School of Engineering (SEN)

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Achieving energy efficiency in manets by using load balancing approach
(International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, 2015) Junaid A. Khan; M. Nasir Iqbal; Farooq Umer; Muhammad Adnan; Zeeshan A.Khan; Mustafa Shakir
Mobile Ad Hoc networks have no base station and use multihop routing for transmission of data from a source node to its destination node. To make this multi-hop routing mechanism possible we need a routing protocol. We have adopted load balancing technique that can improve the overall performance for communication in a network. We have presented optimum performance for our novel protocol i.e. Energy Efficient Load Balanced (EFLBAODV) and compared it to the traditionally existing reactive routing protocol Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) thus using the load balancing technique to improve the node to node communication in our network. Also our routing protocol will be energy efficient as it will minimize the communication time and overheads thus utilizing the energy resources. Some important metrics like route discovery time, route errors, MAC delay, network load, end-to-end delay and throughput have been taken to evaluate the overall improvement in the novel protocol.
Active phased array radars as an effective eccm systems
(Progress in electromagnetic research symposium, 2014) Faran Awais Butt; Ahmed Malik; Madiha Jalil
Phased Array Radars have started to regain some serious attention over the past few decades owing to its high accuracy, efficiency and less susceptible characteristics. The most basic requirement that one could wish for in a good modern radar is its beam agility, low distribution loss, maximum bandwidth, lower cost, maximum efficiency and effective resource management. Modern phased array radars can be best utilized to achieve characteristics of an effective radar system with minimum tradeoffs. The most basic thing that it can achieve is, that the antennas can be arranged to get the desired radiation pattern. The characteristics and detection abilities of active phased array radar systems are discussed. Moreover, the paper suggests that active phased array radar can be best suited as an electronic counter-counter measure system.
Analysis and comparison of cope’s performance for various network topologies
(Science International Lahore, 2015) Ayesha Iqbal
COPE is an architecture for wireless mesh networks that improves the overall throughput of a network using opportunistic coding. COPE’s performance has been analyzed by different researchers and modifications to this architecture have been proposed that further improved the throughput of a network. Two simple network topologies were analyzed using COPE in research work presented in [1]. In this research paper, this idea has been extended to three other network topologies. Coding gains for these networks are mathematically formulated and COPE’s performance is analyzed when applied to these networks. On the basis of this analysis, the gains of these networks, which are obtained as a result of opportunistic coding, are compared with each other. Simulation results also help to analyze the performance of networks in COPE and non-COPE cases.
Application of computational flow dynamics analysis for surge inception and propagation for low head hydropower projects
(Pakistan Academy of Science, 2016) Muhammad Usman Rasheed
Determination of maximum elevation of a flowing fluid due to sudden rejection of load in a hydropower facility is of great interest to hydraulic engineers to ensure safety of the hydraulic structures. Several mathematical models exist that employ one-dimensional modeling for the determination of surge but none of these perfectly simulate real-time circumstances. The paper envisages investigation, inception and propagation of surge for a Low-Head Hydropower project using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis in FLOW-3D software. The fluid dynamic model utilizes Reynolds’ Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANSE) for surge analysis. The CFD model is designed for a case study at Taunsa Hydropower Project in Pakistan which has been run for various scenarios keeping in view the upstream boundary conditions. The prototype results were compared with the results of physical model and proved quite accurate and coherent. It is concluded that CFD Model gives an insight of the phenomenon which are not apparent in physical model and shall be adopted in future for the similar low head projects. Its application will be helpful in limiting delays and cost incurred in the physical model testing.
Biologically inspired self-reconfigurable hexapod with adaptive locomotion
(16th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition, 2014) Ammar Akhlaq; Ayesha Umber; Jameel Ahmad
This paper describes the implementation of biologically inspired self-reconfigurable control system for a multivariable hexapod robot having gait switching ability. It focuses on the control; based on forward and inverse kinematics for systematic locomotion and navigation of robot. Electronic system have the capabilities to measure physical variables. Force and pressure sensors are mounted on each end of the leg to provide the necessary sense of touch. The paper also explains the reconfiguration ability of the robot in case of any damage to its leg and its capacity to change the walking pattern according to the malfunction caused. The system implementation using multiple microcontrollers in master-slave configuration to produce and control 18 DOF is also shown in the paper.
