School of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSS&H)

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SSSH offers a wide range of innovative programs in Education, English Literature, Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, Media and Communication, Elementary Education, Secondary Education, Social Sciences, Educational Leadership and Management, English Language Teaching, English Language and Literature and Montessori education.

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Academic achievements and social competence of students with physical disabilities
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2017) Mazhar, Maria
Social skills are highly relevant to academic success and increase a student’s academic performance during a school career. The relationship between academic achievements and social competence of students with physical disabilities in special education schools is studied in this research. Physically disabled children isolated from our society. They face many problems in their daily life. Due to continuous ignorance they become frustrate and sometime hostile to the society. The study was designed to identify the academic achievements and social competence of these children in respect to their class level, gender and parents education. The present study is descriptive in its nature. The study was conducted on a sample of 130 students with physical disabilities of fifth or eighth classes enrolled in special education schools in Punjab province. Academic achievements of sample students were gained through the result of fifth and eighth classes exams conducted by the directorate of special education. While Rabbani Social Skills Rating Scale (RSSRS) was used for assessing social competence of students with physical disabilities. The review of related literature covered the topics such as concept of academic achievements and social competence, the value of social responsibility for the parents and the teachers and how it can be promoted in the classroom. The data was analyzed by using SPSS. In a nut shell, social competence is suggested by this study is a powerful foreteller for academic achievement. Based on the findings of this study, it is highly suggested that a corroborative and encouraging behavior should be adopted and promoted by the parents and teachers to increase social competence and academic achievements.
Achievement in academic and social skills: A comparative study of students with and without education vouchers
(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Iftikhar Ahmad Rabbani
Main purpose of the study was to search out the effect of Education Voucher Scheme (EVS) on academics and social skills of the students of class 8th. The study is an ex-post facto and co- relational in nature. Survey method was adopted to conduct the research. The accessible population of the study consisted of 8th grade students in two districts i.e. Lahore and Kasur. From these two districts, 17 schools were selected through random sampling. Data were collected from all available EVS students in these schools and research sample comprised of 504 students. The division of EVS and non-EVS students was 252 and 252. For academic achievement, 8th class result announced by Punjab Examination Commission (PEC) in 2012 was considered. Social skills like cooperation, assertion, flexibility, interpersonal skills, and self control were measured through a self developed rating scale named as Rabbani Social Skills Rating Scale (RSSRS). The instrument was close ended consisted of 35 Likert type statements on four point scale as (1 = never, 2 = occasionally, 3 = often and 4 = very often). The instrument was administered in class room situation. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The results of the study showed that non EVS students were academically better as compared to their EVS counterparts. However EVS students showed continuous improvement in the academic as well as in social skills as they progress from class 6th to class 8th. The study showed that there is strong positive relationship between academic achievement and social skills both for EVS and non-EVS students. It was recommended that Government should increase the budget allocation to promote EVS programs and Punjab Education Foundation should make further efforts to improve the quality of instruction in EVS program in order to better v address the educational and social needs of EVS students. The government should make certain arrangement to improve the parent education level.vi
An acoustic phonetic study of six accents of Urdu in Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2014) Farooq, Mahwish
Urdu is a lingua franca, an official language (Mahmood, 2004) and the mother tongue of only 7.5% population in Pakistan (Zia, 2011). The present study deals with an acoustic phonetic analysis which is conducted for finding out the accent variation in Pakistani Urdu. As, we know, Pakistan is a multilingual country therefore the purpose of the research is to analyze the influence of the other languages on Urdu. This research is based on quantitative methodology. The list of the 139 district names has been used as a corpus. The recording of the utterances by the speakers of Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pashto and Saraiki languages have been collected by developing a system for online data collection. 30 Volunteers of each language have been enrolled to provide recordings for speech corpus. The corner vowels from the utterances have been evaluated by comparing them with the acoustic properties. Accent differences are acoustic manifestations of differences in duration, pitch, intonation pattern and of course the difference in phonetic transcription (Yan & Vaseghi, 2002). As this is the first step in the work of an acoustic phonetic study of Urdu accents therefore only variations of vowels have been identified by measuring the formant frequencies manually in PRAAT software. The preliminary analysis of first and second formant frequencies showed the differences in the characteristics of vowels. This research has verified that the formant frequencies of the vowels (uttered by the speakers of six major languages) show differences and variations across phonetic context. This is due to the fact that Urdu is the second or third language for Pakistani speakers (Rehman, 2002). It has also verified that some utterances are showing more similar values of formant frequencies (of the speakers‟ utterances) than the others e.g. the formant frequencies in the utterances of Urdu and Punjabi speakers while the other showing more variant and dissimilar formant tendencies as in the case of Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi language speakers‟ utterances.
