MS / MPhil

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Combating terrorism in pakistan
(UMT, Lahore, 2015) Amir Mujahid Khan
The role of monitoring and evaluation in the public sector development projects: A case study of the Punjab Cities Governance Improvement Project (PCGIP)
(UMT, Lahore, 2015) Shan Ali
This paper is based on the role of monitoring and evaluation towards improved governance-- a case study of the Punjab Cities Governance Improvement Project (PCGIP) as a research design. Owing to growing social, economic and governance challenges to the province, a number of governance issues are on the rise. Hence, in order to tackle governance mismanagement, the government of the Punjab is committed to improve the services delivery and provision of other civic services through improved governance system in the province with the coordination of city entities like, CDGs, WASAs and DAs of the five big selected cities of the province. The project is being funded by the World Bank (with worth amount US $150 million) which is working in the five major cities of the province namely; Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan and Gujranwala. The project has established seven Disbursement Linked Indicators (DLIs) to measure the annual based performance and progress of the project in the respective cities through their proper monitoring and evaluation. This, M & E system provides overall a framework of action and mechanism in achieving the desired objectives and goals of a project within its set costs and time limit. Thus, monitoring measures the performance of implementation of an ongoing project to check and highlight any deviation. At the same time, evaluation is made to gauge the impact of activities performed, in addition, it also enhances our experience and learning in both cases of success and failure as well. In this study, the role of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is being studied as a fundamental tool to measure the level of effectiveness, efficiency, transparency and accountability, and a way forward to improve governance system in the Punjab province. This may ensure improved municipal services delivery to the citizens and good living standards in the selected cities. The study is following qualitative approach, while data have been collected through structured interviews which has been analyze through content analysis method. At the end of the paper for improvements of the project, certain recommendations have also been offered.
A study of political economy of bureaucracy in pakistan
(UMT, Lahore, 2016) AHMAD KHAWAR SHAHZAD
The purpose of this study was to examine the "Political Economy of Bureaucracy in Pakistan" as a part of study in Public Policy. It was a goal of this study to understand the current practices of bureaucracy in Pakistan, associated with service delivery to common man. It was also the premise of this study to comprehend the challenges faced by the modem administrators regarding implementation of policies. One of the objectives of the study was to comprehend the reasons and nature of relationship between federal and provincial officers for more cordial and harmonious correlation, imperative for institutional stability in the administrative structure of Pakistan. The study was carried on the provincial and federal officers in the Punjab province. The data presented in this research provides information for understanding the status of bureaucracy and implementation of policies by a sample of 452 Provincial and Federal officers in Punjab province in Pakistan. The study followed guidelines of exploratory and descriptive research. Data were collected through self administered questionnaire as well as e- mailed questionnaires to 452 provincial and federal officers in the Punjab province. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent sample't- test' to describe officers' perception about institutional quality, public policy formulation and implementation, politicization of bureaucracy, and federal-provincial services inter-relationship. No statistical difference was found between provincial and federal officers regarding public policy formulation and implementation of bureaucracy in Pakistan. While there foimd to be significant difference between provincial and federal officers about the perception of institutional quality of bureaucracy; politicization of bureaucracy and; federal-provincial services inter-relationship of bureaucracy in Pakistan. VI The findings of the study indicated that the respondents favored for enhancing the institutional quality by imparting training to the officers and following meritocracy by discouraging quota based selection of officers. Furthermore, the results of the study indicated that bureaucrats serve the politicians more zealously than the general public. They have developed strong nexus with politicians for political and economic interests; politicization of bureaucracy has exacerbated institutional decay and bureaucrats exert influence on civil governments. The findings also reflected that economic development of Pakistan was beyond the capacity of prevalent bureaucracy and Public policy process was not implemented due to bureau-politic nexus in Pakistan. The results of the study indicated that the federal officers, posted in the provinces, were more powerful than provincial officers; Provinces are financially commanded by federal officers being posted on the decision-making slots. Furthermore empowerment of provincial officers in the provinces can create better institutional stability and harmony because provincial officers are discriminated by the federal officers during promotions and postings in their own provinces deliberately, so, a joint service comprising of federal and provincial officers can be effective strategy for national solidarity. This study revealed the main problems related to bureaucracy of Pakistan. At the end, specific recommendations were suggested in view of the findings of the study and literature review. This study would assist the future researchers to grapple with the work associated with institutional quality of bureaucracy of Pakistan that is sine-quo-non for economic development. It would also enable the researchers to clench the bureau-politic nexus through public policy formulation and implementation process.
