2019

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computational analysis of phytochemicals as potential inhibitors for aromatase and cyclin dependent kinase 46 in er positive, her2 negative breast cancer in post menopausal women based on molecular docking, admet and dft studies
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) SANA FAROOQ
Breast cancer in post menopausal women caused by estrogen signaling biosynthesized by aromatase enzyme has now become a worldwide problem. The progression of the disease is caused by the Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) which help in uncontrolled proliferation of tumor cells. Phytochemicals obtained from natural compounds are now considered as the effective inhibitors against aromatase enzyme and CDK4/6 in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was the screening of successful Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and CDK4/6 inhibitors which are now a standard treatment for adjuvant and first-line metastatic ER+ve breast cancers. A sum of 2750 phytochemicals from various therapeutic plants were chosen for this examination. These plants grow normally in the Pakistan and India’s atmosphere. These plants are used against different pathogens in humans for a long time. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity (ADMET analysis), molecular docking (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) based investigation were completed to decide the potential inhibitory properties of these phytochemicals. The ADMET analysis and docking results revealed phytochemicals having better binding affinities than synthetic/reported inhibitors for all three proteins. Erycristagallin, Silydianin, Osajin, Mundulinol, Anthraxin, Sigmoidin A, Abyssinone V, Robustone, 5, 7, 3', 4'-tetrahydroxyflavone, Diprenyleriodictyol, SigmoidinC have shown good potential inhibitory properties against Aromatase and CDK4/6, thus can be considered for additional in vitro and in vivo studies to get their inhibitory impacts against these proteins. Moreover, DFT based analysis indicated high reactivity for these selected phytochemicals in the binding pockets of all three proteins, in view of ELUMO, EHOMO and band energy gap. Phytochemicals having higher binding affinities than previously reported compounds are reported for the first time as novel aromatase and CDK4/6 inhibitor. These included four phytochemicals from Silybum marianum, including, Silydianin, Mundulinol, Anthraxin and Diprenyleriodictyol, five phytochemicals from Erythrina Varigatae including Osajin, SigmoidinA, AbyssinoneV, Robustone and SigmoidinC , one phytochemical from Solanum nigrum i.e. 5, 7, 3', 4'-tetrahydroxyflavone and one phytochemical from Tamarix nilotica i.e. Erycristagallin. These phytochemicals can be considered for in-vitro and in-vivo analysis for the development of potential inhibitors for aromatase and CDK4/6.
Prevalence of hcv among pregnant women in bahawalpur pakistan
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) SANA ARSHAD
HCV is most common startling threat in Pakistan and approximately 200 million people are infected all over the world. HCV can be transmitted through blood transfusion, piercing, tattooing, and surgical equipment. HCV also causes to acute liver diseases like cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Study was based on the estimation of HCV prevalence in 620 pregnant women who were admitted in gynae ward and labor room Victoria hospital (South Punjab). All women were between the age groups of 18-40 years. By Sacace HCV Real-TM Quall Kit identified the HCV in all specimens, and then performed PCR. It has been observed that 40 out of 620 patients were HCV positive with 6.4 %. Results showed that 2.50% were affected due to blood transfusion, 30% by surgery and 47.50% by blood transfusion and surgery; factors were unknown for remaining 20 % women. Out of 40 women, 10% HCV prevalence was in those women who had 1st pregnancy, 30% with 2nd pregnancy, 32.5% with 3rd pregnancy, and 27.50% with more than three pregnancies. Women between the age group 18-20 years having 7.30% prevalence of HCV, age group of 21-30 years had prevalence of 6.22%, and age group 31-40 years had 8.10%. Results were showing that women between the 21-30 years of age group were many in numbers. Blood transfusion, surgery, injections are the most common risk factors which are involved for the transmission of this infection. Women between the age group of 18-40 years have more chances to get this infection by being operated after the first pregnancy.