The acquisition of pragmatic competence and the implication of the critical period hypothesis
(University of Management and Technology, 2012) Rashida Manzoor
Today many second language acquisition researchers are agree that the acquisition of pragmatic competence in foreign language is a challenge for learners. The difficulty is not always with the syntactic realisation, or the phonological system or lexicon etc. for these learners, but the actual problem arises when they struggle for the learning of target language pragmatics. The inappropriate use of L2 pragmatics, especially the request strategies leave the impression that these L2 speakers are rude, slow or impolite (Scollon and Scollon, 1983). However, the present study investigates the role that age plays in the acquisition of pragmatic competence. A total number of 30 participants took part in this study. They were divided into 3 groups, group A, British Native Speakers of English, Group B Post-Critical Period Hypotheses and Group C Pre-Critical Period Hypotheses. These participants were given 3 different situations (Higher to lower, Equal to equal, and Lower to higher) to produce responses in the form of requests. It is found that the British native speakers of English are inclined to use more indirect request strategies in the all situations. The Post-critical period hypothesis participants produced more direct responses. The Pre-critical period hypothesis participants were also found to be indirect, similar to the group A, the British Native speakers of English. It was found that age factor plays a crucial role in the learning of pragmatics competence, and there is an inter-cultural difference in the use of request strategies.
Adoption of new media platform by commercial FM radio stations of Lahore
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Ashraf, Sidra
ABSTRACT This research study analyzes the adoption of a new media platform and its effects on commercial FM (frequency modulation) radio stations of Lahore. The study also includes the challenges faced by the traditional FM radio stations of Lahore during the incorporation of new media platform. This research describes the reason behind people adopting new innovations that have a great influence on their minds and also confer that media technology shapes how we as individuals think, feel, and act in the society, and how the society operates as we move from one technological age to another. The research study explores how and why the new ideas and emerging technologies are adopted and the amount of time it takes for them to spread in the society. Stratified sampling is used to conduct the result, in which commercial FM radio stations are the strata and are the only requirement of study. Data is collected through in-depth interviews in which coding technique is used to get results. Stations managers, production managers, sales and marketing managers, RJ’s (Radio jockey) , and the HR (Human resource) department of those commercial FM radio stations who adopted new media platform are asked open-ended interview questions.. The findings of this research show that new media platform provides a way to achieve success in the society; it also helped commercial FM radio stations to increase their listenership, accessibility, revenue and employability
Aetiology of stuttering and its manifestation in bilingual children
(2011) Saima Akhtar
Stuttering in bilinguals is an area that has not received much attention. Stuttering and its manifestations in Bilingual Children who stutter with L1 (Urdu) and L2 (English) are dimensions, the present study draw on. This research investigates the most common stuttering sounds among bilingual children between 5 to 12 years old. This study is an attempt to analyze stuttering in relation with mother tongue and with stutter's second language. The study also explores whether or not speech aphasia is neurogenic or psychogenic cause. Findings indicate that vowels, bilabials, alveolar, velar and palatoalveolar are problematic sounds for bilingual stutterers. Moreover; stuttering is psychogenic speech disorder as compared to its neurogenic causes. The results regarding frequency of stuttering (L1 or L2) concur with the findings of Nwokah (1988) who ascertained that bilingual stutterers were more likely to stutter in one language than in another. The clinical implications and treatments in the light of findings are also presented to gain insight into the phenomena of stuttering.
