Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Isolation and characterization of bacterial strains present in teaching areas of UMT(UMT Lahore, 2022-10-03) Dua-E-Jamila Khurrum; Momina Shahid; Muhammad Fayaz Shah; KaleemullahMicroorganism are one of the most ancient species that are found on earth. Due to the change in environmental conditions, the microbial species tends to acclimatized themselves. Because of this acclimatization, many different strains have been evolved which are multidrug resistant as well. One of the main reason for transmission of bacterial species is frequent hand contact with different surfaces. As the transmission is increasing, the rate of prevalence of bacterial strain is also increasing. The aim of our study is to isolate the bacterial species from teaching areas of UMT Lahore and characterize them on the basis of staining, antimicrobial susceptibility through disc method and antibacterial activity through silver nanoparticles. This study clearly depicts that the bacterial species are more susceptible to tetracycline and streptomycin as compared to penicillin. After determining, the activity of antibiotics and silver nanoparticles it is clearly observed that bacterial isolates are more susceptible to silver nanoparticles as compared to antibiotics.Item Computational screening of non-synonymous SNPS from human SQLE gene to assess their association with multiple cancer types(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-08) MAHNOOR MUSHTAQCancer is an autosomal dominant disease triggered by multiple genes mainly due to somatic mutations. It has spread globally and is characterized by progressive proliferation of tumor cells. Genes are the main drivers in the onset of cancer by inducing specific mutations. Recently, an oncogene SQLE is reported to have a prominent role in multiple cancer types. Furthermore, many Genome-Wide Association Studies have highlighted SQLE as a genetic candidate that upset the cholesterol and steroid biosynthetic metabolism. In this study a computational pipeline has been employed to scrutinize the pathogenic nsSNPs from SQLE and to assess the disease associations of selected nsSNPs. The combination of homology based (SIFT, Provean, PolyPhen, and Mutation Assessor), machine learning-based (SuSPect, SNP&GO, PhD-SNP, MutPred, and PMut) and consensus-based tools (Meta SNP, Predict SNP, ConDel and PON-P2) marked a total of 18 variants as significantly pathogenic. Among these 18, six variants including, E153G, L280R, G286R, R343P, R458T and L473H were confined to the evolutionarily conserved regions of protein as is evident by ConSurf analysis. Moreover, the sequence-based (I-Mutant, MuPro and iStable2.0) and structure-based (SDM, DynaMut, PoPMusic, and FoldX) stability analysis tools revealed that these six mutations markedly affect the protein stability. Finally the molecular docking analysis of wild type and mutated protein models reveals that these mutations bring conformational changes in native protein structure and molecular interactions with other proteins in pathways. Finally the geometric stimulations confirmed that mutant models have significant Root Mean Square Fluctuations compared to the wild type protein model. We therefore conclude that the mutations E153G, L280R, G286R, R343P, R458T and L473H in SQLE may contribute in oncogenic pathways however there is a need for further wet lab validation.Item Synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide quantum dots coated with cysteine, conjugated with folate and curcumin for targeted cancer therapy(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-26) RABIA NAZNanotechnology plays a vital role in treatment of many chronic human diseases. Nano base targeted precise delivery approaches are emerging field in biomedicine especially in development of cancer therapies. Quantum dots being semiconductors and ultrafine nanoparticles of size range 1-10 nm, emits fluorescence at particular wavelength of light and has been used as both for diagnosis and cancer therapy. The conjugation of QDs with functional molecules, therapeutic agents, imaging probes and targeting moieties bring forth developed and potential diagnostic as well as therapeutic effect. The QDs nanoparticles diagnose and fuse with tumor cell surface thus delivering anti-tumor drug in controlled manner in cancerous cells. Under high temperature and pressure cadmium sulfide (CdS) coated with cysteine were synthesis in wet lab followed by conjugation at NH and -COOH terminals of cysteine-CdS particles with folic acid and curcumin acting as anti-cancerous compound. As folate receptors is overexpressed in different kinds of tumor, so by folic acid conjugation with nano-composite enhances the attachment of nano-composite towards particular tumor cell without harming neighboring normal cells. The response was checked on breast tumor sample for binding and nano-composite delivery under fluorescent microscope. For confirming CdS conjugation with cysteine, folic acid and curcumin FTIR analysis was performed. 