A study of political economy of bureaucracy in pakistan
(UMT, Lahore, 2016) AHMAD KHAWAR SHAHZAD
The purpose of this study was to examine the "Political Economy of Bureaucracy in Pakistan" as a part of study in Public Policy. It was a goal of this study to understand the current practices of bureaucracy in Pakistan, associated with service delivery to common man. It was also the premise of this study to comprehend the challenges faced by the modem administrators regarding implementation of policies. One of the objectives of the study was to comprehend the reasons and nature of relationship between federal and provincial officers for more cordial and harmonious correlation, imperative for institutional stability in the administrative structure of Pakistan. The study was carried on the provincial and federal officers in the Punjab province. The data presented in this research provides information for understanding the status of bureaucracy and implementation of policies by a sample of 452 Provincial and Federal officers in Punjab province in Pakistan. The study followed guidelines of exploratory and descriptive research. Data were collected through self administered questionnaire as well as e- mailed questionnaires to 452 provincial and federal officers in the Punjab province. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent sample't- test' to describe officers' perception about institutional quality, public policy formulation and implementation, politicization of bureaucracy, and federal-provincial services inter-relationship. No statistical difference was found between provincial and federal officers regarding public policy formulation and implementation of bureaucracy in Pakistan. While there foimd to be significant difference between provincial and federal officers about the perception of institutional quality of bureaucracy; politicization of bureaucracy and; federal-provincial services inter-relationship of bureaucracy in Pakistan. VI The findings of the study indicated that the respondents favored for enhancing the institutional quality by imparting training to the officers and following meritocracy by discouraging quota based selection of officers. Furthermore, the results of the study indicated that bureaucrats serve the politicians more zealously than the general public. They have developed strong nexus with politicians for political and economic interests; politicization of bureaucracy has exacerbated institutional decay and bureaucrats exert influence on civil governments. The findings also reflected that economic development of Pakistan was beyond the capacity of prevalent bureaucracy and Public policy process was not implemented due to bureau-politic nexus in Pakistan. The results of the study indicated that the federal officers, posted in the provinces, were more powerful than provincial officers; Provinces are financially commanded by federal officers being posted on the decision-making slots. Furthermore empowerment of provincial officers in the provinces can create better institutional stability and harmony because provincial officers are discriminated by the federal officers during promotions and postings in their own provinces deliberately, so, a joint service comprising of federal and provincial officers can be effective strategy for national solidarity. This study revealed the main problems related to bureaucracy of Pakistan. At the end, specific recommendations were suggested in view of the findings of the study and literature review. This study would assist the future researchers to grapple with the work associated with institutional quality of bureaucracy of Pakistan that is sine-quo-non for economic development. It would also enable the researchers to clench the bureau-politic nexus through public policy formulation and implementation process.
A STUDY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY OF BUREAUCRACY IN PAKISTAN
(UMT, Lahore, 2016) AHMAD KHAWAR SHAHZAD
The purpose of this study was to examine the “Political Economy of Bureaucracy in Pakistan” as a part of study in Public Policy. It was a goal of this study to understand the current practices of bureaucracy in Pakistan, associated with service delivery to common man. It was also the premise of this study to comprehend the challenges faced by the modern administrators regarding implementation of policies. One of the objectives of the study was to comprehend the reasons and nature of relationship between federal and provincial officers for more cordial and harmonious correlation, imperative for institutional stability in the administrative structure of Pakistan. The study was carried on the provincial and federal officers in the Punjab province. The data presented in this research provides information for understanding the status of bureaucracy and implementation of policies by a sample of 452 Provincial and Federal officers in Punjab province in Pakistan. The study followed guidelines of exploratory and descriptive research. Data were collected through self administered questionnaire as well as e- mailed questionnaires to 452 provincial and federal officers in the Punjab province. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent sample‘t- test’ to describe officers’ perception about institutional quality, public policy formulation and implementation, politicization of bureaucracy, and federal-provincial services inter-relationship.