Afghanistan Pakistan transit trade agreement-2010: implications for Pakistan
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2015) Babar Ali
The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive framework about historical relations between two Muslim neighbours, especially in the context of Afghanistan PakistanTransit Trade Agreement-2010 (APTTA) and its implications for Pakistan. Trade always plays a positive role to build peace and harmony between different countries. People of different nations cooperate with each other and trade can be used an effective tool in bilateral relations. Since implementation of APTTA-2010, there is consecutive fluctuation in mutual transit trade and there could be huge profit if the same was implemented in letter and spirit. Regrettably, the trade volume is going down day by day which is hampering economy of both the countries. No doubt, both the countries have pathetic historical background but on many occasions they showed amicable relations. In fact, Afghanistan and Pakistancan get massive benefits by establishing trade and peace harmony. Interestingly, Pakistanearned more revenue as compare to Afghanistan in bilateral trade but some hidden hands did not want to see economic boost up in the country. Informal trade can be more fatal for poor revenue and it should be controlled by taking solid measures. Moreover, how we can develop and secure this agreement? While perusing the historical aspects, a student of history can find that most of the time, the government of Afghanistan showed it's proclivity towards Russia formerly Union of Soviet Socialist Republic as well as India for foreign trade and now many Afghan businessmen and entrepreneurs are willing to establish their trade with Central Asian States instead of Pakistan. That is a grave situation for the government of Pakistan. Now, it is decisive time to launch commendable steps in formulating bilateral trade with Afghanistan because being neighbour and Muslim country, Afghanistan can provide huge advantages to Pakistanbecause Afghanistan being a land cocked country intends to take advantages in developing its economy. This dissertation is a review about the prevailing position of the Afghanistan and PakistanTransit Trade Agreement-2010 that was signed to provide benefits to Afghanistan through sea-ports of Pakistan.
Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations in Post 9/11 Era: Irritants and Prospects of Cooperation
(University of Management and Technology, 2016) Umar, Mohammad
Afghanistan and Pakistan share the same religious and collocation, tradition and culture but had never enjoyed the smooth and cordial relations. The trust deficit among the two nations existed since British India was divided and Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. Initially, Durand Line and issue of Pakhtunistan, were bone of contention, which did not allow to establish of cordial relationship between two neighboring countries. Later, cold war politics also played a role in divergence of national interests. Pakistan’s joining of Western alliances and Afghanistan’s collocation towards Soviet Union and India proved to be a stumbling block in establishing good neighbourly relations. Afghanistan and Pakistan had number of times adopted rapprochement despite of at odds including two Pakistan’s war with India, signing of Afghanistan Transit Trade Agreement, facilitation of Afghan refugees in Pakistan 1980s and onward. This study analyzes different issues in Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations that had really damaged their relations in post-9/11 era. Pakistan continued its support to post-Taliban regime installed in December 2001 in the same manner as they were the first one to recognize the Taliban regime in 1996 after they had captured Kabul. Afghanistan became the focal point of world powers including United States of America, India, NATO, etc. United States wanted Afghanistan and Pakistan to establish friendly relations which was necessary in fight against the terrorists. This study explored the main hurdles in maintaining cordial relations and the challenges faced by Afghanistan and Pakistan. The method used for this research was qualitative method by using documentary analysis, applying interpretive policy approach and interpret data through textual analysis. This research concluded that there are many major issues responsible for deterioration of relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan. And both the countries are victim to foreigner’s interference in their bilateral relations, otherwise they could have negotiated a better solution to their problems.
Aggression and general health problems among undergranduate university students
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2014) Neelam Tahir
This study attempts to see the relationship between aggression and general health problems among undergraduate university students. The findings reveal that aggression and general health problems have direct relationship (r= .17, p<0.05). In addition general health is positively correlated with covert aggression (r=.24, p<0.01).Covert and overt aggression was measured through Buss Perry Aggression questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) which measures physical and verbal aggression (overt aggression), anger and hostility (covert aggression). Reliability of Buss Perry Questionnaire is .81.General health problems were measured by the general health questionnaire-30 (Goldberg, 1978). Hence it is concluded that the students having more aggression have high risk of developing general health problems. Moreover students having covert aggression have more tendencies to develop general health problems as compared to students having overt aggression.
Alexithymia Predicts Addiction Proneness in Undergraduate Students: Does Impulsivity Mediate the Association?