0.045 g of CdS have 1.875 × 10²⁰ molecules and 1.106 × 10²² molecules of cysteine are attached with CdS. For such molecules of cysteine 2.995 × 10¹⁹ molecules of folic acid were attached and 9.82 × 10¹⁸ of curcumin was attached to nano-composite. The CdS are itself cytotoxic thus further increases the attack rate of drug on tumor cell and enhances tumor cell death in comparison with other conventional methods.Item In silico analysis of pathogenic missense mutation from PSEN1, and its involvement in Alzheimer's disorders(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-08) MOIZ MOHSINAlzheimer disease (AD) is dominantly inherited autosomal genetic progressive neurodegenerative disorder, this disease is most prevalent in USA, which distinguished by permanent decline in thinking and social skill and behavioral which disturb the person’s ability to function independently, it is chief triggered of dementia, characterized further into early-onset and late onset, newly some GWAS study emphasized some factors, EOAD due to genetic factors (PSEN1, PSEN2, APP) and LOAD due to environmental and few genetic risk factor (APOE), EOAD is rare dominantly inserted genetic disorder that identified through in-silico analysis, in this in-silico computational analysis we utilized several tools to specified some pathogenic SNPs of Genetic modifier (PSEN1), computational channel include the homology, machine learning and supervised consensus-based tools for functional assessments, through whole pipeline we specified five mutations (L392P, L235P, G209R, L85P, L250S) as exceedingly conserved and pathogenic and unstable via evolutionary, and stability (sequence, structural) analysis for PSEN1, cooperative association of PSEN1 with C99 was identified by pathway analysis and comparison of energies and intermolecular interactions between WT and mutant docked complex predict the above mentioned mutants are highly unstable, hence, variation in normal PSEN1 may lead to over production of Aβ in diseased pathway.Item Identification and classification of NAC transcription factors in land plants and their expression profiling in cotton(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-15) Zunaira NasimCotton is an important crop, mainly used in the textile industry as raw material. It is a major cash crop for different countries such as Pakistan, India, China, etc. The NAC transcription functions include plant developmental processes and regulation of gene expression under abiotic and biotic stresses. Besides their essential roles in the regulation of genes, not much is known about their certain functions in land plants. This study identified overall 3900 NAC TF genes encoding the NAM domain in 34 species of land plants such as angiosperms, gymnosperms, lycophytes, bryophytes and mosses. These identified genes were then classified into 7 major classes based on the NAM domain in their domain architectures. Among these classes, Class-I highly resembled all land plants. Nonetheless, some classes were species-specific, while others were family-specific, representing the diversity at various classification levels. Additionally, many functional novel domains were predicted, such as NBS-ARC (nucleotide-binding domain) and WRKY. Furthermore, the comparative genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics give insights related to evolutionary history, divergence, duplication, gene loss and gain, structural diversity, species relationship, and expression profiling of NAC TF in different species of land plants. The relative study of NAC TFs in cotton (Gossypium sp.) also showed polyploidization. The common miRNA families identified were miR166 and miR164. In total, this detailed evolutionary study of NAC TF represented remarkable diversity between plant species.Item Identification and classification of sulfur sulfate transporter in land plants and their expression profiling in cotton(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-15) Raveena BanoSulfur is an essential nutrient and required for growth and development in plant. It has also a vital role in the plant defense under different type of stresses. Sulfate transporters (SULTR) are requires to uptake sulfate in plants. However the genomic and transcriptomic study of sulfur transporters in land plants is inadequate. We studied SULTR gene in 34 plants comprises from mosses to higher plants. In 34 land plants total of 721 sulfur transporter encoding genes transcripts with 513 genes locus were identified. Gossypium species contains highest number of gene transcript and locus as compared to other plant species. Furthermore, SULTR domains containing genes were identified and divided into I-X class; class II contains highest number of SULTR genes followed by class I. Out of 721 genes, 718 genes (99.8%) of genes in orthogroups were distributed in 3 orthogroups, while there are 3 unassigned genes in orthogroups with unique nature. Orthogroup contains species with 100% of their genes in orthogroups and orthogroup zero showed highest 317 numbers of duplications while from the tree branch number of duplication in Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbedence is 93 and 95 respectively and showed