Evaluation of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in hyperglycemia-induced nih cells
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Maryam Saleem
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases designated by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, or both. This disease is a worldwide medical health issue and has an enormous effect on health systems. The epidemic of DM and its complications represents a noteworthy health risk globally. Clearly, hyperglycemia performs a vital role in diabetes advancement and succession alongside other microvascular diabetic problems. In this study, we evaluated the expression of apoptosis-associated genes, BCL-2 and BAX in the glucoseinduced NIH cells and we investigated the association of NIH cells with hyperglycemia and relationship between hyperglycemia and apoptosis. The role of glucose on viability of cells was also investigated and the toxic effect of glucose on NIH cells was checked. We selected fibroblast NIH/3T3 cell line for experiments; half of them were induced by 30mM glucose while the others served as controls. The expressions of Bcl-2 and BAX were measured using PCR and MTT assay was utilized to determine amount of viable cells. The results showed that the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased in glucose-induced NIH cells than that of the control, whereas the expression of BAX in glucose-induced NIH cells was increased than that of the control. The results also revealed that all glucose-induced cells have reduced cell viability in time dependent manner. Prolonged hyperglycemia induces apoptosis in the NIH cells; in which apoptosis plays a vital role possibly by an increase in the BAX expression and decrease in Bcl-2 expression. As glucose-induced apoptosis increases thus supporting that glucose is toxic for NIH cells.
Analysis of the prevailing classification system of hepacivirus c
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Aleena Qadeer
Hepatitis C virus (HCV; species Hepacivirus C) consists of a single-stranded positive-sense RNA. It belongs to the genus Hepacivirus, family Flavivirus. Its genome is approximately 9,600 nucleotides. HCV mainly targets the liver resulting in liver diseases. Just like most of the RNA viruses, HCV also exhibits increased levels of genetic diversity to escape the immune response. Based on phylogenetic investigation of nucleotide groupings, different genotypes and subtypes of Hepacivirus C have been identified. Recently genotype 8 has been discovered based on the phylogenetic analysis. The genotypes and subtypes of HCV have almost similar pathogenic and biological features, but the epidemiological response to treatment and clinical outcomes are eventually different. Multiple sequences of the whole genome of HCV were aligned. The cutoff value based on the percentage identities between pairwise whole-genome sequences was observed to be 70%. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis was conducted using complete genome sequences. Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree was generated showing evolutionary relationships among major genotypes and subtypes. Recombination analysis was then performed and validated to detect potential recombinants. The results displayed potential recombination events in 22 genotypes and their subtypes. Among them, 19 genotypes had recombination at 5’UTR and 3’UTR regions. To conclude, recombination plays a significant role in the genetic diversity and evolution. Analysis of the recombinants is expected to facilitate and contribute to the development of effective vaccine against HCV infection.
Comparative analaysis of pcr and lipa methods for hcv genotypes screening in pakistan
(UMT,Lhr, 2019) Asma Akhter
Hepacivirus C is a sole standard virus that fits into the "falviviridae" family. HCV has the size of 9500 kilo Dalton and its genome consists of 9000 nucleotides. The genome of HCV contains 3000 poly proteins that are structural and nonstructural e.g. E1, E2, P7, NS2, NS4B, NSSA. High prevalence of HCV is found in Asia and Africa, while low occurrence in Australia, North America, Western and North Europe. HCV is spread among individuals of all age groups and gender throughout the world, and it spread via unsafe medical treatment and transfusion of blood without screening, tattooing, drug abuse with contaminated syringes and mother to fetus also. HCV causes acute or chronic infection and become a main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV has 6 main genotypes (1 - 6) and also their subtypes (a, b, c). These genotypes are on the basis of polymorphism in the 5' UTR. Most prevalent genotype is 3a in Pakistan. There are different methods for HCV genotype detection e.g. Real time PCR, reverse hybridization and sequencing. We used two different techniques for genotype detection, one is nested PCR and others is Line Probe Assay (LIPA).In nested PCR there are 2 sets of primers used for HCV genotype detection and results were analyzed by gel electrophoresis while the LIPA method is a reverse hybridization line probe assay in which biotinylated DNA PCR amplicons were hybridized to immobilized oligonucleotide probes and results were analyzed via banding pattern on cellulose strips. Epidemiological studies displayed the dispersal frequency of HCV that varies among different regions of world. Preventive strategies and therapies can be improved by the HCV genotype evaluation in different regions. Among 416 studied patients ratio of various HCV genotypes was different I different districts of Punjab. Most common genotypes were 3a (14.66%) and 1b (12.01%), 1(2.62%). While 2b (0.25%), 2a (0.17%), 4 (0.11%), 5a (0.37%) and 6 (0.28%) remained less predominant. Outcomes of present study were same as the previous different studies, as the 3a genotype is most frequent type of HCV in different districts of Punjab. For detection of HCV genotypes there is a need to develop the validated assay that is more reliable and sensitive for un typeable samples. This study shows the comparison between Nested PCR and LIPA method results and also showing the more reliable results on Nested PCR technique, because only 5 samples were un typeable on Nested PCR as compared to LIPA on which 33 samples were showing un typable result out of total 416 patients. We concluded that Nested PCR is more reliable, sensitive and cost-effective method as compared to LIPA method and most prevailing HCV genotype in Pakistan is 3a, which is clearly analyzed by Nested PCR.