THE MYTH OR REALITY OF RELIGIOUS TERRORISM – A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN (1980s Onward)
(UMT, Lahore, 2016) Ayesha Haroon
The concept of religious terrorism developed at the time of independence because objective resolution passed in 1949 without the consultation of minorities. It was opposed and criticized by the minority leaders that this resolution contained the basic principles of Islamic political system. So, the unintended consequences of this resolution created a seed of religious terrorism on the communal ground. This resolution has encouraged the use of religion against any sect to create terrorism in the name of religion. The violence of sectarianism was the first step towards religious terrorism in Pakistan. The Ahmadi movement was leading step towards sectarian war. It started and grabbed the country into sectarian war. Thereafter, the Shia sect became the main target because after declaring Ahmadi as non-Muslims, the so called religious cleric declared Shias in the category of non-believers. The next kind of religious terrorism is very complex because it states itself and projects themselves as Jihadi organizations, who are involved in Indian held Kashmir because Kashmir cause is the national narrative of Pakistani state. Although, 9/11 and war on terror are considered real wave of terrorism in this region but it is the reality that Pakistan has been indulged in religious terrorism. The global war on terror actually made two perceptions about terrorism; the war between Islam and West and U.S forces come for its own interest but gradually things went wrong and instability became the destructive factor across Pakistan. This research examines that how religious terrorism has been initiated in Pakistan. This research has selected five religious terrorist organizations.
POLITICAL INFORMATION BEHAVIOR, POLITICAL IGNORANCE, AND VOTING BEHAVIOR OF RURAL DWELLERS IN PAKISTAN
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Muhammad Asif Naveed
This study explored political information behavior, political ignorance, and voting behavior of citizens residing in a rural setting using a qualitative research design. Face-to-face interviews of 71 individuals were conducted using an unstructured interview guide. Each interview was carefully recorded and transcribed. The transcribed data were analyzed and grouped into recurrent themes using content analysis. The results indicated that a large majority of rural inhabitants were politically ignorant and did not seem to be in need of political information. They were not politically conscious as they were unaware about the existing political system, the way government operates and affect their lives, current affairs, and rural development programs. However, a good number of participants required political information on current affairs, rural development policies, government policies and decisions, and both local and national political news. They mainly depended on mass-media particularly television for political information followed by newspapers, radio, and interpersonal relationships. The analysis also revealed that a large majority of these participants (n=61, 86%) did not know the value of their votes as a they, especially males, cast their votes using their preferences for their caste/clan, endorsement by the community leader, fear of enmity of village elite, and friendship with community leader. It was interesting to mention that the female participants mainly cast their votes considering the wishes of their household heads which was in contrast with the male voting behavior.
The Role of Rural Woman in the Rural-Urban Migration Decisions: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Migratory Facets toward Lahore
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Lubna Naz
Policy Interventions in Olive Sector Development Approach in Punjab
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Imran Masood Chaudhry
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION ON DEMOCRACY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD: A CASE OF PAKISTAN
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Adan Mirza
The research study is designed to analyze the impact of economic liberalization on democracy in Pakistan given the globalizing world of today. Along with the variables of globalization various other variables are also considered such as military regime, civil liberties like voice and accountability, economic growth, prior democracy, population growth, foreign aid, rule of law, regime stability and provisional constitutional order. Along with these the recent impact of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor on democratic development has also be analyzed. A time series approach is used to estimate the effect of these variables on democracy. It is assumed that globalization negatively impacts democracy and dampen the democratic process however in case of Pakistan globalization has not been accepted to such an extent so as to significantly impact the democratic process. However, it has the potential to exert a negative impact if fully received in Pakistan.
Efficacy of Flood Response 2010: A Case of District Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Shahid A. Bukhari
This study aims at determining veracity of claims by government, politicians and NGOs in the wake of floods 2010 in district Layyah vis-à-vis factual scale of rescue and rehabilitation services rendered to the victims. It primarily asks three questions; what the ground reality was and what role played government, politicians and NGOs during the course of disaster. It employs an evidence based methodology to gather data. Analysis is undertaken by applying statistical methods. The study in the main finds poor relief efforts on overlapping work of multiple NGOs in the same areas, uneven distribution of relief goods, and selection of flood victims eligible for help through local support workers introduced by politicians. Politicians ignored victims of their opposition groups by managing repeated relief to their allied groups. Findings also indicate great shortage of trained support workers and disaster management systems. However, the role of district government and NGOs was valued by the flood victims. The government needs to develop clear guidelines for collaborative work of district government and NGOs, and prompt response system to potentially minimize damage in the future. It is also very important to implement community emergency response volunteer management program (VMP) in all regions of the country. A few recommendations are proffered at the end.
