off its outputs. The user enters a program, usually via software, that gives the desired results. Programmable logic controller is a user-friendly, microprocessor-based specialized computer that carries out control functions of many types and levels of complexity. Its purpose is to monitor crucial process parameters and adjust process operations accordingly.Item Autonomous Robotic Car(UMT Lahore, 2012) Muhammad Adeel Kamran; Muhammad Saqib Mukhtar; Asif AbbasIt is an anti-accident car which automatically deviates its path when any hurdle comes in front. The sharp IR distance sensor and camera is mounted at the front of the robotic car for this purpose. The sharp IR sensor is used to detect the obstacles while the camera is used to avoid that obstacle. While moving forward, if the IR sensor does not detect any hurdle, the robotic car is going to its normal speed. If the IR sensor detects any hurdle, then the robotic car slows down and takes the decision to overtake that hurdle by camera. The back motor speed is controlled by PWM that depends on the IR sensor’s output, while the front motor is a bidirectional motor and controlled by H-bridge that depends on camera image processing data. Both sensor and camera output is controlled by PIC16F877A microcontroller. ADC is used for sensor output, and level converter (MAX232) is used for PC to PIC interfacing. Whole PIC programming is done in PROTON Basic language, while image processing is done in MATLAB.Item Anti collision mechanism in cars(UMT Lahore, 2012) Muhammad Awais Murtaza; Muhammad Umer SadiqueThis project focuses on the implementation of an anti-collision mechanism in vehicles that is readily implementable in the current scenario. During the course of study and fabrication of a small scale prototype, various related literature and statistics were consulted to provide relevant data on which to most effectively design our anti-collision mechanism. The proposed solution was based on the braking distance of a car, which varies with speed and road conditions. After accounting for variables that affect the braking distance, a relation was derived between braking distance and the speed of the car. It was realized that if there was sufficient distance for the car to brake, no collision would occur. Hence the mechanism was based on the fact that the car must maintain a minimum braking distance at all times, otherwise it must either slow down its speed or come to halt.Item Solar Powered Car(UMT Lahore, 2012-08-30) Raza Ahmed Aejaz; Uzair Khawar; Durraze KhanThe present sources of energy (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) are limited and facing depletion. Solar energy is one of the most abundant resources available in Pakistan. Our project was to design and implement an instrumentation module for a remote controlled car powered by solar energy. The instrumentation module consists of two main parts, a solar car and a remote control. The remote control controls the left, right, forward, and reverse functions of the solar car. The solar car receives commands from the remote control and functions accordingly. The voltage of the solar car is also measured and displayed on the LCD attached with the solar car. The solar car was remotely controlled. Other than that, we learnt the complexities of working with hardware, software, and the issues involving PCB (printed circuit board) design and fabrication, vero-board design and testing. All the relative pictures, videos, datasheets, documents, simulations, codes, designs, software, presentations, and helping material are included in our FYP CD. Please consult it for further information on our project.Item Vehicle security system with theft control and accident notification using GSM & GPS(UMT Lahore, 2012-08-10) Sehrish Khan; Sajal MaqsoodThe population of our country has been increasing rapidly which indirectly increases the vehicle density and leads to many road accidents. The aim of the project is to minimize the road accidents which cause the loss of invaluable human life and other valuable goods. Besides, the provision for the safety of the vehicle is also provided to avoid the theft action. The embedded technology is used to prevent accidents while driving. If accidents occur in remote areas, the feature of auto-providing the accident area to the predefined number for help and support is also provided. On the other hand, the security for the vehicle is also enhanced. This is made possible because the theft vehicle area can be known to the user and the vehicle engine can be shut down and cannot be activated unless and until the owner of the vehicle wants. By using these concepts, we hope that the vehicle theft and the road accidents due to violating rules and carelessness will be minimized and this will be one of the projects required for nowadays with the significance of low cost.Item Metal detecting robot using RF communication(UMT Lahore, 2012) Farooq Khaliq; Khawaja Salman Rasheed; Abdul Wahab; Arslan MahmoodItem