Hla allele and serotype prevalence in kidney transplant patients and study of associated comorbidities
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) HAFIZA FAREEHA BASHIR
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex is the locus of genes that encode for proteins on the surface of the cell for the regulation of the immune system of humans. In this study, we observed the HLA allele and serotype prevalence in kidney transplant patients and associated comorbidities. The HLA class I and class II alleles were identified in 55 patients and their demographic prevalence was studied with respect to gender and their geographical distribution in the general population of Punjab. Also besides, comparative analysis of allele prevalence in kidney transplant patients alone, and patients suffering from kidney and liver diseases were studied. It was observed that HLA-A locus allele 2 and 11 showed maximum allele frequency of 14.54%, HLA-B locus allele 8 and 35 showed maximum allele frequency of 13.63% and HLA-C locus allele 7 showed maximum frequency of 23.63%. In HLA class II analysis HLA-DRB1 locus allele 10 showed maximum frequency of 45.4%, HLA-DQB1 locus allele 3 showed maximum frequency of 30.9% and HLA-DQA1 locus allele 5 was the most prevalent with 42.72% allele frequency. Then serotype frequencies at HLA class I and II loci were also evaluated. The frequency prevalence analysis showed that HLA-A locus serotype A11 had maximum frequency of 15.45%, HLA-B locus serotype B8 and B35 showed maximum frequency of 13.63%, HLA-C locus serotype Cw7 showed maximum frequency of 21.81%, HLA-DRB1 locus serotype DR17(3),DR3 showed maximum frequency of 12.72% and HLADQA1 serotype DQ2 showed maximum frequency 30.9% in patients suffering from kidney failure. Comparative analysis of allele and serotype prevalence in kidney failure patients alone and kidney failure and liver disease patients was also in this study.
In silico identification of anti-flavivirid phytochemicals in the family meliaceae
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Arooj Arshad
Flavivirids are positive sense and single stranded RNA viruses which pertain to family Flaviviridae. Being responsible for rapidly evolving diseases and various health problems, flavivirids are big threat to world’s health. Therefore, solution in the form of drugs, designed through phytochemicals can serve as effective agents to fight against flavivirids by inhibiting their reproduction and growth. RNA-dependent-RNA Polymerase is the non-structural protein and a key enzyme involved in replication of family Flaviviridae. The aim of this study is to successfully screen anti-flavivirid phytochemicals in plant Family Meliaceae, which may serve as effective inhibitors of non-structural protein RdRP of flavivirids. Sum of 75 phytochemicals were selected from three species of family meliaceae depending upon their important therapeutic activities. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity (ADMET analysis) and molecular docking (MD) was done to analyze the potential phytochemicals against RdRP of the type species from each genus of family Flavivirdae; Yellow Fever Virus from Genus Flavivirus, Hepatitis C Virus Subtype 3a from Genus Hepacivirus, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 NADL from Genus Pestivirus and Hepatitis GB virus from Genus Pegivirus. Out of 30 screened phytochemicals, 21 phytochemicals were found to have binding affinities ≥ -8.0 Kcal/mol against RdRP of different genera. Out of these 21 phytochemicals, 3 phytochemicals; Quercetin3-O-L-Rhamnoside, Nimboldin-A and Nimbinin, were found as the best inhibitor of RdRP from different genera.