Globalization and Pakistan
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Maria Usman
Globalization is an acceleration and intensification of the economic interaction among the companies, governments, and people of different nations in the world. Globalization has affected all the nations of the world. Pakistan could not benefit from Globalization. Unlike China and India, Pakistan could not become an active recipient of globalization. This study aims to find the reality behind the failure of Pakistan to become an active recipient of globalization. This study is likely to reveal that why Pakistan could not benefit from globalization. This study throws light on the reasons behind the lack of skilled manpower and its effect on globalization in Pakistan. This study is likely to be helpful in understanding the current situation of the country and outlining possible future direction of globalization in Pakistan. Mixed-method approach is used. It is an exploratory and descriptive study. This study is an applied research. It is a cross-sectional study. Primary data is collected from experts as well as university students. Purposive sampling is used to choose the respondents for the study. Sample size is 163. The instrument used for primary data collection is a questionnaire comprising of open ended and close ended questions. Secondary data sources are also analyzed. The policies including, National Education Policy 2009, Labor Policy 2010, National Youth Policy 2008, Investment Policy 2013, Strategic Trade Policy Framework 2015-2018, Monetary Policy Statement July 2017, and Fiscal Policy Statement 2015-2016 are also analyzed for the study. Content analysis technique is used for the qualitative analysis of the data. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 21 software is used for analyzing the data quantitatively.
Stratified education system and its impact
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Muhammad Ismail
The central argument of the study stresses that stratified education system prevalent in Pakistan is responsible for inequality and social differentiation in society. My research argues that it is reproducing the non-egalitarian opportunity structure and perpetuates the class-distinction. One more aspect is worth mentioning. Our education system shows indelible signs of social, cultural and historical forces. Two antagonistic ideologies fill the narrative core of Pakistan. One is the British protégés class of liberal elite and another is fundamentalist religious clergy. They have maintained their ideological legacy through monopolization of respective educational institutions. Elite English medium schools and Madaris represent their respective classes. And like every other socio-administrative institution, public education emerged to enact a compromise between these two antagonistic perceptive orders. And it represents the worst of both. Though there are wide varieties of educational streams, yet my research included three major types, i.e. Public Schools, Elite Education System and Madaris. They provide divergent curricula, pedagogical strategies, cultural orientations, epistemologies foundation and social experience to their respective pupil. All these differences directly impact their personality development and self-image. The analysis of income status of parents of students urges that their socio-economic status is highly bourgeois. Students of elite school enjoy prestigious position, where as their counterparts belong to lower strata. All the factors bring important repercussions. An upper stratum instrumentalizes their dominant and elevated class status by providing quality education to their children and ensures them competitive advantage to occupy the leadership roles and hold monopoly over means of power and control.
Influence of Religious Leaders (Peers) on Socio-Political Decision Making of Their Followers (Mureeds)
(UMT, Lahore, 2018) Mamoona Maqsood
Culture is a way of daily living. It comprises people’s beliefs, values, norms, mores and everyday interactions. This research tries to understand the influence of peers on the scio-political decision making of their mureed specifically about female formal education and voting decisions. To study this context, a sample of six peers (religious leaders) and 50 mureed (followers) of Qadri Sect has been identified from the cities of Lahore and Faisalabad. The cities were chosen according to the convenience of researcher. The sample has been identified according to the saturation point. Qualitative research tools are used to conduct the interviews. A well-structured, open ended questionnaire is used to collect the required data to make better understanding of the perspectives of peers and mureeds. The results of this study has shown that the peers implicitly influence both the voting behavior of their followers and female formal education.
The Role of Police in the Control of Street Crimes; a Case Study of Street Crimes in Lahore
(UMT, Lahore, 2018) Naeem Sadiq
The purpose of this research work was to find out whether there is problem of street crime in one of the big cities of Pakistan which is Lahore as well as the role of police in controlling street crime. Moreover, to find out the hurdles which are faced by police department in the prevention of street crimes. To check the status of street crime and its causes, first of all, comprehensive study of the past literature was conducted. In the past studies, versatile variables which are related to street crime were identified. In the past research work, there were different factors which were held responsible for street crimes. Similarly, different remedies were also suggested to put an end to street crime from society. Moreover, in the initial phase of the study, social evil (street crime) was analyzed generally with respect to world phenomenon and especially with regard to the condition in Lahore, Pakistan. The significance of the study and research problems is also explained in this phase. In the subsequent phase thesis is supported with two theories which further prove that research work is not beyond the known facts and figures. These theories help the researcher in the determination of the variables. The past work of the researchers is also included by giving their references accordingly. This shows that we are not reinventing the wheel. It is necessary to explain in every research work that what you have done and what already exists? Literature review in this context also helps the researcher to find out the gap in the previous study. Finally the data was collected through the qualitative techniques. After that the data was interpreted and analyzed to find out the reason and answers of our research questions. The interpretation and analysis of the data is the most important step of the research work. At the end the findings of the data are given which show that street crime is a reality in the big city Lahore and only with proper training of police force along with other measures, this social evil can be controlled.
