MS or Mphil

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18th Amendment
(UMT.lahore, 2022-12-19)
Pakistan travels the long journey for attainment the position of successful democratic country many steps were taken and many amendments were made to achieve the desired goal. The researcher examined the faults and barriers in the democratization process in this research. It highlights the different aspects of weak democratization, like free and fair elections, participation of people in this process, and the role of education and the rule of law in the country in the contest of the 18th amendment. Moreover, political parties are also discussed in detail as the main character of democratization, as how they benefit from amendment and the reason behind weak democracy in the country, the invalid democratization between political parties, and the lack of democratic culture between them. To acquire data, qualitative research methodology was used, including interviews with political leaders of two major political parties and members of civil society, content analysis of secondary material within the democratization theoretical framework; this research uses reports where democratization and solid political parties play their role in achieving democratization in the country.
A Comparative Analysis of Narratives of Extremism and Counter Extremism in Pakistan (2001-2019)
(UMT.Lahore, 2019) Rida Junaid
Since the 9/11 incident, Pakistan has witnessed grievous Islamic extremism by the militant Islamist groups of Pakistan. The Islamic peacebuilders of Pakistan took substantial measures to counter this Islamic extremism. Both groups used the Islamic religion in serving Pakistan in distinct ways. This study centers on finding divergence in the narratives of leaders of militant Islamist groups and Islamic peacebuilders of Pakistan regarding Islam by using a comparative research method. To derive conclusions from the sources (Interviews & Speeches of group leaders), qualitative content analysis is used as a methodological tool. The conventional content analysis is used to highlight themes from the narratives of both groups. The purposive sampling is used for group selection, which are highlighted on the social and electronic media. For added elucidation, the thesis utilized the theoretical lens of Social Constructivism by Lev Vygotsky.
A CORRELATION BETWEEN MARITIME SECURITY & GEOPOLITICS IN INDIAN OCEAN – IMPLICATIONS FOR CHINA AND INDIA BILATERAL RELATIONS (2010-2023)
(UMT.lahore, 2024-09-13) Haniya Faheem
This research 'A correlation between Maritime security & Geopolitics in Indian Ocean - Implications for India China Bilateral relationship (2010-2023)' examines the relationship between geopolitics and maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and how it affects China-India relations. Due to its strategic location as a hub for world powers, possible battleground, wealth of resources and key marine routes, the Indian Ocean is considered of prominent significance. The research emphasizes how maritime security events, like territorial disputes and piracy, intensify geopolitical tensions and impact China-Indian diplomatic and commercial relations. China and India's relationship has historically fluctuated between collaboration and contention, with increased strategic rivalry in the IOR in recent years. Moreover, the research attempts to analyze the relationship between geopolitical tensions and China-India ties, as well as maritime security events (independent variable), using a quantitative research approach and the Pearson correlation coefficient (dependent variables). Additionally, the research will look at the energy and economic drivers of both countries' ambitions in the IOR as well as the part that military actions play in their respective approaches. Lastly, using a neo-realist theoretical framework, the research aims to comprehend China and India’s strategic behaviors by investigating structural constraints, the anarchic international system, security quandaries, and regional alliances. In order to promote stability in the region and resolution of disputes, the findings are intended to educate policymakers on how to manage China-India relations in the context of the Indian Ocean’s shifting geopolitical terrain.
