Department of Education

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/212

Department of education provides students a unique experience of academic life with a strong focus on research and career preparation in the chosen field. The department has an impressive spectrum of expertise within the field of education with a faculty that has wide ranging research and teaching interests.

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Academic achievements and social competence of students with physical disabilities
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Mazhar, Maria
Social skills are highly relevant to academic success and increase a student’s academic performance during a school career. The relationship between academic achievements and social competence of students with physical disabilities in special education schools is studied in this research. Physically disabled children isolated from our society. They face many problems in their daily life. Due to continuous ignorance they become frustrate and sometime hostile to the society. The study was designed to identify the academic achievements and social competence of these children in respect to their class level, gender and parents education. The present study is descriptive in its nature. The study was conducted on a sample of 130 students with physical disabilities of fifth or eighth classes enrolled in special education schools in Punjab province. Academic achievements of sample students were gained through the result of fifth and eighth classes exams conducted by the directorate of special education. While Rabbani Social Skills Rating Scale (RSSRS) was used for assessing social competence of students with physical disabilities. The review of related literature covered the topics such as concept of academic achievements and social competence, the value of social responsibility for the parents and the teachers and how it can be promoted in the classroom. The data was analyzed by using SPSS. In a nut shell, social competence is suggested by this study is a powerful foreteller for academic achievement. Based on the findings of this study, it is highly suggested that a corroborative and encouraging behavior should be adopted and promoted by the parents and teachers to increase social competence and academic achievements.
Achievement in academic and social skills: A comparative study of students with and without education vouchers
(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Iftikhar Ahmad Rabbani
Main purpose of the study was to search out the effect of Education Voucher Scheme (EVS) on academics and social skills of the students of class 8th. The study is an ex-post facto and co- relational in nature. Survey method was adopted to conduct the research. The accessible population of the study consisted of 8th grade students in two districts i.e. Lahore and Kasur. From these two districts, 17 schools were selected through random sampling. Data were collected from all available EVS students in these schools and research sample comprised of 504 students. The division of EVS and non-EVS students was 252 and 252. For academic achievement, 8th class result announced by Punjab Examination Commission (PEC) in 2012 was considered. Social skills like cooperation, assertion, flexibility, interpersonal skills, and self control were measured through a self developed rating scale named as Rabbani Social Skills Rating Scale (RSSRS). The instrument was close ended consisted of 35 Likert type statements on four point scale as (1 = never, 2 = occasionally, 3 = often and 4 = very often). The instrument was administered in class room situation. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The results of the study showed that non EVS students were academically better as compared to their EVS counterparts. However EVS students showed continuous improvement in the academic as well as in social skills as they progress from class 6th to class 8th. The study showed that there is strong positive relationship between academic achievement and social skills both for EVS and non-EVS students. It was recommended that Government should increase the budget allocation to promote EVS programs and Punjab Education Foundation should make further efforts to improve the quality of instruction in EVS program in order to better v address the educational and social needs of EVS students. The government should make certain arrangement to improve the parent education level.vi
Alignment of learning environment with national learning outcomes at secondary level
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Javeria
The study investigates alignment of the learning environment with the achievement of national learning outcomes at secondary level. It envisaged exploring answers to three broad questions entailing perceptions of the students regarding learning environment and learning objectives; disparity between the two, and the ways to address the gaps if any. Following a mixed method approach, data was collected employing targeting sample population from six schools from Lahore District. Sample included 177 secondary school students 71 from public sector and 106 from private sector of which 92 were males and 85 females. An instrument (questionnaire) on five point Likert type scale was used to collect the data. The descriptive and Correlational statistics were applied to analyze the data. The study finds contrasting results. It broadly finds alignment of learning environment with learning objectives accompanied by a variety of disparate perceptions. This makes the majority view somewhat suspect on the issue, which is validated by several gaps between the two. Further, the role of teacher as facilitator does not come out strongly. Lack of adherence to modern teaching practices in addition to absence of students' perception in the knowledge evaluation process in the schools is also highlighted by the study. Finally, the research finds communication gap between the students and teachers which negatively influences the learning environment. This tension warrants resolution. Broad response measures have been suggested to address the problems identified by the research.