In silico analysis for non synonymous pathogenic variants in cftr gene that associated with cystic fibrosis
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Mafia Parveen
Cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive condition in Caucasian. Cystic fibrosis is a daily existence restricting autosomal passive issue with a profoundly factor clinical introduction. This malady find in gastrointestinal tract, male conceptive framework, respiratory tract and sweat glands and brought about by loss of capacity changes in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CFTR gene relates to a cAMP – managed chloride channel found almost exclusively in the secretory epithelial cells. Although one of the major mutation that result in a single amino acid deletion (F508) accounts for the 70% of the disease. Mutation in CFTR gene divided into general classes in term of their demonstration acknowledged and molecular significance. In term of In silico analysis we have used different bioinformatics tools. We have selected missense variants and applied in different bioinformatics tools. These bioinformatics tools like PHD-SNPg, PredictSNP2, PROVEAN, SNAP&GO, and MutPred tools predict effect of pathogenic mutations on protein level through computational techniques. Moreover, computational tools being developed that help in study of amino acid substitution and predict the effect of mutation on protein stability. In silico analysis studies pay intention towards optional functional outlooks for identified deleterious mutations. In the completion of human genome sequencing, bioinformatics has established itself as an essential tool in choice of pathogenic variants. In silico analysis of gene expression and gene function is an integral part of it, facilitation the selection of most pathogenic variantsthat caused disease.
Pathogenicity prediction of potential variants causing heredity spastic paraplegia through mitochondrial dysfunction
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) AMMARA AKHTAR
Heredity spastic paraplegia is a heterogenous neurological disorder primarily associated with progressive spasticity in the lower limb area. HSP comprise of more than 70 different kind of genetic loci. The mutations in the some of the mitochondrial proteins are directly associated with heredity spastic paraplegia. Over the past many years, massive efforts and high-throughput methods have been formulated to find the complicated heterogeneity, mutations, various genes and their variants that have shown some sort of association with heredity spastic paraplegia. The need for a well-defined and organized strategies with tremendous genetic information is imperative in the heredity spastic paraplegia research. In this study, the in silico analysis was carried out to identify the pathogenic variants of gene SPG7, SPG56 and SPG20 that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and are associated with the heredity spastic paraplegia. To find novel mutation, the variants were collected from gnomAD database, which were then analyzed with CADD after applying the frequency filter. The results of CADD were then compared with a number of freely available bioinformatic tools to validate our findings. The mutation that affect the splicing and regulatory region were also studied with in silico tools. The impact of mutations on the structure of proteins were visualized with the help of Chimera. To find novel mutations in the recent work, the list of mutations was urther examined and compared with the help of in silico tool ClinVar.
In silico analysis for pathogenic variants in ap4 complex associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) SOBIA NAZIR CHAUDRY
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized as neurological, heterogenous group of disease and known to be a genetic disease. Patients suffering from this disorder cannot work properly, show spasticity in lower limbs along with other neurological symptoms. Comprehensive HSP genes study reported 72 different HSP gait disease loci along with 55 spastic paraplegia cloned genes. In order to characterize a fine strategy towards functional research, we have selected missense, splicing, frameshift, stop gained and regulatory variants in SPG47, SPG50, SPG51 genes part of AP-4 complex, studied through bioinformatic tools. These bioinformatic tools predict effect of deleterious mutations not only at protein level but also at RNA level through computational modelling. In our current study we have used PHD-SNPg, PredictSNP2, PROVEAN, SNAP2, SNP&GO, MutPred tools to study amino acid substitution, then to study effect of mutation on protein stability i-Mutant was used. Splicing variants were analyzed using splice man, spice, and HSF. Regulatory variants were analyzed using ABC4DE tool. Results obtained from these tools were compared with functional data. In silico analysis highlights which variants are worth studying through functional approaches. Predicted mutations rapidly provide prognosis value to genotyping results, would be available for research purposes and patient care. Our In silico studies pays attention to opt functional approach for identified deleterious mutations. Special concern should be payed towards single nucleotide polymorphism that occurs in coding and non-coding regions causing alteration in RNA, should be verified through functional studies.