A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF LOSS AND MULTICULTURALISM IN THE SELECTED POEMS OF T.S ELIOT
(UMT.lahore, 2014) SIDRA BUKHARI
Abraham Accords and Arab States
(UMT.lahore, 2024-03-11) Asifa Saeed
The signing of the agreement i.e. Abraham accords in the later part of 21th century between Israel and Arab countries (UAE, Bahrain, Morocco and Sudan), brokered by Donald Trump (President of the United States), served as a significant attempt to stabilize the relations between the signatory countries. Driven by the permutation of economic interests, regional stability concerns, and balance of power, these accords prompted a range of reactions from Arab nations particularly the Palestinians. Where these accords opened the door for economic and trade opportunities for signatory countries. At the same time, it also received a backlash from the Palestinians. Therefore, this thesis aims to explore the impact of Abraham accords on Palestinian cause in detail. Since, Arab community has stood with Palestinians to fight for their right of self-determination and statehood but with getting domineering countries their reliance on the United States enhanced. As a result of which, a shift in Arab’s priorities emerged and alliance with the US and Israel (being the US’s alliance) became their top priority replacing the Palestinians ones. Consequently, this thesis tends to delve into the complications that Palestinians have been facing due to this shift in priorities and how they increased due to the signing of these accords. Using the qualitative research methodology and employing the situation of prisoner’s dilemma, this thesis involves an in-depth impact of Abraham accords on Arab states for Palestinian cause.
Afghanistan Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement-2010
(UMT.Lahore, 2015) BABAR ALI
Afghanistan under Taliban Regime and China’s Policy
(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Aniqa Aslam Rana
The normalization of links between Taliban and China has given a new turn to their relationship. The underlying interests of both parties beneath the relationship are the drivers of their newly developed bond. This development has brought paramount changes to global politics. Also, the relationship between Pakistan and China may have prominent implications due to the increasing inclination of China towards Taliban. Important to mention, CPEC is an important project between China and Pakistan which is going to bring myriad infrastructural and economic changes in the region. There are speculations if the increasing relations between China and Taliban may create security concerns for CPEC. This research covers the reasons and logistics behind the China-Taliban nexus and their interests within with the lens of Rational Choice Theory. As far as the research method is concerned, documentary analysis is used to evaluate and asses the literature on the topics. Also, the researcher has looked into possible security and strategic threats related to CPEC and given recommendations on how Pakistan can tackle them.
Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations in Post 9/11 Era:
(UMT.lahore, 2016) MOHAMMAD UMAR
Afghanistan and Pakistan share the same religious and collocation, tradition and culture but had never enjoyed the smooth and cordial relations. The trust deficit among the two nations existed since British India was divided and Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. Initially, Durand Line and issue of Pakhtunistan, were bone of contention, which did not allow to establish of cordial relationship between two neighboring countries. Later, cold war politics also played a role in divergence of national interests. Pakistan’s joining of Western alliances and Afghanistan’s collocation towards Soviet Union and India proved to be a stumbling block in establishing good neighbourly relations. Afghanistan and Pakistan had number of times adopted rapprochement despite of at odds including two Pakistan’s war with India, signing of Afghanistan Transit Trade Agreement, facilitation of Afghan refugees in Pakistan 1980s and onward.
An Analysis of Aung San Suu Kyi’s Views as a Political Prisoner and Democratic Ruler of Myanmar (1988-2019)
(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Aqsa Nadeem
In recent years, the world has witnessed ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims by the military in Myanmar. The country’s de-facto leader, Aung San Suu Kyi has been accused of inactions and pertaining silence on this critical issue. Once hailed as a torch bearer of human rights, Aung San Suu Kyi’s course of engagements appear to be questionable. This study centers on finding the reasons behind this change in her attitude and focuses on her roots as a human rights activist when she gave vision for a human rights oriented democratic Myanmar during her days as a political prisoner. Using comparative research method (single country case study) Aung San Suu Kyi’s vision is set as a benchmark for examining her decisions reserved for Rohingya Muslims community. In order to drive conclusions from the sources (books and newspaper articles) qualitative content analysis is used as a methodological tool. The method concentrates on the main theme of human rights with sub-themes of freedom from fear, and people centered system. For added elucidation, the thesis utilized the theoretical lens of human security, freedom from fear, and Galtung’s Triangle of violence. The findings demonstrate that as a political prisoner and a human rights activist, Aung San Suu Kyi appeared to be much vigilant for the people of Myanmar against military rule in 1988. However, as a political leader, she chose to deny the violations done by the military. the thesis concluded with three contributing factors behind this denial mainly (a) restricted power given by military, perusal of personality politics by her, and high expectations of democracy by the west.