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Fatima, Farva
Alexithymia is the inability to differentiate and describe one’s feelings. It is a feature that is present in non-clinical population but at higher levels, alexithymia may be seen as a psychopathological feature. Research on alexithymia in general, is scarce in Pakistan.We aim to investigate the relationship of alexithymia with addiction proneness among undergraduate students and to assess the mediating effect of impulsivity that how it leads the person towards the risk of drug abuse. We hypothesized that alexithymia will positively predict addiction proneness as well as impulsivity among undergraduate students and their relationship will be mediated by impulsivity. For this correlational study, self-report data from 200 participants (n=110, men, n=90 women) were collected. Participants were conveniently sampled undergraduate students (aged, 18-26) enrolled at the University of Management & Technology. Online Alexithymia Questionnaire (OAQ: Thompson, 2005) was used to measure the intensity of alexithymic features, and the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS, Woicik et al, 2009) was used to measure the proneness of addiction, and impulsivity was assessed using the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11; Barratt, 1995).Results of the present study indicated a significant positive relationship of alexithymia with addiction proneness (r=.29, p<.001) and with impulsivity (r=.32, p<.001).Relationship between alexithymia and addiction proneness was mediated by impulsivity (β=.151, p<.001).Future researches should examine the association using larger, more diverse sample. Comparison should be made between clinical and non-clinical samples
Alignment between secondary school certificate (ssc) english assessments of bises of the punjab and national curriculum of Pakistan 2006
(UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015) Muhammad Saqib Zafar
Establishing Alignment between English Curriculum of Secondary School Certificate and assessments to ascertain the validity and reliability of assessment tool is very necessary in the present era. It is important to make connections between the actual learning and the intended learning. More importantly, valid and reliable measurement of proficiency in English at Secondary School Certificate (SSC) level is imperative because SSC is a basic qualification which leads to higher degrees in all disciplines and English is taught as a compulsory subject at this level.
Alignment of learning environment with national learning outcomes at secondary level
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Javeria
The study investigates alignment of the learning environment with the achievement of national learning outcomes at secondary level. It envisaged exploring answers to three broad questions entailing perceptions of the students regarding learning environment and learning objectives; disparity between the two, and the ways to address the gaps if any. Following a mixed method approach, data was collected employing targeting sample population from six schools from Lahore District. Sample included 177 secondary school students 71 from public sector and 106 from private sector of which 92 were males and 85 females. An instrument (questionnaire) on five point Likert type scale was used to collect the data. The descriptive and Correlational statistics were applied to analyze the data. The study finds contrasting results. It broadly finds alignment of learning environment with learning objectives accompanied by a variety of disparate perceptions. This makes the majority view somewhat suspect on the issue, which is validated by several gaps between the two. Further, the role of teacher as facilitator does not come out strongly. Lack of adherence to modern teaching practices in addition to absence of students' perception in the knowledge evaluation process in the schools is also highlighted by the study. Finally, the research finds communication gap between the students and teachers which negatively influences the learning environment. This tension warrants resolution. Broad response measures have been suggested to address the problems identified by the research.
Analysis of common error in written language of 8th grade student with hearing impairment (h.i)
(University of Management and Technolog, 2017) Iram Batool Alvi
Hearing Impairment is an inadequate or aggregate failure to listen (encyclopedia Britannica).The typical meaning of a hearing deficiency is any decreasing of an individual's capacity to hear. Hearing issues influenced the capacity of learners to learn spoken language and in adults it can grounds work related problems. Another feature of hearing is speech perception includes the apparent articulacy of a word as opposed to the adequacy of sound created by the word (Giddens, 2009). Children with hearing loss confront a diversity of developmental challenges in the areas of language and literacy(Kilpatrick, 2015). Literacyis usually comprehended as the talent to write, read and calculating (Merriam-Webster). A person's literacy is subject to his or her advancement of language. Language is the only way by which people store learning, exchange it to the individuals to come and burden all phases of time (Jindal and Syal, 1999). Languageis the medium or path by which ideas are generated while reading and writing. Consideration about the internal features of written language and what must be thought about these attributes for the successful and productive utilization of language to occur is frequently neglected(Schmitz & Keenan, 2004). There are extensive variety of factors that influence something as broad as writing and they can't all dependably be contemplated was likewise found that written work of a hearing impaired student's has tendency to consistently reveal a production of thoughts, yet inability to absolutely produce or build up supposed thoughts because of an nonexistence of semantic and syntactic abilities(Dostal & Wolbers, 2014). The most perplexing and troublesome task for all students either hearing or hearing impaired to be master is writing. This study looked at ‘Error Analysis' in the written Urdu language of students with hearing impairment of 8th grade.A writing test based on common writing errors in main features of linguistic i.e. phonology, semantic, syntax and forms of errors (e.g., omission, insertion, substitution) was developed, validated through expert opinion and pilot tested on small scale after which it was administered on the research sample conveniently selected 100 8th grade students with hearing impairment. The responses were organized, tabulated and entered and descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to answer different research questions. On the basis of analysis, it is found that all types of Phonological errors (Omission, Substitution and Addition) are the most occurring Errors, whereas semantics and syntactical errors were of lesser magnitude. Further analysis revealed that all type of errors was not affected by gender. Semantic errors were highly related to both Phonological and Syntax errors.