Cognitive radios and cognitive networks
(TextRoad Publication, 2013) M. T. Mushtaq; M. S. Khan; M. R. Naqvi; R. D. Khan; M. A. Khan; Koudelka, Otto F.
Radio spectrum is the most valuable resource in wireless communication. The cognitive radio and cognitive based networking are transforming the static spectrum allocation based communication systems in to dynamic spectrum allocation. Cognitive radios are intelligent devices with ability to sense environmental conditions and can change its parameters according to the requirements to get the optimized performance at the individual nodes or at network level. This paper covers the basics and origin of software defined radio, cognitive radio, cognitive radio network, cognitive cycle, performance metrics and the concept of cross layer design. The performance metrics explain the node and network level performance measurements. This paper also covers the different network paradigms.
Comparative analysis of ad hoc routing protocols
(IDOSI Publications, 2013) Farooq Umer; Muhammad Adnan; Mustafa Shakir; Izhar-ul-Haq; Mahmood Ashraf Khan; Nasir Iqbal
Manet has become the most popular network nowadays for communication. Communication is being done without any need of establishing heavy centralized fixed node architecture. Nodes are mobile, so nodes need cooperation of other nodes to maintain route in the network. The topology keeps on changing in MANETS effecting different aspects of network. There are many aspects on which routing depend in a MANET. Many evaluations of comparisonshave been done using different scenarios resulting in different results. A variation of result may be found in different scenarios. We have briefly evaluated a comparison of AODV, OLSR, DSR and GRP protocols. A different scenario was created to evaluate their performances. This paper focuses on the performance of these protocols by four matrices namely throughput, delay, load and retransmission attempts. The overall goal was to determine the more suitable protocol for routing in ad-hoc MANET in a mobile network. Different protocols performed better in different metrics. We have carried out simulations in OPNET tool.
Comparative analysis of fuel cells and suggestions to improve their efficiencies for sustainable future
(2012) Manzar Ahmed; Mashood Nasir
In this paper an analytical comparison is presented between the various developed configuration of fuel cells under the different operating conditions of temperature and load variations with respect to their efficiency and output power. The fuel cells such as Polymer Electrolyte Membrane, Solid oxide, Molten Carbonate and Alkaline fuel cells have very high conversion efficiency and they can be used for distribution generation and electric utility. However performance and degrading issues are always of concern for researchers. Carbon black is one of the major causes of performance degradation of fuel cells. Carbon Nanotubes having the carbon support materials with a higher graphitic character are used to improve the efficiency and stability of these fuel cells. Further, the potential of alternate energy resources would be compared based on several important parameters such as efficiency, economics, ease of construction and other important parameters. Attempts would also be made to make a technical and economic comparison of these types of cells and evaluate their merits and de-merits. Although, out of all of these cells under consideration the solid oxide carries a risk of high temperature corrosion and breakdown of components, improvements are being worked out. Finally all results obtained from different cells will be simulated by using Matlab Simulation Tools.
Compare Cost of Good Quality & Cost of Poor Quality And Have a Wise Decision: A study from Automobile Industry of Pakistan.
(IOSR Journal of Business and Management., 2015-09) Ashraf, Syed Rehan
For the rationalization of improved quality, quality needs to be provided in numeric / monetary values, for this purpose cost of quality is measured and analyzed to get optimum levels. In this connection it is required to compare cost of good quality against cost of poor quality, to have a wise judgment of better choice. Survey was conducted in target population that helped in identification of importance of investment on cost of good quality rather than bearing loss due to poor quality. Furthermore, several other correlations were also identified between cost of quality and overall product cost. Purpose & Scope: Objective of the study is to find a quantifiable relationship of cost of good quality and cost of poor quality, so the importance of quality could be explained effortlessly and effectively. Study is carried out within the automobile industry of Pakistan, mainly in the northern part of country. Design / methodology / approach: In order to measure COGQ & COPQ, a structured format was developed and used for data collection (actual & hypothetical) through emails and in person interviews from industry experts. Findings: Study showed that the cost of good quality is 22 ~ 50 times lower than cost of poor quality and this comparative ratio is derived and may be used as rule of thumb. Originality / Value: COGQ is often compromised and ignored, as its ability to safeguard COPQ is not known in numeric terms or monetary values, this study has provided an example to calculate and compare these two costs.