highest orthologues with each other. The 3D structure prediction showed trans-membrane feature of each class which is also identified in gene ontology. Furthermore 10 conserved motifs were analyzed in which motif eight has highest similarity index and an alanine residue has high frequency in all ten motifs. The expression profiling showed a common gene like Gh_D11G133300.1 showed highest expression in all of provided stresses likewise, AT3G51895 showed highest expression in all stresses. In addition, the A05 has highest number of genes in Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbedence. Moreover, cis-trans acting elements were analyzed in Gossypium specie in which we observed tissue specific stress elements, stress responsive elements, and growth and development related stress elements. In G. barbedence and Gossypium hirsutum miRNA family Gba-miR396 showed highest number of target sites. In nut shell this study showed evolutionary diversity of SULTRs genes between land plant species.Item Synthesis of Anti-Rifampicin polyclonal antibody for detection of drug immunity in TB patient.(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-22) Zainab ZahidTuberculosis (TB) is a highly transmittable illness that is transmitted nearly through the air via the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Tuberculosis remains to be the leading reason of the demise and remains the major issue in both therapeutically, communally and, economically. Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused the multidrug resistant TB. This bacterium is resilient to the both rifampicin as wells as the isoniazid that are the most effective TB drugs. In the antibiotic-resistant epidemic, this is amongst the utmost dangerous for the reason that the patients that are infected with the TB undergoing the therapy are in the high danger. TB drugs are categorized into the First-line TB drugs and the second-line TB drugs. The first-line TB drugs as compared to the second-line TB drugs are most active and they are essential part of some short duration TB treatment control. The first-line anti-TB agents are the rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin and also the pyrazinamide and ethambutol. The second-line ant-TB agents are amikacin, moxifloxacin, rifapentine and the gatifloxacin. These agents are not much active in clinic as these drugs provoke some adverse effects. The aim of this work is to determine the antibiotic resistance and the purpose of this is to the efficiency of the anti-TB drugs. So for the tuberculosis treatment, the efficiency of the rifampicin and isoniazid was tested in the Cornell mouse model. In the mice model, high dose of the rifampicin in mice over 8-11 weeks can make the mice free from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and reduced the chance to develop the antibiotic resistance. In contrast, long-term use of the rifampicin in combination with the isoniazid can significantly increase the risk to develop the resistance to the antibiotic against the infection. Although, Rifampicin optimum dose can eradicate the mycobacteria that is persistent but increased the period of the treatment.Item Synthesis of anti- interleukin-2 antibody for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-27) Sitara TanveerRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint-damaging inflammatory disease that occurs over time. It is distinguished by in cartilage damage, bone erosion, and disability. Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are the two autoantibody methods most often employed to diagnose and diagnose Arthritis (ACPA). They appear before disease symptoms and indicate a worsening disease course, implying that they have a role in RA pathogenesis. High expression of IL-2 is associated with Treg reduction, which result in progression of RA disease. Anti-interleukin-2 antibody show positive association with interleukin-2. It can be effective in inhibiting the expression of IL-2 in RA disease patients. Interleukin-2 can be the potential target for inhibition of RA progression. The objective of my research is to produce the activated Interleukin-2, produce the anti-interleukin-2 antibody, to inhibit the high expression of interleukin-2, which is associated with Treg reduction, to inhibit the RA disease progression.Item Insilico analysis of SNP pathogenesis in THYROGLOBULIN (TG) gene and its role in onset and propagation of thyroid cancer(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-28) MUHAMMAD SAQIB NAWAZThyroid cancer is a thyroid gland related disease and mainly arise due to hormonal imbalance of thyroid glands. Its symptoms include a lump or swelling in neck, voice change, difficulty in swallowing and a continuous cough. Thyroid cancer can be differentiated (Papillary, Follicular and Medullary) or undifferentiated (Anaplastic) in nature. Papillary cancer is the most common among the types almost 80%. Other thyroid related disorders like congenital hypothyroidism, thyroid dyshormogenesis and goitre are also seen along with thyroid tumor. Protein of Thyroglobulin (TG) gene act as a precursor