Analysis of cyber language: Identifying gender differences
(University of Management and Technology, 2012) Amna Mukhtar
The purpose of the current study is to examine gender differences among the students of various age groups who use Facebook. The study focuses on gender differences on lexical as well as grammatical level. The gender based differences are scrutinized at four basic parameters such as: new word formation, reduction, deletion, and insertion. These parameters were further divided into clipping, onomatopoeic compounding, blending, conversion, abbreviation at lexical level and copula, subject and punctuation deletion and insertion, code mixing and capitalization on grammatical level. A sample of hundred participants (from Facebook) was chosen to answer the research questions. The Facebook users were divided into four distinct groups depending on their age to confirm gender based linguistic differences. The number of messages sent by each participant and the total number of words were calculated. The messages were coded for lexical as well as grammatical features. The frequencies of the lexical and grammatical features were counted and converted into proportions by dividing the total frequency by the total word count and multiplying by hundred to yield frequency per hundred words. The frequency of lexical and grammatical features was measured to prove the males' and females' use of any particular feature. The results indicate that males and females not only use different stylistic features but linguistic features as well. The study shows that females tend more towards insertion, whereas males are more inclined towards deletion. It has also been noted that females are the dominant users of punctuation marks, emoticons, abbreviations, acronyms, emoticons, and onomatopoeic. On the other hand, males tend to delete copula, subject, and punctuation marks.
Analysis of development agenda of FM broadcasting houses in Quetta city
(University of Management and Technology Lahore, 2016) Mukhtar, Mehwish
Discovering and sustaining the means of information is the most significant assistance for most of people in ever-changing situations of Quetta. FM radio stations are heard by people from every sphere of the social order. In this study FM radio is considered as community medium due to its usage by the people of Quetta. FM broadcasting is immensely operative, vital and improved tool because of its vicinity, intimacy, rapidity, easy reach, and inexpensive nature. Individuals of Quetta embraced FM radio for its prospective to overcome propaganda of other media by bringing news and information to distant zones, and it educated society about rights of human, impartiality, and healthcare, etc. This thesis explores that whether major development issues faced by people of Quetta are in the agenda of FM transmission or not. Population of Quetta is suffering from lack of facilities, social disorder. There is much need to address the developmental issues of that area. This research is conducted by taking in-depth interviews of the resource persons of FM broadcasting houses of Quetta, along with the survey method in which questionnaire was used as tool. The findings of this study are that both media person and listeners of Quetta believe that FM broadcasting houses have significant development agenda.
Analysis of Early Childhood Practices in Public and Private Sector of Lahore
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Khurshid, Faiza
This study aimed at analysis of ECE Practices in education at school level. The goal of this study was to investigate the ECE amenities, current does & don‘ts and discovering the prevailing position of ECE in government and other schools in Pakistan. This level of education influences the whole life of every individual in his/her academic and non-academic achievements. This is also the basic stage to improve the literacy rate of future leaders so that children can enter in schools of our society successfully. The population of the study was all teachers of ECE from schools of both segments. The number of total respondents was 200 (Public= 100, private=100). Convenience sampling was used by selecting model town Tehsil of Lahore. Adopted questionnaire was used to collect the data from respondents.50 questions were used to collect data in the questionnaire. After data collection, it was analyzed in SPSS in mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage. Some parametric methodologies like T test and One way ANOVA with α =0.5 at a significant level were used. The finding of the study concludes that there was no significant difference between public and private pre-schools.
An analysis of human rights: a structured focus comparison in the light of Islamic and western perspectives
(2018) Waleed Asif
This research paper discusses how human rights have emancipated humans and what is the contribution of religious and Western literature in dominating the concept. Normative theory is used as a theoretical framework in this dissertation. The methodology used is qualitative, structured focused method to evaluate the objectives of the research in the comparative study and link it together in conclusion. The paper is divided into five chapters with the first chapter highlighting the background of the human rights andhow it evolved with time. The second chapter summarizes the discussion and literature review. The third and fourth chapter illustrates the Islamic and Western perspectives on the issue of human rights. The last chapter concludes the data evaluation of the paper with findings and opinions. The research being brief didn't highlight the causes of human rights violations and how it can be protected. It only focused on the contrast of theory regarding rights of humans explained in the books and how it is practiced in the western and Islamic societies.