Analysis of common error in written language of 8th grade student with hearing impairment (h.i)
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Iram Batool Alvi
Hearing Impairment is an inadequate or aggregate failure to listen (encyclopedia Britannica).The typical meaning of a hearing deficiency is any decreasing of an individual's capacity to hear. Hearing issues influenced the capacity of learners to learn spoken language and in adults it can grounds work related problems. Another feature of hearing is speech perception includes the apparent articulacy of a word as opposed to the adequacy of sound created by the word (Giddens, 2009). Children with hearing loss confront a diversity of developmental challenges in the areas of language and literacy(Kilpatrick, 2015). Literacyis usually comprehended as the talent to write, read and calculating (Merriam-Webster). A person's literacy is subject to his or her advancement of language. Language is the only way by which people store learning, exchange it to the individuals to come and burden all phases of time (Jindal and Syal, 1999). Languageis the medium or path by which ideas are generated while reading and writing. Consideration about the internal features of written language and what must be thought about these attributes for the successful and productive utilization of language to occur is frequently neglected(Schmitz & Keenan, 2004). There are extensive variety of factors that influence something as broad as writing and they can't all dependably be contemplated was likewise found that written work of a hearing impaired student's has tendency to consistently reveal a production of thoughts, yet inability to absolutely produce or build up supposed thoughts because of an nonexistence of semantic and syntactic abilities(Dostal & Wolbers, 2014). The most perplexing and troublesome task for all students either hearing or hearing impaired to be master is writing. This study looked at ‘Error Analysis' in the written Urdu language of students with hearing impairment of 8th grade.A writing test based on common writing errors in main features of linguistic i.e. phonology, semantic, syntax and forms of errors (e.g., omission, insertion, substitution) was developed, validated through expert opinion and pilot tested on small scale after which it was administered on the research sample conveniently selected 100 8th grade students with hearing impairment. The responses were organized, tabulated and entered and descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to answer different research questions. On the basis of analysis, it is found that all types of Phonological errors (Omission, Substitution and Addition) are the most occurring Errors, whereas semantics and syntactical errors were of lesser magnitude. Further analysis revealed that all type of errors was not affected by gender. Semantic errors were highly related to both Phonological and Syntax errors.
Analysis of Early Childhood Practices in Public and Private Sector of Lahore
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Khurshid, Faiza
This study aimed at analysis of ECE Practices in education at school level. The goal of this study was to investigate the ECE amenities, current does & don‘ts and discovering the prevailing position of ECE in government and other schools in Pakistan. This level of education influences the whole life of every individual in his/her academic and non-academic achievements. This is also the basic stage to improve the literacy rate of future leaders so that children can enter in schools of our society successfully. The population of the study was all teachers of ECE from schools of both segments. The number of total respondents was 200 (Public= 100, private=100). Convenience sampling was used by selecting model town Tehsil of Lahore. Adopted questionnaire was used to collect the data from respondents.50 questions were used to collect data in the questionnaire. After data collection, it was analyzed in SPSS in mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage. Some parametric methodologies like T test and One way ANOVA with α =0.5 at a significant level were used. The finding of the study concludes that there was no significant difference between public and private pre-schools.
