Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Dental image, oral health beliefs and oral health related quality of life in adults who seeking orthodontic treatment(UMT Lahore, 2021) MAMOONA AFZALCurrent study aims to investigate the relationship between dental image, oral health beliefs and oral health related quality of life in adults who are seeking orthodontic treatment. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a positive relationship among dental image, oral health beliefs and oral health related quality of life in adults. It was also hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship between dental image and oral health beliefs in adults. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that dental image and oral health beliefs will be the predictor of oral health related quality of life in adults who are seeking Orthodontic treatment. Correlational research design was used in present study. A sample consisting of (N=106; Male=49, Female=57) adults,selected by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through Psychosocial Impact of Dental aesthetic (PIDAQ; Clauset al., 2006), Oral Health Beliefs(Nakazonoet al., 1997)and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14; Spencer & Slade, 1994) to measure dental image, oral health beliefs, and oral health related quality of life, respectively. The scales were translated into Urdu language; therefore Factor analysis was carried out for verifying the number of factors in the translated scales identified in Pakistani society. Results of the present study revealed a significant positive relationship between dental image and oral health related quality of life but no significant relationship was found between oral health beliefs and oral health related quality of life. Similarly, results revealed no significant relationship between dental image and oral health beliefs in adults. Furthermore, results revealed that dental self-confidence, social impact, aesthetic concern and benefit of preventive practices werefound a significant predictor of oral health related quality of life in adults.Application for mediation analysis was not fulfilled because of sample xiv size.Findings of present study can be implied in educational and professional setting. The findings are discussed with reference to relevant literature.Findings can creative awareness among people who having orthodontic problem that can improve their quality of life by having orthodontic treatment.Item Social media engagement, cyber bullying and mental health of youth(UMT Lahore, 2021) Saima YousafThe purpose of current research was to examine the relationship between social media engagement, cyberbullying and mental health in youth. The study also aimed to find out the mediating role of cyberbullying between social media engagement and mental health. The research used correlational strategy. The sample consisted of 220 students (including boys =85 and girls = 135) with the age range of 15-24 years from different educational institutions. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used for the recruitment of sample. Participants completed Social Media Engagement Scale, Facebook Intensity Scale, WhatsApp Dependence Scale, Instagram Addiction Scale, Cyber bullying and Online Aggression Survey Instrument and Mental Health Inventory. To determine the relationship in social media engagement and mental health Pearson product moment correlation was employed. To find out the mediating role of cyberbullying (victimization and perpetration) AMOS (Analysis of moment structure) version 24.0 was used and Structural equation model (SEM) was employed. The results showed that social media engagement was found to have significant positive relationship with cyber victimization and mental health. Moreover it was found that cyberbullying including its sub-factors i.e., cyber victimization and cyber offending have significant positive association with mental health. Mediating role of cyberbullying was also found between some subscales of social media engagement and mental health. These findings will support efforts to lessen online problematic behaviors by casting down cyberbullying. The current study will give new directions for future research in the field of cyber-crimes as well as in making therapeutic intervention plans for mental health problems due to excessive use of social media in youth.Item Grit, psychological capital, academic performance, daily basis hassles among working post graduate students(UMT Lahore, 2021) Javaria HanifThe present research was aimed to study grit, psychological capital, academic performance, and daily basis hassles among working post graduate students. Non probability purposive sampling was used and sample was consisted of (N=120) recruited from public (n=20) and private (n=100) universities of Lahore. Demographic variables, Grit scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), Psychological Capital Scale (Herbert, 2013), Daily hassle Scale (Wright et al., 2010), were used for assessment and academic performance was obtained by students CGPA. Results of Pearson Product Movement reveled that overall psychological capitals was positively correlated with the daily hassles with their subscales (parents, friends and others). Moreover no relationship was found among grit, and academic performance. Another hand, no correlation was found among, grit, psychological capital, academic performance and daily life hassles. Results of independent sample t-test for gender difference revealed that there was a gender difference found in term of resilience which is subscale of the psychological capital. Moreover no gender difference was found among grit, academic performance, and daily life hassles.Item Personality and social isolation(UMT Lahore, 2021) Syeda Fatima FarooqThis study was conducted to investigate the relationship between personality traits and social isolation and the mediating role of mental health in online gaming addiction. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship between personality traits, social isolation and online gaming. It was further hypothesized that social isolation is positive predictor of gaming addiction and mental health will mediate between personality, social isolation and gaming addiction. The data was collected from students from Lahore city (N=300) with the age range 17-35 (M=24.6; SD=3.67) of which 160 were males and 140 were females. Big Five Inventory (Rammstedt & John, 2007), Social Isolation and Mental Health subscales of Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire (POGQ) Demetrovics et al. (2013) and Game Addiction Scale (GAS) Lemmens et al., (2009) were used as assessment measures. Results revealed that Social isolation mediates through mental health and leads oneself to gaming addiction. All personality traits have negative correlation with gaming addiction except neuroticism. It has significant positive relationship with gaming addiction. The findings can be beneficial for online gamers' families and therapists, who may use the results to consider some of the aspects of playing online games for therapeutic intervention.Item Music engagement, perceived mentor support, and music performance anxiety in young musicians(UMT Lahore, 2021) SHAHZADI AQSAThe present study aimed to investigate the relationship between music engagement, perceived mentor support and music performance anxiety in young musicians. It also aimed at finding the moderating role of perceived mentor support between music engagement and music performance anxiety. It was correlational research. A purposive sample of 192 musicians including men = 120 and women = 72 and with the age range of (M = 22.51, SD = 3.06) years. Music Use Background Questionnaire (MUSEBAQ) (Chin, Coutinho, Scherer, & Rickard, 2018) was used to measure music engagement of the students. Mentor support was assessed by Mentor Behavior Rating Scale (MBRS) (Debruyn, 2004) filled by young musicians. Music performance anxiety was measured using the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (KMPAI) (Kenny, 2016). Pearson product moment correlation analysis was used to measure the relationship between music engagement, perceived mentor support and music performance anxiety. And Structural Equation Modeling was conducting to assess the moderating role of mentor support between music engagement and music performance anxiety. Results of the study found significant correlations among the music engagement, perceived mentor support and performance anxiety. Moderating role of perceived mentor support was also found between some sub scales of music engagement and music performance anxiety. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of existing literature. The study is concluded with limitations and further suggestions for future researches and implications of the study are also discussed.Item Organizational ethical climate, workplace incivility and work withdrawal behaviors in government school teachers(UMT Lahore, 2021) ANAM RIAZThe current study investigated the relationship among organizational ethical climate, workplace incivility, and work withdrawal behaviors in government school teachers. Mediating effect of workplace incivility was also investigated for better explanation of work withdrawal behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether the organizations’ climate contributes to the withdrawal behaviors of the School teachers or what factors lead to incivility which later cause withdrawal. It is a correlational research design; non-probability purposive sampling was used to recruit the sample. 220 teachers were selected out of which 91 men with the age range 21- 50 (M= 19.1, SD= 13.8) and 129 women with the age range of 21-50 (M =15.05, SD= 12.04) were recruited from different government schools of Sahiwal and Lahore, Pakistan. The Revised Ethical Climate Questionnaire (RECQ) by (Victor & Cullen, 1988), Workplace Incivility Scale WIS (Cortina et al., 2003), and Work Withdrawal Scale (Erdemli, 2015) were used as assessment measure for data collection. The findings suggest that organizations have a negative significant relationship with the withdrawal behaviors of the school teachers whereas; workplace incivility has a positive significant relationship with work withdrawal of the school teachers. The results also indicate that workplace incivility is a positive predictor of the work withdrawal behaviors as well as it mediates the negative relationship of the organizational ethical climate and work withdrawal behaviors of the School teachers. The outcomes of the study may add to the particular change required in the field of school education by decreasing the unethical practices and enhancing the ethical standards within the organizations.Item The role of passion, motivation, dispositional flow among young adults in massively multiplayer online role play games (mmorpgs)(UMT Lahore, 2021) MARYAM MUSHTAQThe current study looked into the role of passion in motivation and dispositional flow state among young adults. Online role-playing games with a large number of players (MMORPGs). Prediction