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Item Green Synthesis of CuS Nanoparticles Using Trachelospermum jasminoides Leaf Extract and Its Application(UMT.Lahore, 2021) TEHREEM TARIQ; RABIA; SADIA JABEENGreen chemistry and nanotechnology have overlapped to form an emerging field of green nanochemistry. Over the last few years, rapid development in green chemistry has paved the way towards synthesis of nanoparticles by an environmental friendly and cost effective technique. Green synthesis of nanoparticles can be achieved by using yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and plant extracts. In this research, CuS nanoparticles were synthesized by using the leaf extract of Trachelospermum jasminoides that contained enormous phytochemicals. The functioning of plant extract as capping and bio-reducing agent was highlighted in this study. The formation of nanoparticles was depicted by change in the color of the reaction mixture. The characterization of these green synthesized CuS was carried out by making the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorption peak for CuS nanoparticles was at 289nm. The photocatalytic activity of the green synthesized CuS nanoparticles was assessed by the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye with different irradiation times. With the addition of CuS nanoparticles in MB solution, UV-Vis spectra showed a decrease in intensity of maximum absorption peak at 664nm for MB. This proved the photocatalytic activity of CuS nanoparticles against MB dye and it can also serve as water purification and environmental protection.Item Computational analysis of Zingiber officinale phytochemicals to evaluate the potency against SARS-CoV-2 using protein 5rgm and 2gz9(UMT.Lahore, 2021) FARAH RAFIQMedicinal plants such as garlic, ginger and ginseng etc. have gained importance in the field of medicine and drug development because of very less side effects. Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus has become very challenging around the world which arised from China so it has become important to discover drug against it. But it has a liability to vary the sequences of amino acid so there is a great need to develop acceptable vaccine against the protein of virus. For effective drugs, bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics are used because of effective results and lessen the hazard, expenditure and time. This is a promising idea to develop inhibitor by using phytochemical compounds and form structure based drugs which can be functional against viral proteins. Study showed that 6-gingerol which is the phytochemical in ginger could be an effective drug of newly arriving pandemic disease. The present study aims to screen bioactive compounds from Zingiber officinale and its pharmacological screening reported many medicinal characteristics like anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic, larvicidal, anthelmintic, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and analgesic activity. Out of two hundred, around 86 phytochemicals were nontoxic which were examined by ADME and PROTOX and 10 phytochemicals gave best results which were studied further. The selected proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were 5rgm and 2gz9. Molecular docking was done to determine the binding affinity, correct molecular geometry and number of hydrogen bonds. The result showed that phytochemicals such as Diacetoxy-[4]-gingerdiol, [4]-Shogaol, Methyl [6]-paradol, Gingerenone-A, Zingerone, 2-Heptanone, 2-Heptanol, 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one, α-Myrcene and α Phellandrene are nontoxic and can be used as a drugItem ECONOMICAL SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL BY USING CHICKEN BONE DERIVED COPPER DOPED CALCIUM OXIDE AND COBALT DOPED CALCIUM OXIDE CATALYSTS(UMT.Lahore, 2021) AHTISHAM HAIDER; HAFIZ MUHAMMAD AHMADThe study was focused on the economical synthesis of green biodiesel by using novel heterogeneous catalysts from transesterification of waste cooking oil. Significance of this research lies in the fact that CaO (the key component of catalyst) was extracted from the calcination of waste chicken bones at 900oC. Later on, the calcined CaO was used as substrate for the doping of transition metals essentially copper and cobalt to form unique Co-doped CaO and Cu-doped CaO catalysts. In addition to this, the feedstock was waste cooking oil to prepare biodiesel from these specific catalysts. Furthermore, the feasibility of these significant catalysts for the production of biodiesel was examined whether they were compatible for the manufacturing of biodiesel. Therefore, characterization of the synthesized catalysts was done by FTIR and SEM EDX. Various reaction parameters like reaction time, temperature, oil to methanol ratio, and the amount of catalyst was changed in to evaluate their impact on the synthesis of biodiesel. Evaluation of synthesized biodiesel was carried out by GC-MS. Fuel properties (Flash Point, Viscosity, Density and Cloud Point) were also analyzed and compared with standard. Results suggested that the doped catalyst were useful for the synthesis of biodiesel. Hence, this research supports the recycling of biomass