of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and store Iodine which is required in biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. Aim of my study is to study all the pathogenic, functional and missense SNPs mutations in this gene which can trigger or have a role in thyroid cancer. The non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) dataset of respected gene retrieved from gnomAD is the first step in step-wise functional characterization including sequence homology based analysis, machine learning based analysis, evolutionary conservation study and sequence based stability analysis. Four mutations (R169C, R2242H, G2319S and R2336Q) were filtered out after functional analysis were termed as highly unstable and conserved and selected for further analysis. Structure based stability analysis of wild-type and mutant 3D protein models reveal a clear difference in Gibbs free energies between wild type and mutant protein models. Possible disease association pathway was proposed by studying literature and assessing Pathway analysis databases which revealed that thyroglobulin was involved in biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and when normal functioning of this protein disturbs it causes thyroid related disorders and may possibly be involved in cancer development.Item Computational analysis of variants of uncertain significance in ARSB gene(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-08) ZUNAIRA ZAHIDMucopolysaccharidosis VI is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder. Mutation in the arylsulfatase B gene causes Mucopolysaccharidosis VI and it is also called as Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. ARSB gene is present on chromosome number 5 of the human genome (5q13-5q14) and it covers the region of 206kb, having 8 exons and these exons code messenger RNA of about 2228 base pairs. ARSB gene encodes N-acetylgalactosamine 4‐sulfatase (ASB). Deficiency of arylsulfatase B enzyme causes the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. Major symptoms of this disease are growth retardation, short stature, joint stiffness, ocular clouding, dysostosis multiplex, macrocephaly, cardiac valve disease and many others. Mental development is frequently normal, unlike many other lysosomal storage diseases. In this study, we are applying in silico analysis to predict deleterious missense and spliced variants of ARSB gene that alters the function, ligand interaction, and post translation modification of arylsulfatase B enzyme. Computational analysis based on different algorithms were used to find out the most pathogenic variants of ARSB gene that can affect the functionality and stability of protein. Protein Plus is utilized to check the interactions of protein with ligand and the disturbance in interaction because of mutations. We used FoldX for protein energies and mutagenesis. UCSF chimera is used for the visualization of structure and for clashes between residues caused by mutations.Item In-silico identification of potential drug like molecules against G glycoprotein of the Nipah virus by molecular docking, DFT studies and molecular dynamic simulation(UMT Lahore, 2022-03-23) Iqra NaeemNipah virus is a newly emergent zoonotic pathogen that belongs to the paramyxovirus family. The outbreak of it has been reported in many countries like Bangladesh, India, Singapore and Malaysia with high mortality rates. Still, there is no drug approved for its prevention and treatment except supportive care, and that’s why it is classified as a biosafety level four pathogen (BSL-4). In this study, the G glycoprotein of the Nipah virus was chosen as an antiviral target, and BBB- group compounds and BBB+ group compounds were screened out of Gold & platinum Asinex library containing 211620 compounds based on ADMET criteria. The screened ligands then were virtually screened to identify the potential inhibitor against the G glycoprotein of Nipah virus by molecular docking, DFT studies and molecular dynamic simulation studies. 5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-[(3-fluorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,7(1H,6H)-dione and 7,7-Dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(4-morpholinylcarbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-2,5(1H,6H)-quinolinedione were found as potential inhibitors for the G glycoprotein of the Nipah virus. We recommend these two compounds for further in vivo and in vitro studies as potential anti-Nipah.Item Insilico analysis of SNP pathogenesis in LRP1B and its role in onset and propagation of esophageal cancer(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-28) SHAHRAIZ BUTTEsophageal cancer is the uncontrolled cell growth in the esophagus. The most common esophageal cancer is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. It is caused by the mutations in many genes like TP53, PLCE1, MUC4, MUC16, TTN etc. LRP1B is a cancer suppressor gene which is involved in the suppression of cell growth and metastasis. This gene is found mutated in the esophageal cancer patients. It is a transmembrane protein performing the