role of passion in motivation and dispositional flow state was also investigated for better explanation of MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games). The purpose of the present study was to explore whether passion, motivation and dispositional flow state contribute to the behavior of players in MMORPGs. It is correlational research design: non probability the method of purposive sampling was employed to recruit the sample 200 online games players were selected out of which 116 male and 84 females with age rang 19 36(M=24.24, SD=3.90) were recruited from online, different universities of Lahore and from net cafes. Passion Scale by (Vallerand etal.,2003), Massively Multiplayer online Games Motivation scale (MMO-MS) by (Yee,2006), The dispositional flow scale by (Jackson & Eklund, 2004) were used as the assessment measure of data collection. The finding suggests revealed obsessive passion was favorably associated to the motivations sub-scale which are relationships, manipulation, immersion and achievement, but not correlated with escapism however, the harmonious passion indicated positive correlation with relationship, manipulation but not correlated with escapism and achievement. While OP was positive predictor of motivation and HP was negative predictor of motivation and Dispositional flow condition was positively predicted by OP and HP. The findings of the study could be combined with specific modifications in the realm of game development to help young people improve their cognition and acquire skills that will aid them in their future employment.Item Compulsive internet use, fear of missing out and negative affectivity among university students(UMT Lahore, 2021) Ayesha SiddiqueItem Rehabilitation of drug addicts in prison system(UMT Lahore, 2021) Asifa TanveerThe main aim of this research was to know about the issues of drug addicts in prison. The main objective of the research was to understand how addicts rehabilitate in prison and how family, peer and staff members of rehabilitation center motivate the addicts for their rehabilitation in prison? In rehabilitation center how staff and addicts face the challenges in rehabilitation process? Purposive sampling technique was used for this research. 30 participants were interviewed which include twenty-five addicts and five staff of rehabilitation center. For data collection, in depth interview guide was used. Participants were selected from rehabilitation center in district jail Lahore. Open ended questions were asked and they were given the freedom to express their experience and treatment about rehabilitation. Data analysis was done in the thematic form. The researchers formed six themes: experiences at the rehabilitation center, experiences of the treatment, role of family, role of peers, challenges at the rehabilitation center, researcher’s opinion (about participants), role of staff. Through in-depth interviews it was concluded that some of the participants perceive that the rehabilitation process is like harm to them. After assessment of their experiences, it was concluded that they should rehabilitate at the early stage of addiction. Some of the participants preferred addiction on rehabilitation.Item Rape myth acceptance, social dominance orientation and victim blaming in sexual assault perpetrators(UMT Lahore, 2021) IQRA SADDIQUEThe study was carried out to explore the relationship between rape myth acceptances, social dominance orientation ad victim blaming in sexual assault perpetrators. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a positive significant relationship between rape myth acceptance, social dominance orientation ad victim blaming in sexual assault perpetrators. It was also hypothesized that rape myth acceptance and social dominance orientation predicted victim blaming in sexual assault perpetrators. Through purposive sampling technique, data was collected from sexual assault perpetrators (N=120) with age range of 18 to 60 years (M=29.46, SD=10.08) from four different jails of Punjab. Belief about rape scale by Newman and Colon (1994), translated version (Arshad & Tariq, 2021) of dominanace-presteige peer-report scale by Cheng at el. (2010) and post assault justification scale by Wagner et al. (2015) were used to measure the study variables. After translation of the scales into Urdu, Factor analysis with EFA and CFA used to identify the different factors of the scales. For analysis, Pearson moment correlation, Hierarchal regression analysis and one way ANOVA was used. The results of the present study found significant positive relationship between rape myth acceptances, social dominance orientation ad victim blaming in sexual assault perpetrators. Rape myth acceptance was a significant predictor of victim blaming while social dominance orientation didn’t predict victim blaming in sexual assault perpetrator. Significant age difference was also found in victim blaming. Findings of the study will be helpful in decreasing the rape myths and blaming attribution to victim from the society and will be helpful in providing psychological interventions to the convicted rape criminals.Item Perceived parenting, loneliness and digital dating abuse in young adults(UMT Lahore, 2021) AYESHA MAQSOODThe current study investigated the relationship between perceived parenting, loneliness and digital dating abuse in young adults. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a positive relationship between perceived parenting (neglectful parenting), loneliness, and digital dating abuse in young adults. Perceived Parenting and loneliness are likely to be positive predictors of digital dating abuse in young adults. There is likely to be a significant gender differences in term of digital dating abuse in young adults. Through snowball sampling technique, data was collected from young adults (N=150) with age range of 20-30 years (M=23.86, SD=1.85). Perceived Parenting scale (Ryan, et al., 2006), Loneliness Scale (Dussault et al., 2009), Cyber dating abuse (Picard, 2007) were used to measure these variables. Pearson Product Moment Correlation, hierarchical regression analysis and independent sample t-test was used. The present study results showed that there was significant positive correlation between perceived parenting (neglectful parenting), loneliness and digital dating abuse. Perceived parenting and loneliness were significant predictors of digital dating abuse in young adults. Significant gender differences were also found in term of digital dating abuse in young adults. Findings of the study will provide an understanding and influence of social networking sites on person life. This study will help to give understanding about perceived parenting, loneliness and digital dating abuse to young adults and different ways to handle digital dating abuse.Item Eating behavior, emotional outburst, body image dissatisfaction and quality of life among women suffering from pcos(UMT Lahore, 2021) MARIAM EJAZThe aim of the current study was to find out the relationship among eating behaviors, emotional outburst, body image dissatisfaction and quality of life among women suffering from PCOS. Most previous researches have focused on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) characteristics and their association with psychological disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Very few researches have been conducted focusing on eating behavior, body image dissatisfaction among women suffering from PCOs. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a positive relationship between eating behaviors and quality of life, and negative relationship between emotional outburst, body image dissatisfaction and quality of life among women suffering from PCOS. It was also hypothesizes that eating behaviors emotional outburst, body image dissatisfaction are likely to be the predictors of quality of life. Another hypothesis was that there is a mediating role of body image dissatisfaction between eating behavior and quality of life among women suffering from PCOS. Correlational research design was used. Through non probability purposive sampling technique data of 300 females (n=150 married, n=150 unmarried) age range (18-40 years) (M=29.16, S.D= 5.00) was collected from different hospitals, social media websites and clinics etc. The mindful eating behaviour scale by Winkens et al., (2018), The Emotion reactivity scale by Nock et al., (2008), Body image dissatisfaction by Tariq and Ijaz (2015), The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Quality of Life scale (PCOSQOL) by Williams, Sheffield and Knibb (2018), was used for data collection. Results revealed that eating behaviors and quality of life have positive relationship whereas emotional outburst, body image dissatisfaction were negatively related to quality of life. Emotional outburst and body image dissatisfaction were found to be negatively related to each other. Hypotheses for regression and mediation were also supported. Mediation xiii through Process Macro revealed that body image dissatisfaction significantly mediate the relationship between eating behavior and quality of life.Item Lived experiences of women living with their infidel husbands(UMT Lahore, 2021) ASMA ANWARWith the increasing rate of divorce and more empowerment of women, some women still prefer to continue marital relationship after disclosure of their husbands’ infidelity, even though such relationships are responsible for considerable distress. Therefore, the current study carried on with the objective of exploring the reasons behind women’s decision of marriage continuation after disclosure of husbands’ infidelity, and the ways through which they were managing to survive in such a marital relationship. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the five women who were living with their infidel husbands. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), five superordinate themes were emerged named external factors, personal factors, personal strength, surpassing the betrayal, and relational strategies. The findings indicated the major role of external factors especially the “influence of children” responsible for marriage continuation as compared to personal factors. Furthermore, it was revealed that women tried their best to overcome the interpersonal trauma of being betrayed and found different ways to protect their marital relationships. The findings would be helpful to the family therapists to understand the couples’ problem coming in session with the issue of infidelity.Item Social connectedness, health-related behaviors, coping strategies and social media usage in young adults(UMT Lahore, 2021) FAIZA ABDUL KHALIQThe aim of the current study was to explore the relationship between social connectedness, health-related behaviors, coping strategies and social media usage in young adults. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a significant relationship between social connectedness, health related behaviors, coping strategies and social media usage in young adults. Through purposive sampling technique data from (N=300) young adults with age range 18-35 years (M=161.22, SD= 94.13) was collected from three private universities of Lahore. Social connectedness scale revised by Richard et al. (2001), Lifestyle behavior change questionnaire by Chopra et al. (2020), Coping scale by Hamby et al. (2013) and Social networking usage questionnaire by Savita and Liyaqat (2018) were used for data collection. For the analysis Pearson Product Moment Correlation, multiple linear regression, independent sample t-test and Analysis of variance were used. Significant positive relationship was found between social connectedness, health-related behaviors and social media usage and significant negative relationship was found between coping strategies and social media usage. The findings showed that social connectedness, health-related behaviors and coping strategies were significant positive predictors of social media usage. Significant gender, marital and birth order differences were also found. Findings have practical implications for the development of diverse strategies for other population like adolescents, old age people, teachers, parents, doctors etc. hoping to better manage their life styles during stressful or traumatic events.Item Psychosocial determinants and reactions to piri-muridi in early and middle adults(UMT Lahore, 2021) Sumbal Riaz MalikMutual devotion and passion based Piri-Muridi practices have been prevailing for centuries regardless of political, social and cultural backgrounds of Murids. The present study aimed on identifying those different factors influencing the participants within different age groups psychosocial reactions that lead them to seek Pir services. It was a qualitative study with phenomenological research design using method of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Sample of twelve participants were categorized into early adults with age range of 20 to 40 years (males= 3; females= 3) and middle adults with age range of 40 to 65 years (males= 3; females= 3). Participants were selected based on non-probability convenient sampling residing within Lahore city, Pakistan. Informed verbal consent was sought from both groups, following the demographic sheet. Utilizing the double hermeneutics analytical approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted online. After transcribing and performing analysis with the steps of IPA, seven psychosocial determinants (domestic factors, blind faith on Pir, sociocultural determinants, nature and characteristics of Pir and Murid, sources to attract Murid and gender Pir preferences) and two psychosocial reactions (negative and positive psychosocial reactions) emerged as superordinate themes. The results imply the development of scale by characterizing and quantify the psychosocial determinants and reactions of the general population in response to the Piri-Muridi for better understanding of the true nature and dimensions of Piri-Muridi. Further signifying its contribution in the field of developmental psychology.Item Parental bonding, family communication, perceived risk and attitude towards drug use in university students(UMT Lahore, 2021) Nageena ImranThis study investigated the relationship between parental bonding, family communication, perception of risks associated with drug abuse, and the attitudes developed to drug use that greatly contribute in the increasing rates of drug addiction in students now a days. It was hypothesized that parental bonding, family communication and perceived risk have a significant relationship with attitude towards drug use. A quantitative study was carried out for this research in which a correlational research design was used. A purposive, sampling technique was used to select the participants from a private and a government university, with age range of 18 – 28 years (M= 25.3, SD= 2.5). Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, 1979), Family Communication Scale (Olsen et.al., 2004), Perception of Risk Associated with Drug Abuse (EMCDDA, 2015) and Attitude towards Drug Abuse (EMCDDA, 2015) were the instruments used in the study. Results revealed that family communication and perception of risk were significantly correlated with the attitude towards drug use. Results revealed that there was a significant negative correlation of family communication with attitude of students towards drug abuse and a significant positive correlation of perception of risk of students towards drug abuse. Furthermore, the level of education of the mother and whether or not student had ever used drugs was significantly positively correlated with the attitude towards drug abuse. This study will help create awareness for the neglected parents in the society to develop an effective parent- child relationship to nullify the developing drug addiction problems in young adolescents in Pakistan.Item Personality traits, workplace harassment and job satisfaction among teachers of i private sector(UMT Lahore, 2021) Faiqa IrumThe purpose of conducting this research dissertation was to examine the role of important aspects among the teachers of private education sector for teaching the students within the private schools of Pakistan. This study aimed to explore the relationship between personality traits, workplace harassment and job satisfactions among teachers of private sector. The sample consist of N=200 male and female teachers of private sector, teaching pre to high school level in Pakistan. Non- probability sampling technique was used in this respect. Personality traits, workplace harassment and job satisfactions