for the production of biodiesel.Item ELECTROCOAGULATION METHOD FOR REMOVAL OF LEAD AND NICKEL IONS FROM WATER SAMPLES(UMT.Lahore, 2021) HAMAYAL SHAHZAD; HUSNAIN UR REHMAN AWANIncreased population has led to decrease in resources. Despite multiple benefits, humans have proved to be cruel and negligent in the regard that water is being polluted by pollutants generated by mankind. This damage to water sources and water itself is life threatening and there is utmost need to stop this. The presence of heavy metals in water by industries and shops is very devastating for both humans and animals. This research work was aimed for the benefits of life and nature and involved the removal of lead and nickel metals from samples by electrocoagulation method. The factors of pH, time and voltage were studied using the technique of electrocoagulation and aluminum electrodes. Achieving maximum removal of metals was the goal and results were recorded and reported. It was found that 67.8% of Pb+2 and 68.3% of Ni+2 was removed at pH 6 and pH 9 respectively. 67.8% Pb+2 was removed at 30 minutes and 59.7% Ni+2 was removed at 40 minutes. 55.3% Pb+2 was removed at voltage 7.Item QUANTIZATION OF PERFORMANCE OF PERIOD 4 TRANSITION METAL DOPANTS ON C3N4\ZnO USING MCDM TECHNIQUES (TOPSIS)(UMT.Lahore, 2021) MUHAMMAD HARIS SAEEDPhotocatalysts have been around for a while to solve industrial-scale dye degradation problems. Among these numerous catalysts, metal oxides have gained a reputation due to their excellent photocatalytic activity, low bandgap, low cost, and high oxidation potential and among these metal oxides, ZnO and TiO2 have gained special attention due to their attractive set of properties. Doping of ZnO with transition metals has proven to be highly efficient in photocatalytic activity against different dyes and antibacterial properties. With the testing of multiple dopants on a single photocatalyst, the question comes up that which dopants perform best while taking numerous factors under consideration, and how can the performance of these dopants on the photocatalyst be quantized and ranked in order from best to worst. To quantize the performance and rank the dopants, MCDM (Multi-criterion decision making) techniques can be utilized. Among these techniques, TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity of Ideal Solution) is utilized because of its multi-attribute decision-making and versatility while handling data. This technique has been utilized to quantize a set of attributes that were shown by the doping of certain Period 4 transition metal elements on Zinc Oxide embedded on Graphitic Carbon Nitride Sheet. A total of 10 attributes of each dopant were selected for the TOPSIS ranking process including the photocatalyst stability during the photocatalytic process, its anti- bacterial activity against certain gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the time it took for the doped photocatalyst to degrade a certain dye, and photocatalytic recovery along with some attributes including the abundance of dopants in earth’s crust, and versatile uses of the dopant on the photocatalyst.Item ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY OF TURMERIC PHYTOCHEMICALS(UMT.Lahore, 2021) SADAF ASHRAF; WARDA FAROOQThere is currently a lot of research on discovering various drugs from natural products such as plants. For many years, medicinal plants such as turmeric have been used as a home remedy for inflammation, anti-cancer, and infectious disease treatment. Turmeric is found in Curcuma longa's underground rhizome. It contains a variety of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, volatile oils, zingiberene, carbohydrates, resins, and curcumin, which are used to improve physical activity. The antimicrobial properties of Curcuma longa have been analyzed by Pubchem, SwissADME, and protox were determined for immunotoxicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. In Molecular docking, computational tools such as Protein Data Bank (PDB), Chimera, Discovery Studio, and Autodock Vina were used. By reducing the number of experiments, in silico models help in better understanding the chemical and physical processes of turmeric as a drug. Three out of sixty-three phytochemicals fulfilled the requirement and docked with the anti bacterial protein against Escherichia coli to obtain their active site residues, binding affinities, and the number of hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bond and binding affinity values of Ascorbic acid, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and eugenol are to be 8, 7, 5, and -5.9, -7.6,-5.7 kcal/mol, respectively. The docking result confirmed that these ligands have the potential to be used as medicine to treat microbial diseases caused by Escherichia coli.Item ESTIMATION OF BISPHENOL-A IN LOCAL FOOD PACKAGING MATERIAL OF LAHORE(UMT.Lahore, 2021) SAMIYAH DAR; FADIA KHALIDItem VERSATILE APPLICATIONS OF BIMETALLIC METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORK(UMT.Lahore, 2021) ASMA ARIFMetal organic frameworks (MOF) are produced by the combination of metals with organic linkers. They may be monometallic, bimetallic, or trimetallic. They are also known as coordination