function of cellular signaling, receptor-mediated endocytosis. LRP1B consists of 4599 amino acids. In this study functional assessment of disease-related SNPs is done with the help of series of computational tools. Then analysis of the stability of disease-related SNPs is performed, after that comparison of disease wild type and mutant protein is done by the comparison of their RMSDs. After the selection of gene from Cancer Atlas database and confirming in Chinese population by GWAS and genecards, through the disorder sequence homology-based classification is done by PROVEAN and SNPnexus (SIFT & Polyphen). The machine-based learning analysis of the common deleterious SNPs is done by using PhDSNP, PANTHER, PredictSNP and SNPs&Go. Common mutations were retrieved and sequence-based stability analysis is performed for the mutations by I-MUTANT. Structure-based stability analysis is performed by CUPSAT. Finally, filtered disease-associated SNPs are checked by NMSIM and RMSD value of the wild-type and mutant structures is compared. The difference in the RMSD values shows that there is enough deviation between wild-type and mutant structures due to the two (C3729Y and R636Q) mutations that it will also result in the loss of function and will cause esophageal cancer.Item Prevalence of ticks infestation in ruminants of district sheikhupura(UMT Lahore, 2022-03-07) Syed Sib Tul Hassan ShahTicks are obligate ectoparasites and belong to the phylum Arthropoda. They feed by sucking the blood of their hosts. Ticks are a global threat as they cause physical damage by sucking the blood, but some of their species can cause certain diseases in their hosts. The goal of this research was to find out how common tick infestation was in buffalo and cattle in Pakistan's Punjab Province (District Sheikhupura). From April to September 2021, a total of 534 cattle and buffaloes were examined in different areas of Sheikhupura to evaluate the prevalence of ticks. A total of five hundred and thirty four questionnaires were filled during this period. Tick infestation in cows was found to be 22.18 percent, whereas tick infestation in buffaloes was found to be 20.28 percent. In our study, we found that 91.02% of the respondents were aware of ticks. More than half of the respondents (58.80%) responded that they use anti-ticks medication. Majority of the respondents (95.88%) responded that they use to remove ticks with their hands. From our study we concluded that prevalence of ticks was low in Sheikhupura as compared to other cities of the country. People were aware of the ticks and were using anti-ticks medicines for their animals. However, many respondents used to remove ticks with their hands. This activity is dangerous and can cause infectious disease. We concluded that ticks were present in different areas of the cities. It would be extremely useful in developing future tick eradication and control measures in other Pakistani endemic locations.Item In-silico approach for the identification of potential drug like compounds against membrane-bound protein, n-PFP of Naegleria Fowleri, by molecular docking, DFT studies, and molecular dynamic simulation(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-11) Samra MustafaPrimary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a fatal disease caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living pathogenic amoeboflagellate that directly targets the central nervous system. Only a few individuals worldwide have survived this deadly infection, and its alarmingly high mortality rate is primarily due to the limited understanding of the pathogen’s mechanism of action. Current treatment options involve combinatorial drugs; however, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the delivery of effective drug concentrations to the target site. In this study, the membrane-bound pore-forming protein (N-PFP) of N. fowleri was selected as a potential anti-parasitic target. The 3D structure of N-PFP was retrieved and docked against a library of 261,120 virtual compounds from the Gold and Platinum ASINEX databases, filtered based on ADME criteria. Among the screened compounds, 1-Methyl-4-{(E)-2-[6-methyl-2-(4-morpholinyl)-3-quinolinyl]vinyl}pyridinium was identified as a promising inhibitor. Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed its potential for therapeutic application against N. fowleri. The study recommends further in-vitro and in-vivo investigations to validate the efficacy of this compound as a potential anti-parasitic agent.Item Computational analysis of variants of uncertain significance in ASS1 Gene(UMT Lahore, 2022-04-11) RUHMA TAHIRCitrullinemia Type 1 (CTLN1) is an autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder with three major stages: neonatal, mild, and asymptomatic. In some cases, CTLN1 may manifest during pregnancy, causing prenatal and post-partum complications. The disease primarily arises from hyperammonemia, which can lead to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). CTLN1 is caused by mutations in the ASS1 gene, encoding argininosuccinate synthase—an essential enzyme that converts