School of Engineering (SEN)

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Solar System
(UMT Lahore, 2007) Rizwan Razzaq
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated with this area. My project will include the design and construction of a solar panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented.
Breadth first searching algorithm implementation on robot
(UMT Lahore, 2008) Fehmy Malik; Azlan M ahmood; Hayyan Farrukh
Computer based performance analysis of microprecessor based numerical distance relay
(UMT.Lahore, 2008) Muhammad Aizaz Farid
The analysis of unbalanced power systems depends usually on transformation methods by which the phase quantities are substituted by, for example, symmetrical component quantities. This research work proposes a methodology for the safety of a long distance transmission line of ultra-high voltage UHV using microprocessor for fault detection, isolation and auto-reclosing processes. Different protection schemes and protective relays can isolate or eliminate the fault that can cause hazard because they can detect faults in advance as compared to classical traditional devices. The algorithm inside the relay plays a vital role in fault detection and fast isolation of the faulty circuit. Although the numerical or digital relays are more advanced as compared to old electromechanical relays yet in order to study the suitability of a relay for a particular system, comparative study of operating algorithms, fault records, oscillography, fault locator and communication interface of different distance relays is required for selection of the right relay for fast and reliable operation of the protection system and fast isolation of the faulty circuit. Quick response of the relay for isolation of the fault plays a vital role in a country’s economy and revenue because long outages due to indiscriminate tripping, machines are tripped that require cold start which result in delay for the dispatch of energy (kWh) to the system. The present work will help in selecting the appropriate microprocessor based numerical distance relay for installation and commissioning at both ends of the protected transmission line.
VoIP protocol and its implementation
(UMT Lahore, 2008) M. Umar Maqsood; Usman Hafeez
VoIP, or voice over internet protocol, uses the internet instead of a regular phone line to transmit your telephone call. A futuristic dream hardly. You're probably already using VoIP for your long distance calls, as most major carrier's route voice traffic over the internet. But as VoIP technology advances, it could provide important operational cost savings to TV and radio stations and networks, and to cable companies. One of the challenges in providing a VoIP solution is extracting the same level of performance from a Linux based PowerPC that a VoIP would offer. Two standards have recently emerged for signaling and control for internet telephony. One is ITU recommendation H.323, and the other is the IETF session initiation protocol (SIP). These two protocols represent very different approaches to the same problem: H.323 embraces the more traditional circuit-switched approach to signaling based on the ISDN Q.931 protocol and earlier H-series recommendations, and SIP favor the more lightweight internet approach based on HTTP. First we compare SIP and H.323 on complexity, quality of service, extensibility, scalability, and features. Than we start implementation of SIP protocol using Asterisk which is Linux based. However it gives more comfort in security, flexibility to add new features and relative ease in implementation and call control. Finally we note that how the revolution of IP telephony is most beneficiary for upcoming challenges.
Computer based performance analysis of microprecessor based numerical distance relay
(UMT.Lahore, 2008) Muhammad Aizaz Farid
The analysis of unbalanced power systems depends usually on transformation methods by which the phase quantities are substituted by, for example, symmetrical component quantities. This research work proposes a methodology for the safety of a long distance transmission line of ultra-high voltage UHV using microprocessor for fault detection, isolation and auto-reclosing processes. Different protection schemes and protective relays can isolate or eliminate the fault that can cause hazard because they can detect faults in advance as compared to classical traditional devices. The algorithm inside the relay plays a vital role in fault detection and fast isolation of the faulty circuit. Although the numerical or digital relays are more advanced as compared to old electromechanical relays yet in order to study the suitability of a relay for a particular system, comparative study of operating algorithms, fault records, oscillography, fault locator and communication interface of different distance relays is required for selection of the right relay for fast and reliable operation of the protection system and fast isolation of the faulty circuit. Quick response of the relay for isolation of the fault plays a vital role in a country’s economy and revenue because long outages due to indiscriminate tripping, machines are tripped that require cold start which result in delay for the dispatch of energy (kWh) to the system. The present work will help in selecting the appropriate microprocessor based numerical distance relay for installation and commissioning at both ends of the protected transmission line.