Preamplifier and loudspeaker & muting design for a studio series stereo amplifying system(UMT Lahore, 2012) Bilal Amjad; Hassan TariqIn our final year project, we successfully amplified a random signal with less power dissipation and higher efficiency using a Class D amplifying system. Firstly, we implemented a Class A amplifier and calculated its power dissipation, which was too large. Therefore, we researched different classes of amplifying systems and selected Class D because it is a highly efficient amplifying class. For the analog Class D amplifying system, we implemented three blocks. Firstly, the modulation block takes the random audio signal, compares it with a triangular carrier signal, superimposes it onto the carrier, and generates a PWM signal. Secondly, the switching output block (inverter, gate driver, switching MOSFETs) takes the PWM output and amplifies it to the required level. The gate driver is necessary to operate the switching MOSFETs according to requirements, and the proposed gate driver consumes much less energy while minimizing conduction and switching losses (delay time, rise time, reverse recovery time, fall time, and decay time). Thirdly, the low-pass filter block is used to recover the original random signal. For the digital Class D amplifying system, we implemented three blocks. Firstly, the UPWM (uniform pulse width modulation) block takes the digital signal and converts it into a staircase signal, which is then fed into the switching output block. We implemented UPWM using the PIC 16F877A microcontrollerItem Prepaid digital energy meter with keypad interface(UMT Lahore, 2012) Muhammad Subiyyal Fayyaz; Shayan Izrar; M.Ali BokhariThe modern world is a challenging place. Ideas are polishing the minds of the engineers, scientists, and analysts who are involved in the development of industry as well as providing feasible products to the users. In the 21st century, everyone is talking about modernization and development, but without electricity, it seems to be unaccomplished. The users are growing exponentially, and the load on power-providing divisions (e.g., WAPDA) is increasing, so organizations as well as customers must be facilitated by giving them an innovative solution; i.e., the concept of a prepaid digital energy meter. As older technology-based energy meters get older, they may become less accurate due to their mechanical design (based on the Ferrari wheel principle) and are the main source of dissipating power, so it makes good prospective sense to move to this new technology. Collecting data from power meters is a laborious task. Conventionally, the meter is read by a human being and written onto a notepad. The data then has to be typed into a computer before it can be processed. By keeping all these things in mind, the idea of a prepaid digital energy meter has flourished, comprising three modules: energy calculation using metering IC (SA9903B), controlling module, and display unit. The system developed automates the whole process, that is, measuring the power from the digital electric meter, sending the consumed units (postpaid electric meter) and card number (prepaid electric meter) to the area substation, and the process of bill generation. It also eliminates human error in reading meters, improves meter reading accuracy, provides an accurate usage-based bill resulting in better customer satisfaction, and protects against electricity theft and meter tampering. This metering system is feasible for residential, commercial, and industrial applications because of the versatility and low cost afforded by the system design. The system design also changes the economics of manufacturing energy meters. Another consideration is the demand for mechanical-meter replacements that are as inexpensive as possible. In parts of the developing world where many new customers are being connected to the grid, the low cost of the project is its main attraction as well. In the first part, the energy calculation module was developed, which measures the current and voltage, converts it into a digital form, and then computes the instantaneous power. In the prepaid meter case, we interfaced the keypad to enter the card number. Every card number entered has some units against it. When the correct code is entered, the user gets a certain amount of units which they can consume further. When the units are less than a certain level, the system intimates the user to recharge the card/units by activating the buzzer to avoid supply cutoff. When all units are consumed, the controlling module switches off the supply by operating the relay. To avail of the electric power, the user must now enter a valid card.Item Smart energy meter reading and monitoring system through GSM/GPRS(UMT Lahore, 2012) Naveed Aftab Khan; Mohsin Asif; Atif AkbarThe monitoring of energy meter at distant or sitting at head office using GSM/GPRS module. Thus it is necessary to develop an accurate and real time monitoring of an energy meter. In this project