Prevalence of hla (mhc) class ii alleles in punjabi population in pakistan
(UMT,Lhr, 2019) FAIZA ATA
Human Leucocyte antigen (HLA) complex is present on chromosome no.6 which has 200 genes, out of which 40 genes encode for leukocyte antigens. Regulation of immune system and cells differentiation is the main function of HLA. In this study, MHC class II alleles such as HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQA1 were identified in 216 patients and their demographic prevalence was studied with respect to gender difference, ABO type and geographical distribution in general population of Punjab. It was observed that at HLA-DRB1, allele 3 was most prevalent with 23.14% at HLA-DQB1 locus, allele 3 was most prevalent with 24.07% while at HLA-DQA1 locus, allele 1 with 43.75% frequency was the most prevalent. Then serotypes frequencies at HLA class II loci were evaluated. The observed serotypes frequencies were: DR17 (3) with 17.82% frequency at HLA-DRB1 locus and DQ2 with 30.32% frequency at HLA-DQB1 locus were most prevalent in the general population of Punjab. Then the percentage frequencies of alleles and serotypes were assessed to check their prevalence in male and female Punjab population. We found the highest percentage frequencies of allele 3 with 22.59% frequency at HLA-DRB1, allele 3 with 25.92% frequency at HLA-DQB1 and allele 1 with 44.44% frequency at HLA-DQA1 in the male population of Punjab. After male population, it was observed that in the female population allele 3 with 24.07% frequency at HLA-DRB1, allele 3 with 20.98% at HLA-DQB1 locus and allele 1 with 42.59% frequency at HLA-DQA1 is found to be most prevalent. After gender difference population data was analyzed with respect to different blood groups A +ve, A –ve, AB +ve, B +ve, B –ve, O +ve and O –ve and with respect to their geographical distribution in the population of Punjab.
Prevalence of thrombocytopenia in patients infected with hepatitis c virus
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Mashal Asghar
Hepatitis C is linked with multiple complications like cirrhosis of liver leading ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the complication associated with HCV is thrombocytopenia. The pathogenesis of HCV linked thrombocytopenia falls under two main mechanisms which are decreased production of platelets from bone marrow and increased destruction of platelets. The aim of the study was to find the prevalence of HCV induced thrombocytopenia in local population of Pakistan. In this study total 500 samples were analyzed through PCR and positive PCR samples (420) were further analyzed for platelet count. Patients were further categorized on the basis of gender. According to this study the overall prevalence of HCV induced thrombocytopenia were 31.20%, males (37.2%) were more prone to thrombocytopenia than females (25.8%). Patients were also categorized on the basis of age and highest prevalence was seen in age group 60-80 which was 45%. Based upon the findings of this study and comparison with previous studies, it is clear that chronic HCV infection has strong association with thrombocytopenia. It is important to prevent thrombocytopenia in HCV positive patients as thrombocytopenia has serious consequences that may lead to uncontrolled bleeding. Different measures can be taken. CBC can be done on regular basis as a routine parameter to check the platelets count of these patients. Moreover, combined therapies can be given to patients in addition to anti-viral therapy so the platelets count can be maintained within normal limits. Thrombopoietin analogues can be used in case of liver cirrhosis or fibrosis as in these cases there is no or little amount of thrombopoietin produced.