was measured by The Big Five Inventory (BFI) (John, Donahue, and Kentle 1991), Teacher Job Satisfaction Questionnaire' (TJSQ) (Lester 1987) and Generalized Workplace Harassment Questionnaire(GWHQ) (Rospenda & Richman, 2004) respectively descriptive analysis was calculated . For further investigation, independent t-test, Pearson product moment correlation analysis, regression analysis and mediation analysis was used. Results showed that there is no difference regarding gender differences on job satisfaction. Education and working experience are strong positive predictors of harassment. Results of mediation analysis showed that there was significant mediator between personality traits. This research will be helpful, for professional development of teacher’s personality, teaching competencies and implementations of instructions techniques and for selection criteria of employees.Item Impulsive behavior, academic competence and interpersonal difficulties in young adults(UMT Lahore, 2021) Rubab Neelam KhanThe current research was carried out to investigate the relationship between the impulsive behavior, academic competence and interpersonal difficulties in young adults. For this sample of 318 young adults (116 men and 202 women) with age range 18-25 (M=21.6, SD=2.1) were selected through convenient sampling. The study was conducted in four phases of completion. The first phase was about exploring phenomenology of impulsive behavior from 22 participants and information collected from participants was analyzed to make the proper items which were given a five point rating scale. After that in the second phase, expert validation was done in which the five point rating scale of impulsive behavior was given to experts for validation or approval and 41 items were generated. The third phase was about the pilot study of the construct on targeted population. Moreover, the last step was the main study in which all the participants were given a protocol of academic competence scale ACS (Afridi & Jabeen, 2019), interpersonal difficulties scale for university students IDS (Saleem, Ihsan, & Mahmood, 2014) and impulsive behavior scale with demographic performa. The results showed that the indecisiveness, arrogance and irresponsible were significant predictors of interpersonal difficulties whereas, over-confidence and academic competence were non-significant predictors. In the light of cultural context, results were discussed.Item Trauma, psychosocial adjustment, resilience and hopelessness among internal displaced people of waziristan(UMT Lahore, 2021) BilalThe present study was conducted to see the relationship between trauma, psychosocial adjustment, resilience, and hopelessness among IDP s of Waziristan. For the conduction of this study data was collected from university students sample comprised of 150 male university students. Data was collected through purposive sampling technique. For the current study Brief trauma questionnaire (Schnurr at al., 1999), post-traumatic stress disorder PCL-5 (Weathers at al., 2013), Brief resilience questionnaire (Smit et al., 2008.) and Beck hopelessness scale (Beck et al., 1974) were used. Results of present study showed that there was a significant positive correlation between trauma and hopelessness. Result also showed that resilience was found to have significant positive correlation with hopelessness. Resilience was found to be a significant predictor of hopelessness. Furthermore, it was revealed that psychosocial adjustment was found as the moderator between trauma and resilience and resilience mediated the relationship between trauma and hopelessness among IDPs of Waziristan. This study can take attention of government in realizing how much psychological problems IDPs faced due to war. Psychologist and psychiatrists should be there for psychological and mental help of IDPs.Item Perceived parental efficacy, emotional regulation, rule breaking behavior and social isolation in adolescents boys(UMT Lahore, 2021) Adeel AhmadA cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the relationship between Perceived Parental Efficacy, Emotional Regulation, Rule Breaking Behavior and Social Isolation in Adolescents Boys. Total 315 adolescent boys were chosen via stratified random sampling. They were given Demographic Sheets, Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale (Fatima & Jabeen, 2017), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Khan & Kausar, 2014), Rule Breaking Behaviors in Adolescent Boys (Naeem & Mahmood, 2014) and Social isolation (factor of School Children’s Problem Scale) (Saleem & Mahmood, 2011). The Correlational Analysis showed that the Awareness and Freedom of Choice has a significant positive relationship with all factors of Rule Breaking Behavior and Social Isolation. Cognitive Reappraisal showed a negative significant correlation with rule breaking behavior and social isolation. However, Rule Breaking Behavior showed a positive significant correlation with Social Isolation. Multiple Regression Analysis showed that Freedom of Choice and Offensive Rule Breaking serve as negative significant predictors of Social Isolation whereas Rules Breaking in Groups serve as a positive significant predictor of Social Isolation. Result showed that boys from private schools were likely to be involved in offensive rule breaking and in-group violence than boys in government schools. Findings of the study helped us to highlight the cultural differences and relationships of how ones perceived parental efficacy may lead one to form relationships.