Analysis of industrial needs and the curriculum of Technical and Vocational Education
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Ayesha Shafiq, Hafiza
Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has been an integrated part of national development approaches because of its influence on productivity and financial growth. The purpose of this study was to highlight the loopholes in curriculum and also point out urgency of modern and updated syllabus that can produce the graduates according to the need of industries. Current technical and vocational curriculum was not producing skilled based generation and therefore, technical and vocational education was replete with crisis. The methodology of this study was quantitative. A close ended questionnaire was filled by 50 supervisors of different industries of the Punjab. The results were quite different from the expectation. It was concluded that although curriculum was not updated but the problem was basically in investment on developmental structure of curriculum and the training of the teachers. However, it was also observed that curriculum development takes much time and funds that was also an issue because NAVTTC has not enough funds to expend on curriculum development. TVET was funded mainly from public resources. This raises a fundamental issue about how to secure additional resources to expand and improve the quality of skills development programs. It was highlighted that collaboration of industry and curriculum developers was mutually beneficial for both. University-industry dialogues, periodic interactions, expert’s services to the industries, joint innovative research and experimentation, advice for performance improvement in the industries and HRD support to the industries are proven to be essential aspects for economic acceleration through transformation of knowledge in collaboration with institutions.
An Analysis of the Perceptions towards Teaching as a Career Choice among University Students in Lahore
(University of Management & Technology, 2018) Ammara Fazal
Teaching, as a career choice remained focus for researchers since decades and in current scenario quality assurance movement in higher education has further emphasized its importance. This study was carried out in continuation of this tradition and explored perceptions of university students about teaching as a career choice and its importance in higher education institutions of Lahore. Two universities, one public and one private, were randomly, selected to conduct the study. Three hundred students were randomly selected who were enrolled in different programs of these universities. Both male and female students from different semesters were part of the sample. Researcher developed an instrument after extensive literature review of teaching profession and pilot tested. The reliability of the tool was Cronbach alpha 0.835. The instrument was comprised of 11 career choice factors: societal influence, workplace safety, autonomy, advancement opportunities, peer relations, decision participation, work conditions, retirement plan, personal recognition, Attitude towards teaching as career choice and salary. The study was descriptive and quantitative in nature. The collected data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 by using both descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test, ANOVA and Post-Hoc). Student's attitude towards teaching as a career profession highly positive. The attitude of the students was influenced by three factors such as personal recognition, peer relation and autonomy. This study would be useful for higher education curriculum developer to support the students to become effective university teachers. Future study can be conducted to assess higher education curriculum for effective faculty development.
An analytical study of governance strategies at secondary school level in Pakistan
(2011) Sajida Mukhtar; Khalid Rashid; Ijaz Ahmad Tatlah
This article analyzes and assesses the current status of governance strategies at secondary school level and examines emerging trends. While we commonly accept that the purpose of schools properly focuses on teaching and learning, the focus of control over these functions has traditionally resided far from the school-site level of the professionals. This study examines the way teachers and principals in a representative sample. The degree of competition among professions is affected by the nature of institutional and occupational differentiation and by particular cultural and historical forces in different societies. Teachers and administrators typically adhere to divergent views of governance. Others argue that conflict between administrators and teachers is not inevitable, and Accountability provides the school with an opportunity to collect information about its performance and enter into a debate with its community about the results of its exercise. show institutional variation in the degree of conflict between the perceptions and preferences of teachers and principals in secondary school. Governance of schools is becoming an increasingly important issue, as educators begin to realize how crucial it is to empower the participants in any educational process. Schools must use the knowledge, skills and experience of parents to improve or maintain standards through PTA/SMC.. The standards of quality will be determined by the quality of the accountability system...
An analytical study of higher education system of Pakistan
(2011) Sajida Mukhtar; Ijaz Ahmad Tatlah; Muhammad Saeed
Purpose; This article analyzes and assesses the current status of higher education in Pakistanto examine emerging trends. Design/methodology/approach; The discussion concentrates on structure, access, quality, funding patterns, private enterprise, and future prospects of higher education. It is argued that if quality does not match quantity, and the higher education sector fails to bring out enlightened, highly skilled, trained, motivated and ethically committed individuals, the countries cannot meet any of its development objectives. Findings; to attract the brightest students towards social sciences in different paradigms and research, funds have to be allocated for the higher education sector in the country. These emerging scenarios have given birth to some new issues.
