Clinical Psychology

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A Normative and Validation Study of the Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices for Children Aged 8 to 11 years
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Palwasha Nazar S2017146010
Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices test has been used extensively across a wide variety of settings in different countries all over the world as a fair culture measure of non-verbal intelligence.
Academic stress, AI attitude and mental toughness in young adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Sehrish Khan; Areej Shehzadi; Malaika Sadiq
The current study aimed to explore the relationship among academic stress, AI attitude and mental toughness in young adults. This research used correlational research design to explore the relationship. A quantitative approach was used and data was collected through purposive sampling with inclusion criteria of AI familiarity/usage and private and government universities’ young adults. The variables were measured by standardized questionnaires namely Academic Stress Scale (ASS) (Khan & Jabeen, 2016), AI Attitude Scale (AAS) (Ahmad et al., 2023) and Mental Toughness (MTS) (Anthoney & Saleem, 2015). The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between academic stress and mental toughness. While, there was a non-significant negative relationship between academic stress and negative AI attitude. Conversely, there was a significant positive association between negative AI attitude and mental toughness in young adults. In addition, academic stress and gender were significantly negatively predicting mental toughness whereas AI attitude was the significant positive predictor of mental toughness. The results also showed that male and female groups were significantly differing in mental toughness. The findings of this study highlights the need for developing ethical and responsible use of AI and promoting digital literacy in young adults through workshops, to avoid dependency on AI tools, which can strengthen mental toughness in today's advanced tech era.
Academic stress, coping strategies and sports performance in university athletes
(UMT, Lahore, 2023) Aleeza Waseem; Shumila Zarwa; Isra Ghani
The present study explored the relationship between academic stress, coping strategies, and sports performance in university athletes. The correlation study design was used to assess the relationship between academic stress coping strategies and sports performance in university athletes. Through purposive sampling, a sample of 200 student-athletes (men=100, women=100) with an age range of 18-25 years were contacted to complete the survey from different universities in Lahore, Pakistan. Athletes Subjective Performance Scale (ASPS), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS-21), and Perceived Athletic and Academic Stressors were used to for measuring the constructs. Pearson product moment correlation, Independent sample t-test analyses, and multiple linear regression analysis were applied. The result showed that task-oriented coping strategies and emotional coping strategies had a significant positive correlation with academic stress and sports performance. Whereas, avoidance coping strategies showed a significant positive correlation with academic stress while significant negative correlation with sports performance. A significant negative relationship was found between academic stress and sports performance. Significant gender differences were found in academic stress only as women showed higher academic stress as compared to men. Lastly results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that emotional coping predicted sports performance xii significantly. The findings may help to enhance sports performance and manage academic stress among university athletes.
Academic Stressors, Academic Procrastination and Exam Anxiety in University Students
(UMT Lahore, 2023) Participant’s Name Mubarra Younas Participant ID S2021146008
Academic stressors have become a part of student’s educational life as a result of the different internal and external expectations that are placed on them. When they experience changes in a personal and social level, adolescents are extremely prone to the issues related to academic stress. In today's highly competitive environment, students experience a variety of academic issues such as academic stress, exam anxiety,
ADHD Symptoms, Self-esteem and Sensation Seeking Behavior in University Students
(UMT Lahore, 2022) AYESHA KHALID S2020146011
The study aimed to highlight the contributing factors of ADHD in the young adults of Pakistan. It was done to find the relationship between ADHD symptoms, self-esteem and sensation seeking behavior. The objective of the study is to find out the role of ADHD symptoms in the presence of certain sensation seeking behaviors on self-esteem. For this purpose 400 university students including
ADHD tendencies, risk taking behaviors and relationship instabilities in young adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2023) Bareera