citrulline to argininosuccinate in the ornithine cycle. Being autosomal recessive, CTLN1 involves numerous missense and splice-site mutations that impair enzyme function. In this study, an in-silico analysis was conducted to predict deleterious variants of the ASS1 gene and assess their impact on protein structure, stability, and function. Molecular structures and interactive visualizations of the protein were analyzed using UCSF Chimera, while bioinformatics tools assessed the effects of mutations on protein folding and stability. Post-translational modification (PTM) sites and conserved regions were also evaluated, and the impact of mutations on mRNA splice sites was examined. From a total of 276 variants retrieved from bioinformatics databases, 69 were predicted to be pathogenic, causing functional disturbances, and 23 were identified as destabilizing the protein structure. Notably, the p.Asp124Asn mutation was predicted to disrupt a PTM site, while p.Ser180Asn and p.Arg127Trp variants caused complete loss of argininosuccinate synthase function, leading to severe clinical manifestations. Many of the predicted mutations align with previously reported literature, validating the accuracy of the in-silico predictions and providing a foundation for future in-vitro and in-vivo investigations.Item Molecular characterization of pigeon infecting circovirus(UMT Lahore, 2022-09) REHMAT ULLAHPigeon Circovirus (PiCV) is a major threat to pigeon biodiversity, causing high mortality rates worldwide. In Pakistan, the recorded prevalence of PiCV is approximately 22.2%. PiCV belongs to the genus Circovirus within the family Circoviridae and can be transmitted both horizontally and vertically. Horizontal transmission occurs via tears, saliva, feather debris, and feces. PiCV is the causative agent of Young Pigeon Disease Syndrome (YPDS), primarily targeting the lymphatic tissues of pigeons and compromising immunity, making them susceptible to secondary infections by avian adenovirus, avian paramyxovirus, and other pathogens. Clinical symptoms of YPDS include lethargy, anorexia, sickness, and vomiting. In this study, blood samples from twelve pigeons were collected from different cities and localities, and viral DNA was isolated from plasma using a viral DNA kit. Due to the low concentration of viral DNA, amplification was performed prior to PCR amplification of a partial genome using specific primers. The partial sequences were subsequently used for phylogenetic analysis. The evolutionary tree revealed that the partial PiCV sequence is closely related to the Circovirus NGchicken38/NGA/2009 isolate. Analysis of the viral Rep protein also indicated a close relationship with the same strains, showing 97% genomic similarity with PiCVR3. Additionally, the ORFC2 frame encodes a hypothetical protein exhibiting close evolutionary relations with Columbid circovirus.Item In silico analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lytic bacteriophage PA1Φ with the bacteria(UMT Lahore, 2022) Sadaf Ali; Rabiya Latif; Iqra SaherQuorum Sensing (QS) is initiated by the binding of autoinducers (AIs) to their specific receptors, which activates target genes to perform corresponding roles in bacteria. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between QS receptor proteins and their ligands, as well as their activity across different bacterial species. Computational molecular docking was performed for receptor proteins—including Putative Major Head, Host Nuclease Inhibitor, Portal Protein, Protease I and Scaffold Z, DNA Transposition, Transposase A, Putative Tail Component, Putative Structural, Virion Morphogenesis, and Putative Integral Membrane—against their respective autoinducers (AHLs) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. QS is a mechanism regulating bacterial behavior based on cell density, with both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria communicating via QS; Gram-negative bacteria utilize acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules. To determine host range, the phage PA1Ø exhibited potent lytic activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as P. aeruginosa. Genomic analysis revealed 51 putative protein-coding genes, a GC content of 64.8%, and a genome size of 34,553 base pairs. Notably, PA1Ø is the first known phage capable of lysing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting its potential as an alternative antibacterial agent and candidate for phage therapy against P. aeruginosa infections. The complete genome sequence of PA1Ø has been submitted to GenBank under reference sequence HM624080.Item Examination of the growth of allium sativum in the different types of soil and fertilizers(UMT Lahore, 2022) Ayesha Tahir; Iqra Yaqoob; Kashifa RaeesGarlic (Allium sativum L.), with the chemical formula C₁₈H₃₂OS₇, is a herb related to leeks and chives and belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. It is widely used for medicinal purposes, including the reduction of high cholesterol, treatment of common cold, blood fat management, osteoarthritis, high blood pressure, arterial hardening, and other health conditions. Garlic exhibits wide hereditary variation due to mutations, somatic clonal variation, and clonal selection under diverse eco-geographical conditions. Its roots are elongated and slender, typically 12–14 cm long, sometimes extending up to 30 cm, while the tender stems (scapes) emerge straight from the bulbs and occasionally coil. Garlic leaves are V-keeled, and the bulb, the underground storage organ, serves as the main edible part. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated garlic’s health benefits, including cardiovascular risk reduction, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, cancer risk reduction, hepatoprotection, and enhanced elimination of foreign compounds. Sulfur-containing compounds give garlic its strong odor and sharp taste, with allicin responsible for the pungent flavor of raw garlic. Garlic plants are influenced by abiotic stresses such as temperature extremes, UV radiation, salinity, floods, drought, and heavy metals, as well as biotic stresses including insects, herbivores, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and weeds. Nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrients, significantly affects plant height, leaf area, leaf count, and overall yield. Maintaining soil fertility is crucial, as it can be impacted by fertilizer imbalance, soil pH changes, salinity, and cropping intensity. Microorganisms play a vital role in enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity. Copper is essential for garlic growth, aiding in nutrient retention in clay minerals and interaction with organic matter. Additionally, catalysts improve plant vigor and yield, seaweed enhances germination rates and seedling vigor by increasing root size and density, and Vellamax fertilizers promote microbial growth and overall garlic development.Item Prevalence of dyslipidemia in association with diabetes in district lahore(UMT Lahore, 2022) Maheen Sattar; Muhammad Awais; Laraib Naseeb Khan; Shameen AfzalDyslipidemia is defined as an increase in blood cholesterol levels, and diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by elevated LDL, decreased HDL, and abnormal triglyceride levels in human blood serum. The primary cause of diabetic dyslipidemia is genetic mutations, while secondary causes include obesity and lifestyle factors. Diagnosis typically involves lipid profile tests and HbA1c measurements. This condition is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and kidney failure, though it often remains asymptomatic until combined with other health issues. The most commonly prescribed treatment includes statins, alongside diet and exercise interventions. The present study aimed to evaluate diabetic dyslipidemia cases in Lahore, Pakistan, involving 127 subjects aged 14 to 95 years, comprising 54% females and 46% males. Statistical analysis using SPSS version 26 revealed that 71.6% of participants were diabetic, 24.4% were pre-diabetic, and 3.9% were non-diabetic. The condition was most prevalent in individuals aged 40–60 years, with females exhibiting a higher risk than males. Comparison of lipid profile parameters with HbA1c levels showed a significant correlation, emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring. Overall, diabetic dyslipidemia can be effectively managed through a combination of diet, exercise, and lipid-lowering medications.Item Knowledge, attitude and practicesregarding tungiasis in the population of lahore and chiniot(UMT Lahore, 2022-09-05) Barera Khurshid; Arooj Fatima; Zunaira Wasif; Muhammad SaqlainTungiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the sand flea, belonging to Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Arthropoda, Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera, Family Hectopsyllidae, and Genus Tunga. These fleas typically inhabit sandy environments in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. A community-based comparative study was conducted in District Lahore (n=800) and Chiniot (n=800), with participant ages ranging from 20 to over 40 years. Independent variables such as tehsil, gender, age, religion, education, occupation, years in occupation, economic status, and marital status were compared against dependent variables—Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAPs)—using T-tests to determine significant associations. The analysis revealed that knowledge scores were significantly associated with age, occupation, and education status, but not with the number of animals or economic status. Attitude was significantly associated with age, occupation, education, marital status, and monthly income, while practice showed no significant association with age, occupation, education, income, or number of animals. Overall, the study highlighted low levels of KAPs regarding Tungiasis, indicating a strong need for increased awareness and education about this zoonotic disease. The findings emphasize the importance of improving veterinary services in rural areas and delivering effective health education to control Tungiasis and reduce human-animal transmission in Lahore and Chiniot.