IMPACT OF PROBATION ON OFFENDERS REHABILITATION AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PUNJAB PROVINCE
(UMT, Lahore, 2019) OMAR DRAZ
This research examines the impact of probation on offender’s rehabilitation in the province of Punjab (2013-2018 The results revealed that given the practical dimension of probation system in Punjab, the rehabilitation of offenders is a distant dream as it is a difficult task for probation officers to assist and befriend with the offenders because of increase in the number of probationers on the one hand and lethargic approach of those at the helm of affairs. It is founded that the Reclamation & Probation Department lacks the support of the Government for improvement of the probation system in the province as it is deprived of necessary infrastructure and departmental identity. So, the research concludes that RPD could not effectively contribute towards the ultimate purpose of criminal justice system; to rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders into the society.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAM IN PUNJAB
(UMT, Lahore, 2019) Hafiz Munir Ahmad
School health programs provide multiple interventions for improving students‟s health at school level. However, in Pakistan little is known about these interventions for indigenous students at existing school settings. The present study makes an effort to evaluate School Health Program (SHP) started by the Government of Punjab in 2007. The current study was carried out in 14 public schools of district Nankana Sahib comprising variable populations as well time span of different interventions. This study was conducted on three interventions consisting of: nutrition promoting schools policy, eco-friendly school environment and school based oral hygiene policy. The results showed that school based programs may provide an effective approach to improve students‟s health and learning abilities without putting excessive financial burden on parents as well as the government. This study suggests future policies about students‟s health through School Health Program.
The Five Factor Model Effects on Job Performance, Job Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being of Government Employees
(UMT, Lahore, 2019) ZARYAB SAJID
The aim of the study was to investigate relationship of Five Factor Model (agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) with job performance, job satisfaction also subjective well-being of government employees. Punjab is one of the biggest provinces in which 484579 people were working in government (2015) sectors in different field of life ( Rasul , 2017). There may be different personality traits of government employees. The investigator wants to see the impact of these personality factors on job related factors. The sample of the study carried out from different government sectors of Punjab i.e. Punjab Police including (Punjab Police, Punjab Traffic Police, National Highway and Motorway Police, and Punjab Safe Cities Authority), health department, government teachers, and WAPDA. Sample of the study was consisting of 250 participants (male = 150, female = 100). The sample (N=250) range in age from 25 to 54 years. Co-relational research design was used in the research. Convenient sampling technique was used. Regression analysis was done to examine whether big five inventory predict job performance and job satisfaction. Multiple hierarchal regression analysis (Moderation) shows that Overall model explained 29% variances in job performance inventory (F (10,238) = 10.14, p= .000) when covariates such as gender, age marital status and working experiences enter in block1. Model 1 explained 5% variances (F (4,6) = 3.65, p = .00) in JPI. In model 1 gender was negative non-significant predictor (β = -.10). In JPI which means that male participants have higher JP than female. The findings of the present study will be helpful in identifying suitable candidates in a particular job sector according to their personality traits.
Human Rights Policy – A perspective of Marginalized Communities in Pakistan
(UMT, Lahore, 2019) Gohar Gillani
This research aimed to investigate the subsequent impact of human rights policy on the human rights of marginalized communities. The major considerations were to find out about policy effectiveness and its insurance of minority rights, to estimate the degree of influence of different stages and factors which may responsible for success of the policy. The research was based on the philosophy of positivism for the collection of objective data. To conduct the research in an effective manner, both quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. Instrument of primary data collection was structured questionnaire related to the topic and interviews with concerned bodies. The research was completed within a time frame of six months and the whole data was collected all at once making it a cross-sectional study. Theresearch population was university students studying in different institutions. The quantitative sample size was 500 respondents selected randomly without any specification of gender, social class or age group and interviews of the people belonging to marginalized communities were also conducted to have a better insight of the issue. Later, the data analysis was done by statistical techniques using SPSS.The results showed that human rights policies have a significant impact when it comes to insurance of the rights of marginalized communities. The limitations of the research included limited span of time, cost constraints and a relatively small sample size to generalize the results of the study.
PUBLIC POLICY AND CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED SECURITY RISK IN PAKISTAN
(UMT, Lahore, 2019) MUSSA IQBAL

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