ATTITUDES OF SCHOOL HEADS TOWARDS INCLUSION OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES IN SCHOOLS
(University of Management and Technology, 2013) Nayyar Bashir
Inclusive education is indispensable for achieving Education for All. This study highlights the attitudes of public school head towards inclusive education in Punjab. The attitude of school heads plays a vital role for an effective inclusive education process as well as for overall educational progress of students. The present study is descriptive in its nature. All the heads of the schools of both sexes in public schools of Punjab province are the populations of this study. A questionnaire was used as an instrument to measure attitudes of school heads towards inclusion of students with disabilities in schools and how these school heads conceptualize inclusive education. Reflecting on data carried out from 200 schools of ten districts of Punjab. This research gives a valuable indication of the attitudes and awareness of school heads towards inclusion. The study found that school heads of rural area have more positive attitude towards inclusion and there is no significant difference between male and female heads towards inclusion of students with disabilities. This research will reveal the difficulties in implementing inclusive education and will also contribute in the field of educational leadership.
Challenges of industrial worker in the schooling of their children
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Muhammad Saleem
Basic education is fundamental right of every human social, economic and personal development. The educational statistics represented that Pakistanfailed to meet all commitments.This study explores the “challenges of industrial worker in the schooling of their children”. The research method was quantitative in nature. A questionnaire was formulated for this study. In this study industrial worker(n=300) from the Gujranwala city selected for the survey. The results of the quantitative survey were analyzed through SPSS. Mean and standard deviation were calculated. ANOVA was used to calculate the significance between socioeconomic status and industrial workers' attitude towards the schooling of their children. The correlationwas used to find the correlation between workers' attitude towards the schooling of their children, attitude towards teachers, economic barriers, and school infrastructure. However, it was concluded that workers' attitude affected by these factors then ultimately schooling of their children was affected. The social status of the workers has great influence on the schooling of workers' children. Results represented that Industrial workers' attitude towards education was strongly correlated and there is a strong relationship between cost/economic barriers, Industrial workers' attitude towards teachers and with current school infrastructure. Finally, it was revealed that industrial worker faces a lot of problems in the schooling of their children. Further researches can be conducted to find out the basic needs of the industrial workers in the schooling of their children in Punjab (Pakistan).
Classroom management as a contributing factor towards learning at secondary school
(University of Management and Technology, 2013-06) Ali Abbas
Education has ever been a concern of societies with a touch of quality, equality, equity and sustainability of the same. The processes of education contribute towards the promotion of functions and elevation of the products of education. One of the processes that gains prominence is the classroom management. In classroom management it is not only the seating rather it is the attitude that develops in students the urge for education. In normal practice the big towns attract the attention of educators, decision makers and planners, but the little towns like chiniot does not catch the attention of the concerned to develop the school in general. There were only four male schools in chiniot three in government sector and one in private sector. All the four were approached for the conduct of research; the permission to this effect was obtained from the authorities of the schools. Two questionnaires were developed for the furtherance of research; one was meant for students studying in the class ten of the schools for the session 2012-13 and another was meant for the teachers working in those schools and were the teachers of the students selected as the subjects of study. There were 56 items in the questionnaire meant for the students and 53 in the questionnaire meant for the teachers. The face validity was got determined by the experts and the same questionnaires were administered to the class IX students of the sample schools chronebach alpha was computed as .79 and .73 for the questionnaires meant for the teachers and the students as well respectively. As per permission the researcher turned up gave a briefing session to the students in their respective classes and the teachers in the staffroom about the filling in of the questionnaire as per intents of the research. The intent of research laid down as objectives was as; identifying the practices followed by teachers and their impact at secondary level achievement of the students, isolating the good classroom managers.