Microcontroller based power factor improvement
(UMT Lahore, 2010) Mohsin Raza; Jawad Anwar; Tasawwar Abbas
Power factor correction (PFC) is a technique of counteracting the undesirable effects of electric loads that create a power factor (p.f.) less than 1. Power factor correction may be applied either by an electrical transmission utility to improve the stability and efficiency of the transmission network, or correction may be installed by individual electrical customers to reduce the costs charged to them by their electricity supplier. The most practical and economical power factor correction device is the capacitor. Incorporation of a microcontroller into a static capacitor device facilitates a form of automatic control action whereby the power factor is always kept at a fixed value, irrespective of the load power factor conditions. It improves the power factor because the effects of capacitance are exactly opposite to those of inductance. The microcontroller determines the power factor of the system at any instant of time and calculates the reactive power to be supplied and the value of capacitance to be switched in to make the power factor unity. The capacitor is switched in parallel to the load through a relay controlled by the processor. The circuit is capable of correcting the power factor for any inductive load within the rating of the system.
Automatic Power Control Unit (APCU)
(UMT Lahore, 2010) Mohammad Faisal Haider; Syed Yasir Rizvi; Hafiz Saad Ullah Qureshi
The advent of new high-speed technologies and the growing computer capacity have provided realistic opportunities for new cost-effective technologies and the realization of new methods of innovation. This technical improvement, together with the need for high-performance techniques, has created faster, more accurate, and more intelligent products using new drives and advanced control algorithms. Our project underlines and highlights the importance of a hospital environment in which life-saving equipment operates without any interruption. Life-saving equipment and rooms in hospitals (ICU and operation theatre) are on backup systems such as UPS and are then supported by generators, i.e., petrol, diesel, or gas. The less urgent systems are on secondary power backup and come online when the generators are switched on, and their priorities can be switched. We have demonstrated a similar environment to that of a working hospital, which undergoes the same operational needs. To make the system more advanced and remove the human element, we have used a microcontroller 80C51, which performs all the operational work. Our concept revolves around 12 volts DC, which can later be enhanced to 220 volts DC as per needs and requirements.
Introduction to speech recognition
(UMT Lahore, 2010) Abdul Qayyum
Neural network based optimal placement of base stations
(UMT.Lahore, 2010) Waqas Tariq Toor
Neural network has been used as an optimization tool in the past to solve various problems. In this research work, it is used to solve the problem of placing base stations in a given area in optimal way. Wireless communication has a great impact on our daily life and requires its working parameters to be optimum. These parameters include coverage area, hand off rates, number of calls per cell etc. All these and other parameters need to be optimally designed for a communication system to work optimally. Coverage area and interference are the two main parameters that are affected by the placement of base stations. If the base stations are placed very far from each other beyond their covering ranges, lot of spaces will be left with no coverage. On the other hand if they are placed very close to each other, interference will be the result. So the base stations need to be placed in optimum way. Placing the base stations requires work force which performs drive test to decide whether to place base station in a particular region or not. With our solution it only requires a computer to find the optimum placement of base stations. Given an area, our proposed methodology places the base stations in optimum way in that area. Neural network is used as a tool to find the solution to this problem.
Autonomous intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle
(UMT Lahore, 2010) Faisal Mohi-ud-din; Muhammad Ihtesham Adil
Small radio-controlled (R/C) rotary-wing UAVs have many potential military and civilian applications, but can be very difficult to fly. Small and lightweight sensors and computers can be used to implement a control system to make these vehicles easier to fly. This project outlines the development of a control system for a small UAV; an 8-bit microcontroller has been interfaced with MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) accelerometers, an R/C transmitter and receiver, and motor drivers. A quadrotor with a stability augmentation system that uses these electronics to control the vehicle has also been developed. The future goals of this project are to incorporate more sensors to increase the level of autonomy for UAV operation.