The purpose of study was to investigate the relationship between the ADHD tendencies, risk taking behaviors and relationship instability in young adults. Cross sectional research design was used in which a sample of (N=300) young adults with age range of 18 to 25 years (M = 20.7, SD =1.60) were approached and stratified sampling was used to obtain the data. Participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires, including the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale (Kessler et. Al 2005), Sensation Seeking Scale (Iqbal & Mehmood, 2014) and Relationship Instability Scale (Saleem, et al., 2014) along with consent form and demographic sheet. Research was conducted in different private and government universities of Lahore from May 2023 to June 2023. Pearson correlation analysis results indicated that ADHD tendencies were associated with risk taking behaviors and increased relationship instabilities. t-test analysis reveals gender differences in ADHD tendencies, risk-taking behaviors, and relationship instability, with males scoring higher than females and Father’s education were influenced ADHD tendencies, risk-taking behaviors and relationship instability. Moreover, Anova analysis find out the reasons of Sensation seeking in ADHD tendencies, risk taking behaviors and Interpersonal Difficulties of the participants. The study highlights the importance of identifying ADHD and risk-taking tendencies in young adults to prevent relationship instability and guide interventions for improved social skills and emotional expression. Limitations of the study include the reliance on self- report measures which might be susceptible to response bias, and the cross-sectional design that limits casual inferences and limited familiarity with psychological concepts and self- report bias. Future research should consider longitudinal investigations to examine the temporal relationships between these ADHD tendencies and relationship instability. This study also sheds light on the importance of psychological interventions in collectivistic cultures to support young adults with Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity fostering a healthier and more positive academic environment, family support and social support in educational institution
Adjustment Problems, Coping Strategies and Mental Health Problems in Hostelized University Students
(Umt Lahore, 2019) Participant Name: Masooma Rubab Participant I.D: F2016146003
The present study aimed to find the relationship between Adjustment problems, Coping strategies and Mental health problems in Hostelized University Students. First phenomenology of Adjustment Problem Scale was explored from 20 participants. The responses were collected and were transformed into 4 -point rating scale. Further, the expert validation was carried out where the experts approved the content of the scale then it was given to the participants for pilot testing.
Adult attachment trauma, social intelligence and psychopathological tendencies in university students
(UMT, Lahore, 2025) Sania Mir; Iqra Sajid; Komal Noor
The current study was conducted to find the association between adult attachment trauma, social intelligence and psychopathological tendencies in young adults. A correlation research design was used to find the associations between the variables using a sample size of 300 participants with ages ranging from 18-25, from university students were selected. Purposive sampling technique was used for the data selection. The Experiences in close relationships- revised (ECRR), Tromso social intelligence scale (TSIS), and Brief symptom inventory (BSI) along with a demographics form was used for the measurement of the study variables. Correlation, Regression, and T-Test analysis were used to predict and to find the relationship between adult attachment trauma, social intelligence and psychopathological tendencies in young adults. Results showed that adult attachment trauma showed a strong relationship on increasing psychopathological tendencies while social intelligence did not show a significant relationship with psychopathological tendencies. The research will contribute to development of future social support systems and culturally responsive interventions aimed at promoting the well-being of young adults.
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Depressive Hostility and Emotional Regulation in Adolescents
(UMT Lahore, 2022) Student Name: Ahmad Taha Student ID: F2020146029
The current study aimed to construct an indigenous scale for both Depressive Hostility and Adverse Childhood Experiences. Furthermore, it tested the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), Depressive Hostility (DH)and Emotion Regulation (ER). A total of 221 late adolescents were selected from Colleges using purposive sampling technique between the ages of 16 and 18,
Adverse childhood experiences, fear of intimacy and hyper independence in young adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2025) Ayesha Masood; Muhammad Adil; Ayesha Fatima
This cross-sectional study explored the relationships among Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), Fear of Intimacy (FOI), and Hyper-Independence (HI) in young adults from Lahore, Pakistan. The participants completed standard self-report measures for each construct, which provided strong internal consistency. Analyses indicated a positive association between ACE and FOI as well as between FOI and HI. There was no significant association between ACE and HI. Regression analysis revealed that FOI was the only significant predictor of HI; ACE and gender had no predictive effect on HI. Gender comparisons indicated that males reported higher ACE than females, with no gender differences either for FOI or HI. These results may be interpreted to mean that early adverse experiences promote problems in establishing close relationships and hyper-independent coping among young adults is more related to fear of intimacy than to direct effects of ACEs. Results highlight the need for trauma-informed interventions to focus on fears related to intimacy in efforts at reducing maladaptive self-reliance and increasing healthy relational functioning among young adults.