energy meter parameters like voltage, load current, temperature of energy meter outer side, units consumed and apparent power in watts. Temperature sensor (LM35) and internal interrupt of micro controller respectively. Then these parameters are monitored by applying limitations and using LED’s to show system status and LCD is used for the digital display. After this the parameters are sent by GSM/GPRS module. At the other end we have another GSM/GPRS module which receive the parameters and show and save the parameters in the software made in Visual Basic6.0.Item Design of digital synchronism checking relay for interconnected power grids(UMT Lahore, 2012-10-09) Mudassar Iqbal; Muhammad Sohaib Saad; Shahid FarooqIn this project we have designed a circuit to connect to parts of an interconnected system energized by two different sources. By interconnecting separate utilities with the high voltage transmission system, it is possible to pool both generation and demand, not only providing a number of economic and other benefits, including a more efficient bulk transfer of power from generation to demand centers. The interconnected transmission system, by linking together all participants across the transmission system, makes it possible to select the cheapest generation available. Transmission circuits tend to be far more reliable than individual generating units, and enhanced security of supply is achieved because the transmission system is better able to exploit the diversity between individual generation sources and demand. An interconnected transmission system enables surplus generation capacity in one area to be used to cover shortfalls elsewhere on the system, resulting in lower requirements for additional installed generation capacity, to provide sufficient generation security for the whole system. Without transmission interconnection, each separate system would need to carry its own frequency response to meet demand variations, but with interconnection the net response requirement only needs to match the highest of the individual system requirements to cover for the largest potential loss of power (generation) rather than the sum of them all. The main idea is to calculate voltage, frequency, and phase angle of both sides using digital sampling and compare these values. If they lie in the tolerable range, then permission to close command is issued for the respective circuit breaker. A high-performance PIC18F452 RISC CPU is used for processing the inputs. Sinusoidal signals from both ends of the system are converted to digital form, and after half-wave rectification these samples are used for calculation of voltage. To measure frequency, the input sine wave is converted to a square wave and then positive edge-triggered external interrupts are used to count the number of cycles in one second. Measuring phase angle was quite an interesting task and required a lot of effort. The time difference between the starting of two waves is used to compute the phase angle. Monitoring the system using a synchro-check relay before synchronization of supplies for the confidence of the utility can save a lot of trouble caused by out-of-step trippings.Item Tire pressure monitoring system(UMT Lahore, 2012) Basit Ali; Bilal Akram; Usama JameelWe live in a world where numbers guide us to better outcomes and results. The numerical representations along with artificial intelligence have brought us new possibilities to make our life comfortable and safe. Safety in our road trips has always been an attraction to ambitious engineers. TPMS is one of such safety devices now being widely used all over the world. Tire Pressure Monitoring System – TPMS, as the name suggests, monitors the tire pressure of a vehicles and displays the results on the dashboard along with alerts in case of a deviation from the set value. In this project we have tried to lower the cost and make the device versatile for different kinds of vehicles and environments. Our design can be used as a principle unit in many industries where pressure measurement is vital and need frequent results.Item Autonomous ball picker robot(UMT Lahore, 2012) Walli Wajahat Bhatti; Muhammad Saad Khan; Muhammad Mohsin BilalThe autonomous ball picker robot is a self-governing robot, intelligent in hurdle detection within the tennis court. The infra-red sensors are used at the front of the robot to avoid its collision with the walls of the court or any other hurdle in between its movement. While moving forward, when the front left sensor detects any hurdle or the wall, the robot will move back for one second and then turn to the right (90 degree) and then move in the forward direction. If the right sensor detects an obstacle, the robot will move back for one second and then have a left rotation (90 degree) and then move forward. If both sensors detect a straight wall in front of it, the robot will move back for one second and then perform an anticlockwise (180 degree) rotation and then move forward. The robot detects the ball using infra-red sensors inside the blades. Whenever the ball comes in between the blades, the IR sensor will detect it, and the blades will start their rotation for a second. Within this time, the ball is taken inside the cart, and the counter adds it and displays it on the LCD. The DC motors are driven using the L-298 H-Bridge driver, and the motor rotation depends upon the sensor output controlled by the PIC 16F877A controller, where ADC conversion is performed, and the whole program is written using PROTON IDE.Item Simulation of inverter with different types of loads using Matlab/Simulink.