Design & implementation of digital video broadcasting simulator
(UMT Lahore, 2010) Syed Abdullah Abbas; M Usama Jamshed; M Zulkifl Hasan; M Zunnurain Hussain
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is becoming the chosen modulation technique for communication. OFDM can provide large data rates with sufficient robustness to channel impairments. The purpose of this report is to provide Matlab code to simulate the basic processing involved in the generation and reception of an OFDM signal in a physical channel and to provide a description of each of the steps involved. For this purpose, we shall use, as an example, one of the proposed OFDM signals of the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standard for the terrestrial. [17]. This report discusses the design and implementation of an OFDM system in different data modulation schemes such as M-QPSK, M-QAM. First a brief introduction is provided by explaining the background and the specification of the project. Then the report deals with the system model. Each block of the OFDM system is described (IFFT/FFT, cyclic prefix, modulation/demodulation, channel estimation, bit error rate). In the following section, the system architecture is analyzed. The transmission techniques, as well as the system parameters for transmission and reception are explained in detail. Finally, the results are provided in the last chapter.
Efficient detection schemes for cooperative spectrum sensing in fading channels using cognitive radio networks
(UMT.Lahore, 2010) Sadia Murshad
Advancements in wireless technologies are a breakthrough in revolutionizing the communication paradigm by providing ubiquitous internetwork access to large number of users at incredibly high data rates. The ever increasing deployment of mobile applications, networks and diverse services are a true depiction to this fact. As this trend continues the phenomenon of frequency spectrum occupancy is mounting up leading to spectrum scarcity. Analysis shows that for most periods the spectrum in control of majority primary users remains vacant and underutilized. This eventually implied to the idea of Dynamic spectrum allocation to users by Federal Communication Commission (FCC) which worked as a preventive measure against the issue of spectrum scarcity and underutilization. Cognitive Radios are sophisticated devices which can effectively sense the availability of frequency bands and can self modulate its parameters for dynamic transmission. In this thesis we have focused on Primary transmission detection techniques for spectrum sensing. Comprehensive analysis of energy detection, matched filter detection and cyclostationary feature detection is done with prime emphasis on their advantages and limitations. Based on these results we have proposed a two-step detection scheme which outperforms the existing models in terms of detection probability even at very low SNR value. The censoring capability of this detector leads to energy efficiency in cooperative environment. Analysis is done on Nakagami channel model for wireless communication which includes fading and multipath propagation effects. The system model discussed provides good agility for band shifting in case of interference or primary user presence because of reasonable sensing time which is very close to that of cyclostationary feature detector and can differentiate between desired signal and wideband noise.
Microcomputer based methodology for distance protection on long uhv transmission lines using symmetrical components
(UMT.Lahore, 2010) Mashood Nasir
This research work proposes a methodology for the long UHV transmission lines distance protection using microprocessor for fault detection, isolation and auto reclosing processes. For the protection of transmission lines distance relays are used, which depend on a function of impedance between relay location and fault point. In the present era, the development of microprocessors, their extra efficient controlling and computing abilities can be utilized in distance relaying for efficient computing of fault distance on transmission line and the type of fault occurred. The approach that is adopted here is to use sequence components to calculate the distance of fault point. In a normal distance relaying system that uses phasor values of voltage and current as input, six impedance calculating units are required for all ten types of fault that may occur in transmission line. With the advent of symmetrical component analysis tool these six impedance calculating units can be replaced by a single unit which will overall result in a considerable optimized and efficient protection system. Using Symmetrical component theory a single performance equation is developed that will encounter all type of faults on transmission lines. Microprocessor will serve the purpose of computing sequence components, distance of the fault from the relay point and the type of fault. The phasor values of voltage and current is given as an input to the microcomputer that will calculate symmetrical components and resulting sequence impedances. It eventually finds the distance of the fault using performance equation, ratios of voltages in that particular equation and their resulting phase difference. These calculations will lead us to the judgment of the phases involved in fault. ETAP is used for simulation to obtain desired results. Although the formulation described here is independent of hardware yet it provides a complete analytical base for distance protection and is analyzed for different types of fault conditions using simulation tools.