Comparative Study of Blended Learning for in Service Teachers Training of Punjab and Sindh
(University of Management & Technology, 2018) Latif, Sumaira
“A blended learning addresses the issue of quality of teaching and learning” to (Garrison and Vaughan 2008), blended learning is mixture of face to face and online learning. TVET improve the teaching and learning style, so TVET organized the in service teacher training for improve the teacher knowledge, skill and pedagogical activities. This study explore the use of blended learning in service teacher training of TVET teachers in Punjab & Sindh. The objectives of the study were as; 1. To compare the in-service TVET teachers’ perceptions about the effectiveness of in-service teacher training through blended learning in Sindh and Punjab. 2. To compare the principals’ of TVET institutions' perceptions about the effectiveness of in-service teacher training through blended learning in Sindh and Punjab. 3. To compare the TVET students’ perceptions about the effectiveness of in-service teacher training through blended learning in Sindh and Punjab. Three questionnaires were used to collect the data. IST teacher evaluations questionnaire by TVET teacher were filled by those teacher who has attend the in service teacher training. TVET principals, IST teacher evaluations questionnaire by TVET students was filled by TVET students, filled IST teacher evaluations questionnaire by TVET principals. The population comprised of 960 teachers, 51 principles and 2360 students of TVET colleges of Sindh and Punjab. Regression test applied for assessing the relationship among different variables. ANOVA test applied for checking the significant difference among the perceptions of teachers’, students and principals based on the province. Correlations test applied for checking the relationship among the variable. The result indicate found that there is significant mean difference based on gender between Punjab and Sindh students. The result found that the students of Sindh are more experienced about fourth factor use of media. Principals of Punjab have more understanding rather than the principals of Sindh about second factor difference in teaching. The result show that positive relation is found between IT Based Learning and Applicability Back Home. A positive relation is found between Organization of Training Course and Applicability Back Home. Applicability Back Home and course content of IST teacher evaluations by teacher the result indicate that there is no significant effect of province on principal’s beliefs towards usage of media, difference in teaching, quality of IST course of IST teacher evaluations by principals.
A comparative study of leadership styles of male and female head teachers at secondary school level in public and private school in Lahore
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Najum Un Nisa
The purpose of the study was to compare the leadership styles of male and female secondary school head teachers in public and private schools in Lahore. For this purpose, ten public and ten private schools, in Lahore, were selected as a sample. All the teaching staff of the schools was taken as sample and they rated their head teachers regarding leadership styles. The total sample is comprised of 160secondary school teachers. Quantitative research method was employed to carry out the study. For comparison, The Leadership Behaviour Description Questionnaire was adopted. The questionnaire comprised thirty restricted response items and analysed on the basis of five points Likert type scale. To reach certain conclusion, along with the basic descriptive statistics t-test was applied for comparison. It was found from the study that: Over all, there was insignificant difference in the male and female leadership style and there was no significant difference in the leadership styles of head teachers on “initiation and consideration dimension” in public and private schools of Lahore.
A comparative study of traditional and modern teachinhg strategies with reference to their impact on the development of ethical leadership qualities
(University of Management and Technology, 2013) Syeda Basit Anjum
Education and its objectives remained the hot debate throughout many centuries. Researchers concluded three important domains of education, cognitive, affective and psychomotor. Cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains are interrelated. Recent high-rise in corruption, especially on leadership levels and down fall of our society has revealed the truth that we as a teacher are not full filling the needs of these mentioned domains so; society is suffering by immoral/non ethical persons trained from our schools. Teacher, school curriculum and syllabus play an important role in the development of these above-mentioned domains. Most important is curriculum that has four elements, objectives, content, teaching method, evaluation. Teaching method is the main tool from with teacher transfer knowledge and behaviors to his students, especially moral/ethical attributes but in our educational set up, we are still using traditional methods. In Pakistan, no study so far has done to find out the impact of teaching method on ethical/moral development of learners so, for this reason this research on topic “A Comparative Study of Traditional & Modern Teaching strategies with Reference to their impact on the development of ethical leadership qualities''. It was pretest-posttest control group design. The SRS sample contained 60 students of one central high school of Lahore. Researcher developed MRI as a data collection tool and reliability and validity of this tool find out statistically. Data analyzed by using, T-test and standard deviation values find out to test the all four research hypotheses in control and experimental groups in four pairs. It was found that there is significant increase in ethical/moral reasoning skill in treatment or experimental group, before and after teaching with modern teaching methods. Study also revealed that learner in control group did not get increase in ethical/moral competence before and after teaching with traditional teaching strategies. It was concluded that modern teaching strategies are effective in ethical/moral development of future's ethical/moral leaders of our society, within the same curriculum and syllabus of schools.