Adverse childhood experiences, self-compassion, fear of happiness, and functional depression in generation z
(UMT, Lahore, 2025) Laiba Ishtiaq; Areeba Amad; Rabia Mobeen
Generation Z is increasingly facing unique emotional challenges related to their upbringing, academic pressure and life experiences. The aim of the study was to examine the relationships between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Self- Compassion, Fear of Happiness, and Functional Depression in the Generation Z. It was hypothesized that higher Adverse Childhood Experiences would be linked to lower Self-Compassion, which turn may increase Fear of Happiness and contribute to symptom of Functional Depression. A correlational research design was used, and data was collected from a purposive sample of Generation Z participants using standardized tools for each variable, Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale, Self- Compassion Scale, Fear of Happiness Scale, and Smiling Depression Scale. Statistical analyses explored correlations, predictive relationships, and gender differences across the study variables. The results showed that significant negative correlation between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Self- Compassion, and positive relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Fear of Happiness, and Functional Depression. Regression analysis indicate the Adverse Childhood Experiences, Self- Compassion, Fear of Happiness significantly predicts the Functional Depression. Independent t-test revealed significant differences among study variables on the basis of gender and family systems. Findings are expected to contribute to the understanding of how Adverse Childhood Experiences and emotional attitudes interact to affect mental health outcomes in young adults who may outwardly function well despite internal distress. The results hold implications for educational institutions, clinicians, and community programs to develop targeted interventions that build resilience, reduce psychological suffering and promote well-being in Generation Z.
Adverse childhood experiences, siblings relationships, sadistic tendencies and depressive symptomatology in young adults
(UMT Lahore, 2024-05-06) Zeenat Mushtaq
This study aimed to explore the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, siblings’ relationships, sadistic tendencies and depressive symptomatology. This aims to find the impact of adverse childhood experiences on the nature and expression of sibling’s relationships which further affects the sibling’s bond and lead to the development of negative behavioral tendencies such as sadistic tendencies and depressive symptomatology in young adults. For this purpose, a sample of 300 participants were taken from private and government institutes of Lahore aged from 17-28. Stratified sampling strategy was used to collect the data and the study was carried out using the cross-sectional research design. Three indigenous scales such as Adverse Childhood Experiences, Sadistic Tendencies, DASS for depression. Furthermore, a scale was developed to measure the nature of sibling’s relationships and factor analysis was run. Three factors named Supportive Siblings Relationships, Moral/Spiritual and Conflictual Siblings Relationships were explored, and 49 items were retained. The data was analyzed through SPSS version 21, using descriptive analysis, correlation, t-test, Hierarchal Regression, and ANOVA. The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between adverse childhood experiences, siblings’ relationships, sadistic tendencies and depressive symptomatology. The gender and type of institute doesn’t have significant relationship between sadistic tendencies and depressive symptomatology. However, the supportive siblings relationship showed strong significant relationship with depressive symptomatology and other two factors showed weaker positive association with depression in young adults.
Adverse childhood expriences, resiliance and behavioural issues in school children
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Saman Khalid; Saffa; Zainab Sajjad
The current study aimed to determine the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience and Behavioral Issues in School Children. By using purposive sampling, a sample of 265 school children was recruited from government and private schools. To collect empirical data, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale for Adolescents, the Resilience Scale, and Behavioral Issues Scale were applied. The findings showed that adverse childhood experiences are significant negatively correlated with resilience. Furthermore, findings also revealed that behavioral issues are positively correlated with resilience. It means that if school children experience more adverse childhood experience then their resilience will be low. furthermore, results show that adverse childhood experience has significant positive relationship with behavioral issues. Findings also showed that there were significant differences exist in both groups in terms of resilience the girls have more resilience while boys have low resilience. Moreover, the study suggests improving resilience for school children by providing strategies to face adversity which help school children to increase resilience.