An Analysis of Campaign Strategies and Voters’ Mobilization in Local Government Elections
(UMT.Lahore, 2015) MUHAMMAD FARHAN AHMED
This thesis consists of data gathered from rural area of Okara Tehsil of the Punjab (Pakistan) to investigate the influence of different campaign strategies to mobilize them to cast their ballot in Union counsel election. According to the result interpreted by ANOVA and Post Hoc test interest group strategy was much most effective to mobilize voters. The effects of bribery given to voters, rallies, SMS request to cast ballot and threat of bad consequences in the case of not casting vote to a specific candidate have proved ineffective. Some techniques were little effective that includes candidates’ advertisement, candidates speech, welfare works during elections days, vote casted to political parties candidate, request to cast vote.
An Analysis of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Ali Khan's Development Vision through the Postcolonial Lens
(UMT.lahore, 2022-03-13) Ariba Anwaar Ul Haq Hashmi
The study has re-examined development in the context of 19th century India. The 19th century is the era denoted with the establishment of British Empire, and decline of Mughal Empire. Moreover, during the 19th century various educational reforms, such as Macaulay Minutes were implemented for progression of the Indian Society. However, several studies noted that educational reforms were a colonial tool to maintain the domination of the British colonial regime. And the notions such as developed English and underdevelopment Subcontinent facilitated the implementation of reforms on one hand, on the other it helped to sustain the British rule. Moreover, during British Raj, large number of Muslim communities showed concerns regarding modern educational reforms. And it was noted that a significant number of Muslims were not able to acquire modern education. And since modern education became a prerequisite for development; consequently various surveys and reports reiterated that Muslims are behind; both economically and intellectually. And, Sir Sayyid Ahmed introduced various educational reforms for the development of the 19th century Indian Muslims. The study had analyzed Development Vision of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan though postcolonial perspective. In addition the study has provided various lessons from 19th development vision for post-colonial nations after the analysis of development of 19th century through post-colonial ideas of Homi K Bhabha that includes mimicry, ambivalence and hybridity.
An analysis of the Under-Representation of women in Trade Union Movement of Pakistan
(UMT.lahore, 2024) Ahmad Khan Nadeem
This research examines the issue of women's underrepresentation in trade unions in Pakistan. The study aims to explore how historical, social, and gender-based factors have influenced women's participation. The research begins with a historical overview of the struggle for women's representation, examining the development of trade unions in Pakistan. The historical analysis explains how various factors have limited or provided opportunities for women. The study also examines the intersectionality of gender and class to understand how social class exacerbates gender inequality. This section reveals that working women face deprivation not only based on gender but also due to class differences. A significant part of the paper reviews the barriers that prevent women from participating in trade unions and taking on leadership roles. These include cultural traditions, patriarchal attitudes, lack of resource access, and institutional barriers. The final section of the research provides various suggestions to increase women's representation. These include implementing gender-sensitive policies, mentorship programs for women leaders, and collaboration with women's organizations. The research combines qualitative and quantitative methods, using data collection methods such as archival research, interviews, and surveys. The research emphasizes that the labor rights movement will only be complete by including women in trade unions. This study aims to contribute to the promotion of gender equality and to propose practical steps to create an inclusive environment for women.
Analyzing Radicalization Tendencies among Pakistani Youth
(UMT.Lahore, 2017) Sadia Khan
A rise in radicalization across the world has posed a serious threat to human development and the state machinery. The increase in the phenomenon is linked to Jihadist ideology of non-state actors, such as Al Qaeda, which allures youngsters towards radicalization owing to an abusive interpretation of Islam. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of radicalization among Pakistani youth from a social-psychological perspective having theoretical underpinning of social identity theory. The social psychology of radicalization explains radicalization as a group phenomenon, and encourages the approach that does not restrict the analysis of radicalization tendencies to religion as a sacred doctrine only. Unlike previous studies, this study takes religion as a social identity group and addresses the concerns that are related to group dynamics. These group dynamics are social categorization and perceptions of threat to group identity. The social psychological approach towards radicalization also deals with these dynamics.