Comparison of Perceptions of Students’ and Teachers’ about the Role of Education in Developing Intrapreneurial Competencies
(University of Management & Technology, 2018) Asher, Bushra
Low performance of higher educational institutions has made the environment of organizations problematic. Due to this low performance, institutions find it difficult to adjust with altering needs of the 21st century. This low performance badly influences the students’ abilities. These students get employed in different organizations of Pakistan and may became cause of organizations’ decline. On the other hand, an employability gap also exists between the employer and employees, such as employers are not satisfied with the skills and competencies of students. There is a need of Intrapreneurs at different levels of organizations. If these intrapreneurial competencies are developed among the students, they become more creative, innovative, and can play a role in development of any organization. A little attention has been devoted to the development of intrapreneurial abilities of the students. Aim of this interdisciplinary research was to take the perception of the students about the role of education in development of intrapreneurial competencies among the students of higher education of Lahore. Objectives of this study were to identify the role of education in development of intrapreneurial abilities and to find out differences in perceptions of students on the basis of demographics. Research design of this study was survey research. The population of study was the students of public and private universities of Lahore. Four hundred students were selected as sample of the study through random sample technique. For the purpose of cross check the responses of students, perceptions were also taken from the teachers about the role of education in nurturing of intrapreneurial abilities among students. Data were collected through self-developed Instrument. Analyzed the data by descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Results indicated that students and teachers were assumed that education is not playing its role in developing intrapreneurial competencies among the students of higher education institutions.
A Correlation Study of Teachers’ Turnover and Students’ Achievement at Secondary Level at Lahore
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Shehreen Hassan
Academic achievement of students is highly concerned with teachers' accessibility. There is a close relationship between teacher and student and this attachment sometimes helps them in good learning and sometimes can lead to their serious kind of loss in their academic achievement in the absence of the teacher. That is why teacher turnover has become an important issue all across the world. The teacher turnover issue arose as a significant problem that affects students' academic achievement and learning. The study was designed to find out the possible correlation of teacher turnover with student achievement at the secondary level of private schools of Lahore district. The study has determined the factors of teacher turnover in different schools of Lahore, moreover, the study has examined the relationship between teacher turnover and student achievement at the secondary level. The nature of the study was correlation and survey-based using the quantitative methods of data collection. The population of the study was consisting of private schools of Lahore district at the secondary level. The structured questionnaire was adopted containing 28 questions for the teachers and a four column performa was adopted for the schools' administration toexamine the students' achievement. Teacher turnover was represented by the number of teachers that were present in the schools in the starting of the academic session and the number of teachers that left at the end of the academic session. The student achievement was taken by the results of Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education of Lahore.Sampling technique was convenient. The data from the school administration was taken from (n=40) private schools of Lahore and the data from teachers was collected from (n=250) secondary teachers of Lahore district. The Data analysis was performed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The t-test, ANOVA, and correlation were used to explain the different factors. The study resulted that there is positive as well as negative correlation between teachers' turnover and student achievement, in the session 2013-2014 there was a negative correlation between student achievement and teacher turnover, whereas in session 2015-2016 there was a positive correlation between the teacher turnover and student achievement. In the light of this study, it is recommended that school organizations should give proper instructional facilities and adequate salary to teachers to reduce the rate of teacher turnover.Future study can be conducted that will be based on this research that how to develop a strategy inorder to reduce teacher turnover at secondary level. This future research will help to reduce teachers' turnover and sustain student achievement.