(UMT Lahore, 2012) Kashif Saleem; H.Sajid Riaz; Mohammad Zohaib.ul.HusnainThis project is about modeling and simulation of three phase pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter with different type of loads. The model was implemented using MATLAB/Simulink with the Sim Power Systems block set. The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) model was used as switching device. This project is purposed to use MATLAB/Simulink software to design, analysis and evaluation of power electronic converter and their controllers. For modeling, Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building model as block diagram. Simulink includes a comprehensive block library of sink, sources, linear and nonlinear components and connectors. The pulse width modulation technique is used to control the closing and opening switches. The PWM signal is used to control on/off switching state of the IGBTs, which functions in driver model that is created to control the switching scheme.Item Biometric security(UMT Lahore, 2012) Nosheen Tahir; Umair ShujaBiometric technologies are on the verge of wide-scale deployment, with fingerprinting being the most researched and proven method in the field. We propose developing a system that can quickly identify individuals via a device using only a person’s fingerprint. The fingerprint identification system (FIS) is a database of digitized fingerprint files. It matches fingerprints submitted electronically (through live scan electronic fingerprint capture devices) against those in the system to assist in the accurate identification of individuals.Item Power system stability anaylsis using ETAP(UMT Lahore, 2012-10-03) Noor Dar; Tehreem LatifToday’s world is suffering greatly from an energy crisis. New methods and techniques are being developed to generate energy from different resources. In a similar way, in-depth studies and research work are needed to protect power systems from different types of faults, transients, and surges that occur. For this purpose, the first step is to model the complete power system using software before implementing it, and then perform all the required tests to analyze how it responds to adverse conditions that exist in reality. This report contains a comprehensive stability analysis of a power system. The data used for the analysis is taken from a real power distribution site in Lahore. In the initial chapters, a brief introduction to the basics of power systems, Electric Transient Application Program (ETAP) software, and the tests and schemes used for system analysis is presented. The entire distribution system is then implemented in ETAP, followed by load flow and short-circuit analyses to evaluate its performance. The results of the simulations are also demonstrated.Item Manual to automatic washing machine design for home appliances(UMT Lahore, 2012) Abusaeed Mirza; Hassan Pervaiz; Shoaib MujahidMicroprocessors and sensor technology together achieved a fully automatic washing machine based on fuzzy control. The system used an integrated mixed-signal, system-level PIC16F877A microcontroller. The system detects the water level, allows user input through a keypad on the main board, and manages draining and automatic refilling of water for rinsing clothes. This enables the washing process to be completed automatically. Experimental results show that the system is stable, easy to operate, cost-effective, and equipped with advanced features, giving it practical value.Item Investigating the virtual efficiency of a PWM operated unidirectional DC motor through generated electrical power feedback(UMT Lahore, 2012) Mr. Syed Humza Shah; Mr. Muhammad AmirThis project attempts to make a contribution toward a solution for Pakistan’s extreme shortage of electrical power. A unique method is investigated to potentially increase the efficiency of DC electrical motors without changing a motor’s internal structure. Motors operated by PWM (pulse width modulation) are considered and studied, as large motors in industry are powered through PWM. The devised method employs changes solely to the protruding rotor and the circuit providing power to the motor. Power is generated and fed back to the motor to fulfill its partial power requirement. Experimental data is extensively gathered and analyzed to draw appropriate conclusions.
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