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Item Energy from salt gradient solar pond(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Qaisar AbbasFor the useful conversion of solar energy solar ponds are probably one of the simplest technologies available. Solar ponds have been used for many applications like conversion of solar energy into thermal and electrical energy. These conversions are economically viable and technically feasible particularly in Pakistan. Pakistan is an agricultural country and swirly facing waterlogging and salinity problem, which is a drag to economy. Almost 43% of the area in Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is classified as waterlogged having depth to water table less than 3m.To demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of solar pond in Pakistan water samples are taken from the villages near Hudiara drain Lahore. Then quality of water samples is tested and found highly saline. It is proposed to construct salt gradient solar ponds in villages near Hudiara drain Lahore by using saline water from the underground of the water logged area. By utilization of energy obtained from salt gradient solar pond, we can pump out the underground saline water and use that water for next solar pond, whose energy can be used again to repeat the same cycle. This may be continued till all the logged water is drained out. This way the logged and saline land can be turned into the land suitable for agriculture purpose.Item Synthesis, structure and properties of Fe doped ZnO nanoparticles(UMT, Lahore, 2017) HAJRA KHANThis thesis reports sol-gel synthesis of pure and Fe doped (5, 10, 15 and 20) % ZnO nanoparticles. All samples were prepared using appropriate precursors followed by annealing at 600ºC for 10 hours. Resulting materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). XRD spectra confirm the formation of highly crystalline and pure phase ZnO nanoparticles with hexagonal wurtzite structure. Fe doping give rise to slight changes in peak intensities, peak widths and crystallite size (31-38.8 nm) which indicates that Fe has successfully dissolved into ZnO without altering host crystal structure. SEM reveals predominant spherical morphology for undoped samples with presence of small amounts of rods and sheet like structures in doped samples. UV-Visible spectra show maximum absorbance in the UV-Vis region with a significant increase in band gap energies upon doping from 3.12 to 3.64 eV.Item ρJ∕ψ Scattering in QCD using the Linear plus Columbic potential for tetra-quarks(UMT, Lahore, 2017) AWAIS AHMADIn this thesis the cross-sections for the process D^0 D ̅^0→ρ J/Ψ are calculated in the center of mass frame of reference. In this study we calculate the cross sections by taking four quark gluonic overlap factor f=1. Cornell potential for pairing interaction is used in this analysis. Resonating group method has been applied and kinetic energy, potential energy and overlap matrices have been written to construct the two coupled integral equations. Moreover, few approximations like Born approximation and adiabatic approximation have been employed to simplify the calculations. Total spin averaged cross sections are plotted versus total center of mass energies of the two incoming mesons for the given process.Item ω J/Ψ Scattering in QCD using Cornell potential for tetra quarks(UMT, Lahore, 2017) NUMAAN GOHARWhile using QCD the scattering cross-sections have been calculated, in the centre of mass frame of reference, for the processD^o D ̅^0→ ωJ/ψ. Cornell potential is used for pair wise interactions between quarks in the potential part of the Hamiltonian of tetra quarks system. Resonating Group Method (RGM) has been used to write the two coupled integral equation in the potential model. Adiabatic approximation has been used to write the total wave function of the four quark system and to decouple the two integral equations Born approximation has been used. To explain the interaction between two mesons a graph has been plotted for the cross sections with respect to the total centre of mass energy of the two incoming mesons.Item Estimation of heavy metals in human milk by the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy(UMT, Lahore, 2017) IMRAN MASEHThe main objects of current work is to find the concentrations of lead, copper and mercury in the milk of human collected from Muridke Pakistan, to investigate the toxic effect of Pb, Cu and Hg with the help of Spectroscopy. Human milk is actually the important part of diet for newborns in Pakistan. Human milk contains essential nutrients and metals required for growth of child. Unluckily, human milk becomes an origin of some poisonous metals in our country and may be hazardous for infants. Absorptions of noxious elements in milk of human were determined by Spectrometry in 16 human milk samples collected from Muridke Pakistan during the 3rd month of lactation. As we know that Muridke is an industrial and over traffic kick city, which has a direct influence of the concentration of lead, Copper and mercury in milk of human. The average concentrations of Cu, Pb and Hg are 0.2208 milli grams per liter (0.1286-0.3856), 0.1897 milli grams per liter (0.1611-0.2356) and 8.2699 micro grams per liter (4.9575-15.5282) respectively. The outcomes of current work shows the Cu, Pb and Hg metals in samples of milk collected from side in Muridke Pakistan are high as compared to suggested values by W.H.O. This is a really threat for the residents of Muridke, which is an industrial and over traffic city Muridke, Pakistan.Item Ab-initio study of LiTm2O4 (Tm=V, Mn, Fe, Co & Ni)(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Saima MohyuddinThe transition metal spinel oxides as the electrode materials for lithium ion batteries have been inspected comprehensively lately with large capacity and high working voltage. The structural, electronic, thermoelectric and magnetic physiognomies of LiTm2O4 (Tm=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) have been reconnoitered contained by the framework of density functional theory using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method. The ferromagnetic ground-state energies have been premeditated by using the optimized structures. To compute the precise prophecy of the electronic and magnetic properties of LiTm2O4 (Tm=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni), the modified Becke-Johnson local density approximation functional is reachable. The half-metallic behavior in these compounds has been exposed by the electronic band structures and density of states plots, which is elucidated in expressions of exchange and crystal field splitting energies and magnetic moments. The key parameters for thermo electric response i.e electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, seebeck coefficient and power factor are studied in detail. The considered compounds of LiTm2O4 (Tm=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) have been revealed theoretically that they grow potential spintronic and Li-ions batteries applications.Item Dressed quark propagator in quantum chromo dynamics (QCD)(UMT, Lahore, 2017) INAAM ULLAH ZAHEERWe use Schwinger Dyson equation to study dressed quark propagator by using Maris-Tandy model of dressed gluon propagator and bare quark-gluon vertex of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD).The model of gluon propagator conserves the one loop perturbative behavior and has IR enhancement required for generating the dynamical quark mass. The quark propagator is calculated in the chiral limit as well as for non-zero current quark mass. We solve Schwinger Dyson equation of quark propagator in Euclidean space and investigate the dressed quark propagator and compare its results with the results of lattice calculations.