Current practices of adapting student assessments At secondary level
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Javed, Hifza
Decline of Public Schools in Punjab and Strategies for their Revival
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Hussain Shah, Syed Nasir
The government of Pakistan has legal bindings and international commitments to provide education to its each and every citizen irrespective of gender, caste, creed, and race. Public school system in Pakistan works under the auspices of federal, provincial, and district governments, and offer education to masses. There are sufficient empirical evidences to support the idea that public schools have been experiencing a declining trend on different indicators like quality of students’ learning and outputs, enrolments of students, and parent dissatisfaction, etc. During discussions with experts and informed stakeholders, it was identified that public schools in Punjab are declining due to some social, governmental, and school related problems. This study was held to investigate the in-school factors which resulted decline of public schools in Punjab. The main objective of the study was to identify school-related problems of public schools in Punjab (Pakistan) and then propose strategies for the revival of these schools. Four main stakeholders of schooling i.e. the head teachers, teachers, parents, and students made the population of the study. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the sample from the population. To select a representative sample, 36 districts of Punjab were distributed in three strata on the basis of their educational indicators and two districts from each stratum were selected randomly. In the next stage, one tehsil from each district was randomly selected. Six secondary or higher secondary schools were conveniently selected from each tehsil to select the respondents for the study. In this way, the valid responses of 36 head teachers, 263 teachers, 282 parents, and 802 students from public schools were received for the study. A semi-structured interview protocol regarding school governance and management was developed for the head teachers; a job satisfaction scale was adapted for the teachers; a structured interview was developed to measure parents’ satisfaction with public schools; and school learning environment scale was developed for students of public schools. The research instruments were validated by experts and then pilot tested. The study found that the schools faced scarcity of funds to improve teaching learning process. Furthermore, the head teachers had no real administrative authority and their too heavy administrative duties were detrimental to their role as instructional leader. The head teachers were not satisfied with their promotion policy, monitoring and accountability mechanism, working relationship with district administration, and the competency building trainings. The teachers also showed their dissatisfaction with their service structure and working environment of the public schools. The parents were not satisfied with the quality of teaching and role of schools in overall personality development of their children. The students, parents, and head teachers agreed that there was lack of communication between school and parents. Furthermore, almost all of them agreed that physical and learning facilities were available but not properly utilized. On the basis of the findings of the study, strategies were suggested to revive public schools in Punjab (Pakistan). The major suggestion in the proposed strategies focus on increasing budget for schools, financial and administrative empowerment of head teachers, changes in service structure of head teachers and teachers, improve quality of teaching, effective utilization of physical and learning resources, communication between school and parents, and activate community participation
Development Of A Training Program To Reduce The Newly Inducted Head Teachers’ Anxiety At Secondary School Level
(University of Management and Technology, 2013) Javed Iqbal
This study was conducted for the development of a training program to reduce the newly inducted head teachers' anxiety at secondary school level in Pakistan. The anxiety is the state which affects the performance of the school heads. The purpose of this study was to develop the anxiety reduction program for the newly inducted secondary school heads.The researcher conducted the study by applying pre-test post-test experimental research design. A total of 30 newly inducted secondary school heads (17 male heads and 13 female heads at secondary school level) were selected from public sector Institutes of district Bhakkar. Likert-type questionnaire to measure the level of anxiety was circulated among the newly inducted secondary school heads as pre-test and post-test. The questionnaire comprised of 30-items and was adapted from three standardized major anxiety measuring scales namely (1) The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-1990) developed to assess whether an individual experiences difficult to control, excessive, and frequent worry (Meyer, Miller, 1990) (2) The State Trait Inventory (STAT-1970) measuring the current anxiety level of the individual (Spielberger-1970) and (3) The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) measuring the anxiety experiences of an individual . Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques such as means, standard deviation and t-test were used to analyze the collected data. After careful data analysis, the researcher concluded that there is no significant difference between the levels of anxiety of the newly inductedhead teachers at secondary school level. The secondary school heads showed their high level of anxiety at pre-test. It was also found that the anxiety level was reduced to a certain extent after giving the treatment to the newly inducted heads of the secondary schools. At the end useful suggestions and recommendations were presented for upcoming research studies.

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