Agreeableness, low self-esteem, and academic competence in university students
(UMT, Lahore, 2023) Fatima Nazim
The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between agreeableness, low self-esteem, and academic competence in undergraduate students was examined in the current study. Undergraduate students from various private and government institutions enrolled in various departments make up the population of interest. Correlational research design was used to identify the relationship between these variables and the participants were taken from the universities of Lahore. A stratified random sampling and convenience sampling were used to obtain the data in where 125 were males and 125 were females (N= 250). To provide an overview of the university students’ demographics, the mean age of males and females were calculated (M= 21.12). To measure agreeableness, low self-esteem, and academic competence, indigenous scales were used such as Big Five Inventory (Rehman & Johnson, 2019), Self-Esteem Scale (Zafar & Saleem, 2012), and Academic Competence (Jabeen & Afridi, 2019) scale were administered. Pearson Product and t test analysis were applied in the study. The findings of this study indicated the positive relationship between agreeableness personality traits and academic competence (r=0.28**) whereas the negative relationship between low self-esteem and academic competence (r= -0.17**). The results of this study have significant ramifications for university students, teachers, and mental health specialists. Intervention to help students improve their academic performance and self-esteem can be devised by recognizing the link between agreeableness, low self-esteem, and academic competence.
Alexithymia, emotional neglect, mindfulness and psychological distress in young adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2025) Hafiza Sidra Saher; Majida Murtaza; Maryam Mushtaq; Rubab Muratza
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between Alexithymia, Emotional Neglect, Mindfulness and Psychological Distress in Young Adults. The data was collected from 400 young adults from public or private universities of Lahore by using simple random sampling. Correlation research design was used to conduct the study. The present study comprised of demographic sheet, Alexithymia Scale (Khawar et al., 2017), Emotional Neglect Scale (Karamat et al., 2022), Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (Mustafa & Safdar,2015) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1996). Results showed that Alexithymia, Emotional Neglect had significant positive correlation with psychological distress. Alexithymia had no negative correlation with mindfulness. Age and family system showed a negative relationship with distress, while gender showed a positive relationship. Gender differences with women reported higher difficulty recognizing emotions and greater psychological distress as compare to men. Men reported higher levels of emotional neglect, and lower levels of non-judging mindfulness as compare to women. Alexithymia and Emotional neglect are strong predictor of psychological distress. The study provides professionals new dimensions related cultures such as gender roles and family system while assessing young adults.
Ambivalent Attachment, Interpersonal Dependency, and Marital Satisfaction in Married Couples
(Umt Lahore, 2022) Supervisee: Naima Haroon Roll No: F2020257008 Supervisor: Ushna Farrukh
The current study was aimed to find out the relationship among ambivalent anxious attachment, interpersonal dependency and marital satisfaction in married couples. The sample size was N=150 spouses approached through convenient sampling by following the inclusion and exclusion criteria
Anxiety Proneness, Self-Criticism and Eating Problems in University Students
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Participant’s Name: Hamna Cheema Participant ID: F2017257011
The current study was conducted to find out the relationship between Anxiety Proneness, Self-Criticism and Eating Problems in University Students. The sample comprised (N=250, Men=98, Women=152) adults with age range of (M= 21.1, SD= 1.97) through purposive sampling from private Universities
Anxiousness, Study Habits and Academic Burnout Tendencies in University Students
(UMT Lahore, 2020) Naila Saeed Maqbool ID: F2017257009
Appearance Anxiety, Self-esteem, Interpersonal Difficulties and Eating Problems in University Students
(UMT Lahore, 2023) Participant’s Name: Hafsa Arshad Participant ID: S2021146016
The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between Appearance Anxiety, Self-esteem, Interpersonal Difficulties, and Eating Problems in University Students. Adult participants through multistage sampling from Lahore's government and private universities.
Appearance Rejection Sensitivity, Body Perception, Social Connectedness and Mental Health Problems in Underweight and Overweight Adults
(UMT Lahore, 2023) Participant’s Name: Ayesha Mushtaq Participant’s ID# F2021146002
The present research aimed to explore the relationship between appearance rejection sensitivity, body perception, social connectedness and mental health problems in underweight and overweight young adults. The sample consisted of N= 221 underweight and overweight young adults drawn from Lahore using purposive sampling technique

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