Critical analysis of hopfield's neural network model and heuristic algorithm for shortest path computation for routing in computer networks
(IEEE, 2012) Farah Sarwar; Abdul Aziz Bhatti
Shortest path routing and its computation is a crucial point in computer networks, and has significant impact on overall network's performance. Being an issue of salient importance, many algorithms were proposed for shortest path computation and are still under research for more enhancements. Hopfield proposed a neural network based architecture for such optimization problems. Mehmet and Park Keum suggested improved energy functions for this neural network to implement it for routing in computer networks. A * search algorithm is a heuristic based approach, with the properties of Dijikstra algorithm and is used for same purpose. Performances of both approaches are compared and results are analyzed.
Critical analysis of hopfield's neural network model for tsp and its comparison with heuristic algorithm for shortest path computation
(IEEE, 2012) Farah Sarwar; Abdul Aziz Bhatti
For shortest path computation, Travelling-Salesman problem is NP-complete and is among the intensively studied optimization problems. Hopfield and Tank's proposed neural network based approach, for solving TSP, is discussed. Since original Hopfield's model suffers from some limitations as the number of cities increase, some modifications are discussed for better performance. With the increase in the number of cities, the best solutions provided by original Hopfield's neural network were considered to be far away from those provided by Lin and Kernighan using Heuristic algorithm. Results of both approaches are compared for different number of cities and are analyzed properly
Development of bed-furrow intervention in the rice-wheat cropping system in Punjab, Pakistan
(Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan, 2015) A. Latif; A. A. Malik; M. U. Rashid; T. Sultan; U. Ghani; S. Ali
The successful implementation of bedfurrow, a resource conservation intervention (RCI), for rice-wheat cropping system has become the prime goal for researchers and cultivators by developing bedseeded crops in South Asia. The paper reviews the output, need, methods, merits, demerits and constraints for adopting bed-furrow RCI in Pakistan. The potential of this intervention and the issues of adopting permanent raised beds have also explored in the study. The application of Bed-furrow is only limited to few hectares for field demonstrations and research in Pakistan. The findings of research reveal substantial enhancement in output and profitability by including residue straw mulching on bed-furrow. The strategies that enhance the adoption, merits and output of bedfurrow for Pakistan in particular are as follows: i) selection of rice germ-plasm in aerobic circumstances gives improved output, ii) Provision of accurate and efficient seed and fertilizer at economical cost by improving the design etc. of four wheel tractors, iii) The scope and use of bed-furrow should be further enhanced by taking onboard all the state holders including farmers, agronomist, engineers, machine operators and manufacturers.Data collection and monitoring should be properly carried out for its sustainable usage within the region of South Asia and iv) to enhance the areas of farms where bed-furrow is suitable for their growing cops, soil and topographic conditions, thus offers economic profit and output/productivity. The participation and consultation of all the stakeholders including farmers, researchers, equipment operator is utmost important to manage hurdles for acquiring potential benefits, productivity and sustainability of bed-furrow intervention.
Development of local bagasse ash as pozzolanic material for use in concrete
(Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci, 2015) Muhammad Burhan Sharif; Rafia Firdous; Muhammad Akram Tahir
Concrete is one of the extensively used materials in construction industry. General construction uses ordinary Portland cement, however for specialized projects specific properties of concrete are tailored using different pozzolans. Sugarcane bagasse ash is abundantly available in Pakistan as being obtained from sugar mills which uses sugarcane bagasse as fuel. This research is focused to determine the maximum pozzolanic activity of sugarcane bagasse ash. Raw bagasse ash was calcined at temperatures of 500, 600 and 700 degree Celsius for 1, 2 and 3 hours heating duration. ASTM C 618 and C 311 were used to determine the suitability of sugarcane bagasse ash for its pozzolanic activity. It was found that maximum pozzolanic activity is achieved at a temperature of 500 degree Celsius for 1 hour heating duration and same was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis of calcined sugarcane bagasse ash.