Optimization of n+1 queens problem using neural networks and ‘the proximity rule of initialization’
(UMT.Lahore, 2010) Muhammad Waqas
The neural networks proved very handy in order to solve combinatorial optimization problems for the last two decades. Especially the Hopfield-Tank neural network model is extensively applied to obtaining an optimal/feasible solution to many different NP combinatory optimization problems like travelling salesman problem (TSP) and NP-hard combinatory optimization problem like N Queens Problem. This thesis describes a neural network optimizer/scheduler that optimizes a solution for a highly complicated version of N Queens Problem, i.e. N+1 non-threatening Queens on a N*N chessboard with an intermediate pawn on it. The behavior of the network is evaluated using asynchronous as well as synchronous mode of updating the neurons. Theoretical soundness of the network is established with simulation. Simulations show that the proposed neural network is capable of finding the optimized solution and is convergent to the global minima in 90% of the trials with polynomial average computational complexity.
Channel Modeling in Wireless networks
(UMT Lahore, 2010-03-18) Hammad Bin Hamid; Syed Hasan Asif; Faseeh Danish
The demand for wireless communications systems is ever increasing in all human-life activities. This technology provides connectivity also where wiring is impossible or costly. Wireless technology can range from WLANs and cellular networks to headphones and microphone connections. It includes infrared (IR) devices, such as remote controls, cordless keyboards, and mice, all of which have a transmitter and a receiver. The high diffusion rate of this technology provoked some confusion in the user, as the industry developed many different wireless systems and services, which often were not able to interact with each other. The purpose of this study and research was to understand the concept of channel modeling and ray tracing. During the project, different mechanisms and their impact were observed on a signal, and their effect was calculated. An area with predefined specifications was modeled, and the path of the signal from the transmitter to the receiver was examined. Many scenarios were taken under consideration. Phenomena like knife-edge diffraction, simple and complex shadowing, and ray models were implemented, and the result for every individual phenomenon was observed. The reasons for the loss of field strength and increase in path loss were studied through changing different parameters, like the heights of the transmitter and receiver while moving along streets. All these observations were performed in MATLAB.
Speech Controlled Car
(UMT Lahore, 2010-03-24) Basit Saeed; Muhammad Ahmad; Numan Ahmed
An increasingly popular way to interact with machines is to simply talk to them. However, there is often a trade-off between ease of use and system complexity. Thus, the main objective of this project is to design and implement a voice control car using RF technology for wireless data transmission. It is capable of accurately identifying a single sound while remaining simple and fast. For this purpose, an algorithm like linear predictive coding is prototyped and tested using MATLAB. On the hardware side, we interfaced RF module with microcontroller. Speech recognition is performed using PC. Microcontroller then converts bits from serial port to message and transmits it. Receiving side RF responds and orders car to move. Speech is a complex and non-stationary signal produced as a result of several and complex transformations. Sound signal changes a lot due to many factors, so it is not possible to have 100% accurate result. Result of our system are more than 70 percent. The system, as though, looks astonishing for lay man, but we are hoping that this could be a small step for helping blind and disabled people to solve their everyday problems.
