Browsing by Author "Rukhsana Kalim"
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Item Assessing impact of quota elimination on factor productivity growth of textile sector of Pakistan.(Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research,, 2016) Rukhsana KalimExport of textile sector of Pakistan is also dependent on the trade policy of importing countries, particularly European Union and USA, as these countries have been major importer of textile goods of Pakistan. This study is unique in the way that it contributes in existing literature by estimating factor productivity growth of textile sector in the perspective of pre quota and post quota elimination situation, as this has been ignored in past. We explored that textile sector of Pakistan did not get benefit of quota elimination and productivity remained almost stagnant over the period. We suggest penetrating textile export in unrestricted markets apart from European Union and USA and closure of sick units and outdated technology.Item Changing revealed comparative advantage of textile and clothing sector of Pakistan: pre and post quota analysis(Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 2013) Nawaz Ahmad; Rukhsana KalimMany Asian countries have been beneficiaries of quota abolition for textile and clothing sector since 2005. After the implementation of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) in December 2004, member countries of World Trade Organization (WTO) have quota-free trade except People’s Republic of China (PRC). It was expected that Pakistan will be beneficiaries in textile and clothing due to expected superior export performance in this sector. Therefore, this study aims estimating revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of textile and clothing sector of Pakistan at HS-2digit level and SITC-3 digit level.It reveals Pakistan has comparative advantage in textile sector and low comparative advantage in clothing sector. Further, it analyzes RCA of textile and clothing sector during the period of pre and post quota and concludes that comparative advantage of Pakistan in textile and clothing sector has been declined during 2011-12.Item Determinants of food price inflation in Pakistan(2011) Muhammad Abdullah; Rukhsana KalimThis study focuses on the identification of main determinants of food price inflation in Pakistan. Using the data from 1972 to 2008, Johansen’s co- integration technique isutilized to find out the long run relationships among food price inflation and its determinants like inflation expectations, money supply, per capita GDP, support prices, food imports and food exports. Empirical findings prove the long run relationships among food price inflation and its determinants. All the determinants affect food price inflation positively and significantly except money supply which is insignificant with correct positive sign. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) has been used for the analysis of short run dynamics. In the short run, only inflation expectations, support prices and food exports affect the food price inflation. The results reveal that both demand and supply side factors are the determinants food price inflation in Pakistan. However, our study supports the structuralist point of view of inflation as money supply shows insignificant results.Item Empirical analysis of food price inflation in Pakistan(2012) Muhammad Abdullah; Rukhsana KalimThis study focuses on the identification of main determinants of food price inflation in Pakistan. Using the data from 1972 to 2008, Johansen’s co-integration technique is utilized to find out the long run relationships among food price inflation and its determinants like inflation expectations, money supply, per capita GDP, support prices, food imports and food exports. Empirical findings prove the long run relationships among food price inflation and its determinants. All the determinants affect food price inflation positively and significantly except money supply which is insignificant with correct positive sign. In the short run, only inflation expectations, support prices and food exports affect the food price inflation. The results reveal that both demand and supply side factors are the determinants food price inflation in Pakistan. However, our study supports the structulists’ point of view of inflation as money supply shows insignificant results.Item Gaps in management education: a case study of university of management and technology(2010) Abdur Raouf; Rukhsana Kalim; Ahmed F. SiddiqiThis paper aims to identify the gaps in management education highlighted by 3 primary stakeholders: students, faculty and alumni. The study tries to address the issue of relevance and compatibility of management education and investigates areas of improvement perceived by respondents. The paper assumes that business departments of universities have to bring changes in learning strategies to meet the requirements of stakeholders. This research takes UMT (University of Management and Technology) as a case study and presents gaps in management education. Data are collected from all the 3 stakeholders: students, faculty and alumni of MBA (Master in Business Administration) program offered at UMT. The survey is administered using an exclusively-designed research instrument and the data set of 211 students, 55 faculty members and 145 alumni is analysed using appropriate statistical techniques. The management of business schools should develop an integrated and well-coordinated mechanism to share common vision and strategies among stakeholders. A need to revise current MBA curriculum is identified, which emphasizes on the development of different types of skills among MBAs to make the program compatible with the existing corporate sector. The universities dealing in management