Development, control and stuctural analysis of bionic elbow joint.
(Science International (Lahore), 2016) Rasheed, Faiza; Osaid, Hafiz Muhammad; Tabassum, Salim Abid; Ahmad Chaudhry, Ijaz
During the last decade or so, Pakistan is unlucky to face the increasing number of amputees owing to a series of earthquakes, road accidents and terrorism. But the paucity of progress and advancement in the field of prosthetics is failing the provision of artificial limbs for doomed amputees. This field demands extensive work, consideration and dedication for amelioration of damned Pakistani populace. This research aims to provide amputees the potential for their routine life errands; to ameliorate their pecuniary and personal autonomy through the establishment of bionic elbow joint. Presently, many developed countries are functioning well in the realm of prosthetics, and are offering mobile and user friendly feigned limbs to amputees but a catholic research work is obligatory in Pakistan to create cost-effective and handy artificial limbs. This delve rally round to study the subject of biomedical engineering and its relevant techniques in detail with the help of Matlab, DAQNavi, ANSYS. It explores mathematical techniques and artificial intelligence for the study of electromyographic signals; likewise Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), dynamic recurrent neural networks (DRNN), and fuzzy logic system.
Dynamic modeling and characterization of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
(2012) Muhammad Salik; Abdul Aziz Bhatti; Mashood Nasir
This paper presents the equivalent dynamic model accounting for the thermodynamic and electrochemical characteristics of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). The proposed model was implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The effects of temperature variations, fluid flow changes and capacitance due to double layer charging were incorporated in this model. The proposed model responses are in good correspondence with the published experimental results. It also predicts the temperature and pressure response of the PEMFC. The model formulated here would be helpful for the optimal prediction of characteristics and dynamic operation of a fuel cell stack.
Dynamic modeling and grid integration of a solid oxide fuel cell
(University of Engineering and Technology, 2013) Muhammad Salik; Syed Mohsin Ali; Abdul Aziz Bhatti; Mashood Nasir
This article presents an equivalent dynamic model of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) integrated with utility grid. The proposed dynamic model accounts for the electrochemical and thermodynamic characteristics of SOFC. Effects of temperature variations and fluid flow changes are incorporated in the model. Voltage drops inside a fuel cell are also modeled. This proposed model is further integrated with the utility grid with help of power conditioning unit (PCU). PCU consists of a DC-DC Boost converter and a 3-phase voltage source inverter. The output of 3-phase inverter is fed to the grid with the use of AC link integration. Complete model is formulated in MATLAB-SIMULINK environment. Simulation results clearly depict the behavior of SOFC and also show that SOFC is a potential source for distributed generation purpose. The proposed model formulated here would be helpful for the optimal prediction of characteristics and dynamic operation of SOFC based power plants.
Effect of fines content on dry and saturated indirect tensile strength of hot mix asphalt mixtures
(Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan, 2015) S. Maqbool; A. H. Khan; A. Inam; T. Sultan; M. U. Rashid; M. A. Rizvi
Fines and coarse aggregates play vital role in achieving strength properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. ASTM D 3515 recommends nine types of gradations combinations to be used for HMA with variable fractions of fines. In this research the effect of fines in these nine gradations of HMA were evaluated. HMA with variable fines contents were prepared in laboratory using gyratory compactor. The indirect tensile strength using Universal Testing Machine (UTM HYD-25-II) of original and moisture conditioned HMA samples were determined. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) of the HMA samples was also evaluated. It has been observed that with the increase in the fines content the strength and TSR of HMA samples initially increase then it decrease. The HMA mixes having low plastic fines (PI = 6) should not be exceeded beyond 10 % in order to achieve optimum strength.