Single line follower robot with collision detection
(UMT Lahore, 2010-03-25) Mohammad Adnan Saadi; Malik Sadiq Hussain; Mohammad Ali Tahir; Dilawar Khan Lund
The goal of the project is to construct and design a single line follower robot with a collision detection feature and a feedback control system that can follow a specified path on the ground for an indoor environment. It would sense the line and keep the robot on the given specified path. It would follow this through a feedback mechanism by taking the necessary actions for wrong moves. As the controller of the robot, you can guide and teach the robot how to follow the given specified path (line) and behave like a human with the ability of understanding and responding according to the given instructions. In addition to that, it will detect collisions in its way and will behave as the instructor would say. In our case, it will stop when it senses any hurdle and will not continue its motion until that object or hurdle is moved away from its path. Our robot automatically changes its direction according to the line without any guidance or control by external means. It can carry different low-weighted equipment up to 200 grams. In addition to that, a camera can also be attached for monitoring and security purposes, which would be safe from any accident or collision due to the adjustable range of detection. It can also be used in industrial robot guidance systems that operate indoors and in the military for spy purposes. In our report, we are adding our final documentation with all the essential information about our controller, robot, sensors, and all the components used in our project.
Home security system
(UMT Lahore, 2010-04) Aftab Ahmad; Zeeshan Badar; M. Waqas Hameed Mir
Technologies have been continuously benefitting mankind in every way possible. Old systems are being replaced by new techniques in terms of technology. The never-ending research is underway to make the system compact and durable. Similarly, we have focused on a security system that can be used by home users, businesses, universities, etc.—huge groups of people who are concerned about their and others’ security. The main purpose of the system is to provide an easy and comfortable approach to the user, so that security-related tasks can be achieved electronically. There are many ways to implement such an idea into real means. We have used GSM technology features to enhance the coverage of security-related issues faced by many people in their daily life. We have tried to generate automatic SOS system calls in case of any unpleasant incident happens when it is hard for the user to reach their home/area from a remote location, so that the security of their belongings can be taken care of by law enforcement agencies. This efficient system makes it easy for the user to handle electronic security in an efficient way, so that organizations and home users can have a feeling of security and relaxation, knowing that someone is taking care of their belongings and they are safe. Home security has been a major issue where crime is increasing, and everybody wants to take proper measures to prevent intrusion. In the fast-developing world today, the need to secure our belongings, like cars and homes, from remote locations is becoming a necessity. This project, titled “Home Monitoring System,” aims at securing our home from a remote location. We have used GSM technology for communicating between the remote location and the home controller. In addition, there was a need to automate the home so that the user can take advantage of technological advancement in such a way that a person getting off from the office does not get melted in the hot climate.
Efficient attendance system
(UMT Lahore, 2010-04-02) Faisal Khalil; Atif Amjad; M. Adnan Ch
Technologies have been continuously benefitting the mankind in every way possible. Old systems are being replaced by new techniques in terms of technology. The never-ending research is underway to make the system compact and durable. Similarly, we have focused on an attendance system that can be used at universities as well as companies to maintain daily basis records of attendance. The main purpose of the system is to provide an easy and comfortable approach to the user, so that handmade tasks can be achieved electronically. There are so many ways to implement such an idea into real means, and we have used a dual technology approach to maintain attendance by the user. We have generated EAS (Efficient Attendance System), which uses the Radio Frequency Identification technology in maintaining students’ attendance. EAS not only can mark attendance via radio frequency identification tags, but also through the keypad. The student attendance can also be sent to the serial interface either in online or offline mode to the host computer. This efficient system makes it easy for the user to handle electronic attendance in an efficient way, so that the company/university can integrate the system with their database. This will maximize management of records to assess according to the academic performance.
LASER based voice communication system
(UMT Lahore, 2010-04-08) Faisal Ibne Asad
In telecommunications, free space optical LASER communication technology uses light propagating in free space to transmit information between two points. The technology is useful where physical connections by means of fiber optic cables are impractical due to high costs or other considerations. An optical communication system consists of a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal; a channel, which carries the signal to its destination; and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. The mission of this project is to design an “information security system,” especially for military areas. This is the most secure wireless medium due to the high directionality and narrowness of the beam. The block diagram of the overall system consists of the following blocks: sound player, laser diode, laser wave, photo diode, amplifier, and speaker, respectively. For civilian areas, this type of communication system may change our society and make our lives more convenient, more enjoyable, and more comfortable.

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