polymers. They have gained much importance not only in chemistry but also in different fields due to their properties like porosity, thermal stability, exceptional morphology, durability, and lower density. The bimetallic MOF can be used in a variety of applications like antimicrobial activity, dyes adsorption, wastewater treatment, photo catalysis, gas adsorption, biosensors, drug delivery, etc. The present study deals with the versatile applications of a bimetallic MOF. A bimetallic copper-zinc MOF synthesized by the solvothermal method was applied in antimicrobial activity and dyes adsorption. Bimetallic MOF was synthesized by using benzene dicarboxylic acid (BDC) as ligand and copper and zinc as metals. This MOF was used in the antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was shown by Cu Zn MOF. The change from turbid to clearsolution indicated that bimetallic MOF (0.018 g) had shown antibacterial activity. The appearance of zones confirmed that MOF is suitable for antibacterial applications and can be used in biomedical fields. Bimetallic MOF was also used for dyes adsorption. Two dyes i.e., Reactive Golden and Reactive Black were adsorbed using MOF (0.003 gram) in aqueous media. UV results confirmed that by increasing time duration, dyes were adsorbed to a greater extent. Hence, bimetallic MOFs are efficient to apply in different fields of science for different applications.Item ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY BY COPPER METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORK (MOF)(UMT.Lahore, 2021) FAHAD ISLAM; MUHAMMAD ZUNAIR AKRAMMetal Organic Framework (MOF), as a class of porous crystalline materials formed by organic linkers which are coordinated with metals ions. In this research, Copper(II)-based metal-organic framework (Cu-BTC MOF) were synthesized by hydrothermal method using a salt of Copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu (NO3)2.3H2O) in a solution of N, N-Dimethyl formamide (DMF) with 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) as a ligand. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique confirmed the synthesis of Cu-BTC MOF. The energy-diffraction X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) technique confirmed that the copper ions are incorporated with ligands and scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique indicated the crystalline phases as well as the size of Cu-BTC MOF. Cu-BTC MOF are the one of the most favorable materials for antibacterial activities. In this study the antibacterial activity of prepared Cu-BTC MOF solutions (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ppm) against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) were investigated by zone of inhibition test. The results indicated that with the increase in the concentration there is an increase in antibacterial activity of prepared Cu-BTC MOF respectively.Item SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATON OF MICROGELS AND HYBRID MICROGELS(UMT.Lahore, 2021) MEHRUNISA FATIMA; FARAH ABDUL REHMAN; MUHAMMAD SHEHZAD ASLAMCross-linked polymeric network containing microgel was synthesized by using Linoleic acid as monomer, BIS as crosslinker and SDS as stabilizer by using precipitation polymerization reaction method in an aqueous medium. APS was used as an initiator for the polymerization process. This synthesized microgel was further used for the synthesis of hybrid microgel by introducing cobalt nitrate salt and then sodium borohydride as a reductant. Cobalt ions were converted into a cluster of cobalt metals which are called cobalt nanoparticles. Characterizations of these pure microgels and cobalt nanoparticles loaded hybrid microgels were done by FTIR spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Results showed that cobalt nanoparticles were formed within the cross-linked polymer network of microgels. Results also showed that nanoparticles of cobalt metals having a diameter of 200 nm and 10 micrometer in the microgel network. Antibacterial activity of microgels and hybrid microgels was checked against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. With the addition of inoculum, ppm solutions and nutrient broth to the test tubes, after 24 hours the test tubes become milky and the color of the solution becomes blurred.Item SYNTHESIS OF MICROGEL FABRICATED WITH Ag-Ni NANOPARTICLES AND ITS USES FOR THE DEGRADATION OF DYE(UMT.Lahore, 2021) SAYYED ABDUL QAYYUMThis research presents the novel preparation of microgel using N-isopropylacrylamide and methacrylic acid as monomers by free-radical polymerization, followed by the incorporation of silver and nickel nanoparticles by using silver nitrate and nickel nitrate. Both pure and hybrid microgels were characterized by using ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. This hybrid microgel was used as a degrading catalyst against Eriochrome Black T dye. The degradation of EBT was examined by using a UV-Visible spectrometer at different concentrations of catalyst, NaBH4, and EBT. The degradation time decreased with an increase in catalyst or NaBH4 and increased with an increase in dye concentration.Item QUALITY ASSURANCE OF TABLETS IN WIMITS PHARMACEUTICALS(UMT.Lahore, 2021) ALI HASSAN