Analyzing the decision making in compliance with the Nonproliferation paradigm
(UMT.lahore, 2022) FATIMA SHAKEEL
The aim of this research project is to determine why some states were able to comply with the Nonproliferation Treaty while some weren’t, for example, the case of Iran and Pakistan. Both these states started nuclear proliferation during the cold war arms race. This paper departs from the very puzzling fact that under the non-proliferation many states have officially stopped proliferating whereas some aren’t abiding which leads to confusion as the ones proliferating are much more feared than the ones adhering to it. There were many reasons that account for Iran’s ratification in February 1970 and eventually breaching after the closure of Clandestine Nuclear Program in 2002, in contrast to Pakistan’s refusal. This paper will be looking forward to the following frameworks; the vulnerability of the state in the context of the economy, international pressure mounted against the state, political contestation internally and externally, and security liabilities. We will look into how these factors will lead to a state’s decision-making regarding nuclear proliferation. The emphasis will be on decision-making, whether it has been influenced by the above four factors mentioned.
Analyzing the Role of Women Selected on Reserved Seats in the Punjab Assembly (2002-2018):
(UMT.lahore, 2018) Muhammad Abbas
My research topic is “The Role of Women Selected on Reserved seats in the Punjab Assembly: (2002-2018) A critical Analysis”. This research is applying critical mass theory as framework to evaluate the role of women on reserved seats in Punjab Assembly. According to critical mass theory of representation, women have less effective role in legislation because of their smaller number that was firstly elaborated by Kantar, (1977) and Dahlerup (1988) who are the pioneer of critical mass theory. This research also explored the services of women on reserved seats. The response prioritized quota system because they have no equal opportunity to contest general election that is the best and prominent way to fade away the monopoly of men over politics. The permanent representation of women maintains the consistency towards achieving their prolonged and vital goals of gender equality and independency. The research also includes women parliamentarian of national assembly and Punjab assembly both on reserved seats and general seats. They were interviewed thoroughly by applying qualitative methodology. The purposive sampling was designed for the collection of data from the sample in accordance with the nature of research topic. The data was later analysed by using Narrative analysis
Analyzing the Securitization of International Law as Lawfare
(UMT.lahore, 2022) TAJWER SHAMSI
The American intervention in the Middle East, namely in Iraq (2003) and has widely been regarded as controversial by academics and practitioners of international politics, alike. The debate over the rationale of one of the greatest war of the century - in terms of its impact on the global politics in the unipolar world - of the century remains highly contentious over whether the American invasion was grounded on genuine concerns of self-defense, terrorism; or whether the Americans – supported by their NATO allies and the UK – had ulterior motives rooted in the protection of national interests which exceeded their military security. Debates over the rationality of the intervention, the justification, and the legality of the intervention has been held widely and massively arisen in academic circles; however, there exists a lacuna on how and why the USA managed to sell the intervention to its own people and to the rest of the world. The aim of this paper is twofold, the first aims to explain the legal rationale of USA intervention in Iraq and the second aims for explaining the lawfare strategy used by the USA for her intervention. The paper will argue that the USA securitized the Saddam regime in Iraq and made it a matter of urgency under international law and its national security so as to achieve its own national interests and thereby strategically employed a strategy of lawfare against those who had threatened its national interests.