Efficient medium access control protocols for broadband wireless communications
(Intech Open Science, 2011) Suvit Nakpeerayuth; Pisit Vanichchanunt; Warakorn Srichavengsup; Muhammad Saadi
In wireless communication systems, an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol is usually required so that multiple wireless stations can efficiently share the scarcely-limited wireless channel. In a typical wireless environment, wireless stations are usually geographically distributed over a service area and are not synchronized. As a consequence, wireless stations are typically required to contend for transmission opportunities. In general, if the MAC protocol is not properly designed, channel contention may cause serious transmission collisions and can considerably degrade the system throughput performance. Over the past several decades, numerous MAC protocols have been developed to smartly utilize the wireless channel, e.g., ALOHA (Abramson, 1970), carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) (Kleinrock & Tobagi, 1975; Tobagi & Hunt, 1980), and many other variants (Tasaka & Ishibashi, 1984; Karn, 1990; Frigon, et al., 2001; Amitay & Greenstein, 1994). These conventional MAC protocols have been successfully deployed in practice for different applications and environments, including the widely adopted IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n wireless local area network systems, the emerging IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) wireless metropolitan area network, the IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee) wireless sensor networks, and various famous MAC protocols for satellite communication networks. In addition, the emerging multimedia technologies in recent years have continuously driven the requirements for higher and higher system transmission throughput. In such an environment, the round trip propagation delays between the base station and wireless stations have increasingly become relatively larger and larger compared with a packet transmission time. As a consequence, a fair deal of recent research work has been directed toward the renewed studies of efficient MAC schemes for systems with relatively large propagation delays. This chapter overviews the existing MAC technologies and summarizes recent research advancements toward the improvements and analysis of various MAC protocols. In particular, a class of efficient modified random channel contention and reservation schemes based on our proposed work (Sivamok, et al, 2001; Srichavengsup, et al, 2005) is presented with a complete discussion of mathematical performance evaluation and numerical results.
Efficient solution to physical cell identity assignment problem in 3gpp long term evolution
(6th Joint IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference, 2013) Muhammad Basit Shahab; Ayesha Iqbal
This paper presents an efficient solution to physical cell identity assignment problem in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE). The technique takes advantage from the concept of graph coloring and is quite efficient in the sense that minimum number of colors/PCIs is utilized in achieving a collision and confusion free Physical Cell Identity allocation throughout the network. The method has been thoroughly explained using an example, and it has been shown how the technique works and accomplishes the required results. This method is also very much helpful in situations in which somehow a conflict of PCIs occurs between two or more cells. Simulations are performed on a large scale network during initial network wise configuration stage, in which all the cells are without any PCIs assigned.
Enhancement of wind power generation in Pakistan.
(Science International., 2015-01) Ahmad Chaudhry, Ijaz
The widening gap between supply and demand of electricity is a global issue and it needs serious attention. For sustaining economic growth and development, many countries are facing the challenge of high energy demand. The conventional source of energy, fossil fuels, are depleting rapidly. The environmental impact of these fossil fuels are alarming, worsening air pollution. The cost of imported fossil fuels is also increasing. So, there is an urgent need to find energy sources that are reliable, environmental friendly and cost effective. Worldwide, people have shown great interest in developing renewable energy sources. Renewable energy resources are the best replacement of conventional energy resources, but renewable energy resources alone cannot provide for the energy demands of our country. In fact, we need a share of both of them to cope up with the energy requirements of our country. In this study, we will investigate present energy scenario of Pakistan, enhancement of wind power generation in Pakistan, energy policy of Pakistan and solutions for ending energy crisis in Pakistan. Pakistan has plenteous available renewable energy resources of which wind energy has many advantages. Wind energy has attracted many countries and is being used by them to generate electricity. Many countries of the world have adopted this technology as wind is extensively available, has no effect on environment and is low cost. It is a successful, developed, cutting-edge, excellent and leading technology that has a large possibility for the generation of electricity in Pakistan. Several wind projects in Pakistan have been initiated and they have shown very encouraging and assuring signs of future success.

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