education are recommended to redesign their curriculum in a more integrated and coordinated way in anticipation with aspiration of the existing corporate sector, which would then help reduce the identified gaps among stakeholders. The management of business schools should have a continuous assessment mechanism incorporating the feed back of all stakeholders, particularly students, faculty and alumni. The paper makes a fruitful contribution to the existing academic literature through an empirical investigation in Pakistani environment. A critical discussion is carried out, and gaps in management education are highlighted, which may motivate management institutions to revise their curriculums.Item Gender-based faculty development model for higher education(Oxford Business & Economics Conference Program, 2008) Uzma Quraishi; Rukhsana KalimItem The impact of foreign direct investment on stock market development(2013) Muhammad Shahbaz; Hooi Hooi Lean; Rukhsana KalimDeveloping countries are witnessing changes in the composition of capital flows in their economies due to the expansion and integration of the world equity market. This paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment on the stock market development in Pakistan. The key interest revolves around the complementary or substitution role of foreign direct investment to the development of stock market. ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration and ECM are employed for the analysis. Our results support the complementary role of foreign direct investment to the stock market development in Pakistan. Moreover, domestic savings, income and inflation are the other macroeconomic variables that affect the development of stock market in Pakistan.Item Impact of global food price escalation on inflation in south asian countries.(Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences., 2015) Rukhsana KalimThe aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of global food price escalation on general inflation in South Asian countries for the period 1990 to 2011. Panel data methodology has been utilized for empirical analysis. Results of the study reveal that external factors like global food price inflation and oil prices significantly and positively affect the general inflation in South Asian countries. Inflation is also positively associated with inflation expectations. Real output measured by real GDP of South Asian countries is inversely significant for general inflation. While broad money shows insignificant impact on consumer inflation in South Asian countries. Findings of this study will be helpful for formulating effective monetary and trade policies for the economic stability in the era of trade liberalization.Item The impact of inflation and economic growth on unemployment(3rd International Conference UMT, Lahore, 2013) Ayesha Wajid; Rukhsana KalimThis study is conducted to explore the impact of inflation and economic growth along with trade openness and urban population on unemployment for a case of Pakistan for the period from 1973 – 2010. This study uses Augmented Dickey Fuller (1981) Test to test unit root problem and in order to find out the long run relationship among unemployment; inflation, economic growth, trade openness and urban population as share of total population, we have applied Johansen – Juselius (1990) Maximum Likelihood Approach. This study concludes that inflation significantly increases unemployment in the long term; economic growth has a significant adverse impact on unemployment in the long run and in the short run respectively, and the impact of trade openness on unemployment is positively and insignificant in the long run but this impact becomes significant in the short run. Finally, the findings of the study sheds light on the impact of urban population as share of total population on unemployment for both long run and short run, and it has found that urban population as share of total population has an adverse impact on unemployment in the long run as well as in the short run.Item Is inflation regressive or progressive? Long run & short run evidence from Pakistan(International Journal of Management Studies, 2010) Muhammad Shahbaz; Abu N. M. Wahid; Rukhsana KalimThe present paper investigates an answer to a key question “is inflation regressive or progressive?” by utilizing time series data from 1971 up to 2005 with reference to Pakistan. The main focus of the study is on the infl ationinequality puzzle but other control variables are also included in the model that aff ect income distribution. We have utilized the most advanced technique FMOLS (Fully-Modifi ed Ordinary Least Square) for long run and ECM (Error Correction Model) for short run dynamics. Our fi ndings suggest that infl ation is progressive in the case of Pakistan but with low magnitude. There is also a prevalence of a U-shaped relationship between infl ation and income inequality in non-linear or non-monotonic phenomenon, but it is insignifi cant. Per capita income deteriorates income distribution, and seems to provide gains to non-poor individuals in the economy. Remitt ances as share of GDP, and human capital, also appear to increase income inequality in both periods but large size of the government seems to worsen income distribution in the long run. International trade and income inequality are positively correlated that confi rms the existence of Leontief paradox in Pakistan not only in short run, but also in long run. Financial development declines income inequality insignifi cantly. Inverted U-shaped curve (Lafer-Curve) indicates an association of trade and income inequality in non-linear fashion insignifi cantly. This eff ort provides some new insights for policy makers and development planners in Pakistan.Item Micro financing of NGOS and government: collaborative