ARAB-ISRAELI RECONCILIATION AND THE CHANGING GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS OF THE MIDDLE EAST
(UMT.lahore, 2022-11-22) Adnan Ali
The improvement of affairs among some of the Middle East states and Israel has become an important and fresh movement in the present era. The region of Middle East afflicted by extensive unrest and civilian warfare, unstable geopolitical placements and struggle between competing alliances looking for to expand their spheres of influence and dictate consequences in the region's weak and fragmented States, its dynamics are a powerful tactical authoritative for the Middle East Stats in particular. Although recognized associations with Israel have long been fraught by the complexity of the Palestinian Israeli conflict, the national movement of Palestinian reduced the ability to impact regional politics has given Arab States more freedom to line up their own interests. During the year from 2020 -2021, Israel signed routine agreements with four Arab states.
Artificial Intelligence and War
(2023-05-18) Azeem Tariq
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the national security apparatus by states has revolutionized the way it has been conducted in the past. This research thesis focused on the application of AI technology in the military domain and US and China are being used as the case study. It also includes the US and China’s AI policies and the way they are implementing it. In the theoretical domain, the Sino-US rivalry has been discussed through the lens of the theory of Realist Constructivism, given by J.S Barkin. The Realist Constructivism is of the view that culture and identity of both states are the reason for the rivalry between US and China. This thesis also highlights the possible implications of AI arms race between US and China.
Australia and aukus
(UMT, Lahore, 2025) Rana Ali Sultan
This thesis examines the impact of the AUKUS alliance in the Indo-Pacific region, with particular emphasis on Australia’s strategic interests within the pact. Amid shifting geopolitical dynamics and rising regional tensions—especially those driven by efforts to counter China’s growing influence—AUKUS represents a significant recalibration of Australia’s security posture. The alliance enhances Australia’s defense capabilities, regional standing, and technological development through the acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines and deeper cooperation in advanced domains such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and cybersecurity. The research explores how AUKUS reshapes Australia’s strategic and militarization profile, while also assessing its implications for regional cooperation and stability. Drawing on the theoretical framework of the balance of power and the role of multilateralism, the study analyzes how AUKUS influences Australia’s engagement in regional security architectures. Furthermore, the thesis evaluates the challenges associated with the agreement, including regional skepticism, concerns among neighboring states, and domestic economic and political constraints. The study argues that while AUKUS strengthens Australia’s strategic position in the short term, its long-term success depends on Australia’s ability to effectively manage the alliance and balance military commitments with diplomatic engagement. Achieving this balance is essential for ensuring sustainable security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
China Pakistan Free Trade Agreement: Economic Impact on Pakistan
(UMT.lahore, 2018) Asma Imtiaz
China and Pakistan had established diplomatic relations since 1950. Pakistan was one of the very few countries who recognized People‟s Republic of China. The most important aspect of establishing relations was the economic aspect. Both the countries were looking market for their products as well as sources to import raw material for industries. The very first bilateral trade agreement was signed in March 1963 and they accorded „Most Favoured Nation” (MFN) status to each other. The diplomatic, defense, strategic and political relations expanded but they were unable to change it into strong economic relations. The bilateral trade figures show that the volume of this trade remained near to $ 500 million till the year 2000. The most significant change in relations was visible in 21st century. China and Pakistan signed several bilateral trade agreements to enhance trade including PTA, EHP and FTA. This thesis focused on the China Pakistan Free Trade Agreement and its impact on Pakistan. The methodology adopted for this thesis is qualitative and documentary analysis used to analyze the primary and secondary sources. Neoliberal Institutionalism gives this thesis the much-needed theoretical lens to view the major bilateral events and economic cooperation between China and Pakistan. The trade figures clearly showed that there is enormous growth in the volume of trade after the implementation of FTA. However, it is also clear that the imports from China enhanced at a rapid pace but exports to China were unable to capitalize the world‟s largest market. It is also important to note that first phase of FTA did not proved beneficial for Pakistan so the government of Pakistan is demanding preferential treatment from China on certain items. The negotiations for second phase are still in progress despite of lapse of almost four years now.

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