Analysis of industrial needs and the curriculum of Technical and Vocational Education
(University of Management and Technology, 2017) Ayesha Shafiq, Hafiza
Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has been an integrated part of national development approaches because of its influence on productivity and financial growth. The purpose of this study was to highlight the loopholes in curriculum and also point out urgency of modern and updated syllabus that can produce the graduates according to the need of industries. Current technical and vocational curriculum was not producing skilled based generation and therefore, technical and vocational education was replete with crisis. The methodology of this study was quantitative. A close ended questionnaire was filled by 50 supervisors of different industries of the Punjab. The results were quite different from the expectation. It was concluded that although curriculum was not updated but the problem was basically in investment on developmental structure of curriculum and the training of the teachers. However, it was also observed that curriculum development takes much time and funds that was also an issue because NAVTTC has not enough funds to expend on curriculum development. TVET was funded mainly from public resources. This raises a fundamental issue about how to secure additional resources to expand and improve the quality of skills development programs. It was highlighted that collaboration of industry and curriculum developers was mutually beneficial for both. University-industry dialogues, periodic interactions, expert’s services to the industries, joint innovative research and experimentation, advice for performance improvement in the industries and HRD support to the industries are proven to be essential aspects for economic acceleration through transformation of knowledge in collaboration with institutions.
An analysis of L1 interference errors and its implementation in ESL pedagogy at secondary level
(2011) Zahoor Ahmed
The primary purpose of this study was to enhance the realization and importance of Error Analysis, especially Interference Errors in the vast field of Applied Linguistics. The study was aimed at showing the significance of Error Analysis in English language teaching scenario in Pakistan. For this purpose, the vast area of Error Analysis was narrowed down and focused only on L1 Interference Errors in ESL pedagogy at Secondary level. Therefore, after brief introduction and back ground of Error Analysis the study was focused mainly on Interference Errors i.e. L1 interference errors. This research was designed in a case study format. For this purpose, the researcher was involved in practical teaching situation at Secondary level. Classroom tests, homework and assignments were monitored by the researcher to collect the requisite data of students' errors due to L1 interference. Where classroom assignments and home work done by the students provided enough data to be processed and analyzed. The researcher also observed the teaching methodologies of English language teachers, while sitting in different classrooms, where English language teaching – learning process was in progress regularly. Actually, the scope of the study was limited only to the students of Aligarh Public School and College (Residential) Manga, Lahore. Yet the study can be helpful to the teachers of English language anywhere else in Pakistan. Therefore, the research findings and conclusion / suggestions can be generalized for ESL pedagogy at secondary level after generalizing the study in other parts of our homeland.
Analysis of the effects of power and social distance upon politeness patterns
(University of Management and Technology, 2013) Rooma Naureen
This study attempts to analyze the effects of the social variables i.e. power and social distance upon politeness. It investigates how much the phenomenon of politeness is related to power and social distance. It explores whether Brown and Levinson‟s politeness theory can be applied to Pakistani culture or not. This research is conducted in schools, colleges, universities, government and private sector offices situated in Lahore city. It is based upon mix design i.e. a combination of both qualitative and quantitative approach. Two instruments i.e. questionnaires and recordings have been used for data collection. Questionnaires are developed on the basis of Discourse Completion Test (DCT) which is a questionnaire containing situations, briefly described and designed to elicit a particular speech act. The recordings are based on interactions taking place between two speakers. Different situations regarding request and apology have been assigned to the participants and they had to respond according to them. The quantitative data collected through questionnaires was analyzed through SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and Word Excel. The qualitative data collected through recordings was analyzed through Word Excel. The results of the study revealed that social variables i.e. „power‟ and „social distance‟ have a significant influence on people‟s use of polite language. Statistical evidence shows that social distance is directly related to politeness while power is indirectly related to politeness. It means that the greater the social distance, the more polite language people will employ while the greater the power, the less polite language people will use. The powerless people show great respect for the powerful people, while the powerful need not show respect for the powerless. Hence, the powerless people use more polite language as compared to the powerful people. The study recommends that further research is required on other issues related to politeness such as the comparative study of politeness phenomenon in each gender to find out whether vi females are more polite or males. This study is helpful not only for the researchers of pragmatics rather of anthropology, sociolinguistics and sociology since the phenomenon of politeness comes under all these disciplines. Findings from this pragmatic research can aid applied linguistics and studies in cross-cultural communication in general.

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