impact on poverty eradication(Information Management and Business Review, 2011) Rukhsana Kalim; Taseer SalahuddinPoverty reduction has been declared as the most important millennium development goal not only by the world level organizations and institutions, but also by the government of Pakistan. Micro-credit is considered as a prime tool to fight back poverty. After the success of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh multiple other banks and micro finance institutions (MFI’s) like Banko Soladerio of Latin America, Indonesia’s BRI-UD, BAAC in Thailand, BRAC in Bangladesh and VBSP in Vietnam have been working on almost the similar pattern. In Pakistan different NGOs like AKRSP, Orangi pilot project, Kashf foundation and others have started working for the past few years basically to eradicate poverty and for women empowerment. The government institutions are also seriously making an effort to eradicate poverty through micro financing schemes. Government of Pakistan has selected the RSP (rural support program) model for micro-financing. The success of both government institutions and NGOs is not very outstanding to meet the basic objective of poverty eradication. The aim of this paper is to see the possibility of collaboration between the NGOs and the government to achieve the desired common goal. It is hypothesized that if government and NGOs work together and collaborate each other, the effectiveness of micro financing schemes could be strengthened.Item Military expenditure and poverty in Pakistan: a complex phenomenon(3rd International Conference on Business Management (ICoBM), UMT, Lahore, Pakistan, 2013) Rukhsana Kalim; Muhammad Shahid HassanThis article investigates the impact of military expenditures on poverty along with inflation, industrialization, service sector, and foreign direct investment for both long term and short term. An effort is made to find out the role of military expenditure in poverty elimination. The question to be addressed is that whether military expenditure is pro-poverty or anti-poverty in Pakistan. A time series analysis is made for the period of 1972-2009. The problem of unit root is inspected by applying Ng – Perron (2001) test; the strength of relationship between military expenditures and poverty in the light of control variables is investigated by using Johansen and Juselius (1990), the long term coefficients are examined by using Ordinary Least Square Method and short term dynamics are computed by applying Error Correction Mechanism. The results show that military expenditures and inflation are significantly elevating poverty in both long term and short term analysis while the growth of industrial and service sectors help in reducing poverty in Pakistan.Item Public defense spending and poverty in Pakistan(Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, 2014) Rukhsana Kalim; Muhammad Shahid HassanThe principal attribute of this paper is to address the question that whether public defense spending is pro-poverty or anti-poverty in Pakistan? The empirical findings show that public spending on defense is increasing poverty in Pakistan and results are robust to various controls. This study proposes that government could allocate its resources more towards social sector development from defense expenditures on the one side and on the other side it could initiate a serious move towards the peace pacts with India for the sake of the betterment of people of the country.Item Quantification of social economic deprivations of squatter settlement's inhabitants: a case study of Lahore(2006) Rukhsana Kalim; Sheraz Ahmad BhattyIn Pakistan the gravity of the issue of urbanization is as severe as in any other country of third world. The growth rate of urban population is rising day by bay and decade by decade. For example the share of urban population had reached at 32.5 percent (of total population) in1998 as compared to the 28.3 percent in 1981 and 17.8 percent in 1951. At the same time the growth of the existing population also requires more housing facilities. With little financial resources, the drastic option of illegally occupying a vacant piece of land to build a rudimentary shelter is the only choice available to the people who choose to live in big cities. This phenomenon causes the emergence of squatter settlement (Katchi Abadis). Socio-economic conditions of the inhabitants of these squatter settlements are quite different from those of normal settlements. Keeping in view the existing literature, still there is a need to conduct an in-depth study on the socio economic deprivations of residents of squatter settlements (Katchi Abadis). In the present study an effort has been made to quantify the socio economic issues. For this purpose Socio Economic Opportunity Index (SEOI) is established to evaluate the level of deprivation of inhabitants of squatter settlements. The Index is made by redefining and reconstructing the variables used in the Poverty of Opportunity Index (POPI) presented in Human Development in South Asia Report, 1998. In SEOI four important variables; income, health, education and housing are taken into account. Lahore, being the mega city of 5 million population size and having 227 squatter settlements (Katchi Abadis) in it, is targeted for the study purpose. Primary data is collected from 240 households in 11 squatter settlements (Katchi Abadis) via developing a questionnaire. Stratified random sampling technique is used to determine the sample squatter settlement (Katchi Abadis) and representative households. To see the total effect of various deprivations, Atkinson formula is used. The results of Socio Economic Opportunity Index (SEOI) show that 65.6% population of the squatter settlement is deprived of basic social and economic opportunities thus necessitating the support of the government to these inhabitants.Item Remittances and poverty nexus: evidence from Pakistan(International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 2009) Rukhsana Kalim; Muhammad ShahbazRemittances play a very important role in eliminating poverty of a nation. Remittances it is believed increase the money supply and stimulate demand for consumption and investment. The basic objective of the present paper is to explore the various factors affecting poverty with particular emphasis on the relationship between poverty and foreign remittances. It is hypothesized that remittances, trade openness, GDP growth, inflation, urbanization and tax rates are the possible variables affecting poverty. The remittances-poverty nexus is tested both for the short-run as well as for the long-run. Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOL) technique is used for establishing short-run and long-run relationship between poverty and its determinants. The period selected is from 1973-2006. Results support hypothesis that remittances bring a decline in poverty.Item The role of key macroeconomic variables in fiscal deficit of Pakistan: an empirical analysis(2012) Muhammad Shahid Hassan; Rukhsana KalimThe present study aims to explore some of the important factors contributing to the fiscal deficit in Pakistan. GDP per capita, total debt servicing as percentage of GDP, volume of trade as share of GDP, and monetary asset (proxy for money supply) as share of GDP are considered major factors affecting fiscal deficit in Pakistan. The period taken for analysis ranges from 1976 to 2009. The study applies ADF and Phillip Perron tests to investigate stationarity; Johansen Maximum Likelihood technique to explore the existence of long run relationship among the running actors of the study, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square Method to estimate the long run coefficients., Error Correction Mechanism to inspect the short run coefficients and finally, Granger Causality test to investigate the direction of causality among the operating variables of the present study for Pakistan. The empirical evidence shows that GDP per capita and money supply are significantly squeezing fiscal deficit in Pakistan in both the short run and long run span of time. The total debt servicing lagged by one year declines fiscal deficit in the long run. However, volume of trade; total debt servicing and time trend are positively and significantly contributing to the fiscal deficit in Pakistan in the both long run and short run time span. Moreover; the empirical findings report that there exists univariate Granger causality from fiscal deficit to GDP per capita, from fiscal deficit to money supply, from volume of trade to.GDP per capita, and from money supply to GDP per capita. Finally, the present study diagnoses the existence of bivariate Granger causality between volume of trade and fiscal deficit in Pakistan.Item Strategic directions for developing an islamic banking system(The Pakistan Development Review, 2005) Suleman Aziz Lodhi; Rukhsana KalimNot availableItem The triangular causality among education, health and economic growth: a time series analysis of Pakistan(IDOSI Publications, 2012) Muhammad Shahid Hassan; Rukhsana KalimThe study scrutinizes the existence of long run association and triangular causality among real GDP per capita, per capita education expenditures and per capita health expenditures in Pakistan. The present study applies Ng - Perron test to investigate stationarity, ARDL bounds testing approach to examine the existence of long run relationship and Granger Causality test for estimating short run, long run and combined short run and long run triangular causality among the variables for the time series data of Pakistan from 1972 - 2009. The present study exposes that there exists long run relationship among real GDP per capita, per capita education expenditures and per capita health expenditures in Pakistan. There exists bidirectional relationship between per capita real GDP and per capita education expenditures in the short run, whereas per capita health expenditures and real GDP per capita do not granger cause each other in short run in Pakistan. Also, there exits bidirectional granger causality among real GDP per capita, per capita education expenditures and per capita health expenditures in long run in Pakistan. The present study also confirms the existence of joint causality among real GDP per capita, per capita education expenditures and per capita health expenditures in both short run and long run in Pakistan.Item What lies behind fiscal deficit(Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 2013) Rukhsana Kalim; Muhammad Shahid HassanThe article aims to investigate some of the important factors contributing to the fiscal deficit in Pakistan for the period of 1976 to 2010. International trade, economic growth, total debt servicing and broad money supply are considered as foremost factors affecting fiscal deficit in Pakistan. The empirical findings reveal that only economic growth has an insignificant impact on fiscal deficit in the long run but has significant impact in the short run. Whereas, all other factors such as international trade, total debt servicing and broad money supply affect fiscal deficit significantly in both short run as well as in the long run. Moreover, it is found that there exists univariate Granger causality which runs from economic growth to fiscal deficit, from total debt servicing to fiscal deficit, and there exists bivariate causality between money supply and fiscal deficit in the short run. Also, in the long run all the factors Granger cause to fiscal deficit. The study has also found the existence of joint causality among fiscal deficit, trade, economic growth, total debt servicing and money supply