Estimation of Physiochemical Properperties and Trans-fat in Vegetable Ghee
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Anam Asghar
The trans-fat in the vegetable ghee available in local market of several brands was estimated. Ten selected brands of each of the vegetable ghee were from different areas of Pakistan in Lahore. These samples were analyzed for physiochemical characteristics like Refractive index, Saponification value, peroxide value, free fatty acids values, Acid values, Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry wand FTIR by different methods. The total trans-fat contents are also find out by evaluating the results. Results showed that physiochemical characteristics varied significantly accordingly for each sample. Among these samples, the highest recorded value of refractive index for Habib about 1.4611 and lowest recorded value for Commander and Khalis about 1.4585. The highest value of PV was recorded about 1.455 and lowest value was for 0.410. The Acid value and FFA contents were recorded higher in Jashan. Each samples out of 10 has some content of trans fatty acid but in lesser extent. The Saponification values of all samples are in between 180-200 mg KOH/gram. Fatty acid profile of each sample is determined by GCMS spectroscopy which finds out which sample has cis, trans and saturated fatty acid. All sample has trans fatty acid (Eladic acid and Vaccenic acid) except one sample Dalda. The functional groups are determined by FTIR by absorption peaks. The results show significant difference in color, taste, texture and flavor all of sample. It is recommended that production f hygienic condition to control the spoilage of food due to the occurrence of FFAs.
Estimation of Physiochemical Properties and trans fat in bakery products
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Iqra Shakoor
The current research was performed to estimate the transfat in selected brand of bakery products including biscuits and cookies. Take ten different brands of each of the biscuit and cookies which are easily available in common bakeries (Cakes and Bakes, Gourmet, Dose) in Lahore Pakistan. These samples of biscuits and cookies were analyzed for physiochemical characteristics including Refractive index (RI), Peroxide value (PI), Saponification value (SV), free fatty acids values (FFA), Acid values (AV), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy (FTIR) by different methods. Total transfat contents are also find out by evaluating the results. Double bonds are present at various positions like 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 22 etc. Trans-fats have high melting points as compared to cis unsaturated and saturated fatty acid. Results showed that physiochemical characteristics varied significantly accordingly each sample. Among biscuits and cookies samples, Momal Joz has the highest refractive index value about 1.4598 and American black has lowest value of refractive index about 1.4465. The highest value of Peroxide Value was recorded about 2.6 and lowest value was for 0.328. The highest Acid value and Free Fatty Acid contents were recorded in Round twisted sample. Each biscuits and cookies samples out of 10 has some content of trans-fatty acid but in lesser extent. The Saponification values of all samples are in between 180-200 mg KOH/gram. Fatty acid profile of each sample is determined by GCMS spectroscopy which finds out which sample has cis, trans-fat and saturated fatty acid. Elaidic, Vaccenic are common trans-fats found in all samples. Elaidic acid is commonly found in Seasim cookie, cake rus, Momal Joz, Pinnet round, Plain khatai. While vaccenic acid is not found separately it is present with Elaidic acid. In Round twisted, Diet biscuit, Coconut Macaroni and American black both trans-fat are present. The only American white extracted oil has no trans-fat. All samples have Elaidic acid and Vaccenic acidTFAs except one or two samples. The Functional groups are determined by FTIR by absorption peaks. The results shows significant difference in color, taste of sample but there is a big difference in flavor. It is recommended that production of hygienic condition to control the spoilage of food.
Prevalence of hla (mhc) class i alleles in punjabi population of pakistan
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) SABA SAJJAD
Human Leukocyte antigen (HLA) is a multifaceted array of genes located on the short arm of chromosome number 6 which encodes the Major Histocompatibility Complex, that is, cluster of proteins present on leukocytes. In this study, HLA class-I alleles, such as, HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C, were identified in 216 patients and their demographic prevalence was studied with respect to gender difference, ABO type, and geographical distribution in the general population of Punjab. It was observed that at HLA –A locus allele 11 was most prevalent with 16.7 % frequency; at HLA-B locus allele 51 was most prevalent with 15% frequency, while at HLA-C locus allele 7 with 24% frequency was most prevalent. Then serotype frequencies at HLA class I loci were evaluated. The observed serotype frequencies were: A11 with 16.9% frequency at HLA-A locus, B8 with 14.4% frequency at HLA-B locus and Cw7 with 24.1% frequency at HLA-C locus, were most prevalent in the general population of Punjab. Then the percentage frequencies of alleles and serotypes to check their prevalence in male and female population of Punjab were assessed. We found the highest percentage frequency of allele 2 with 18.1% frequency at HLA-A, alleles 37 with 22.3% frequency at HLA-B, allele 7 with 22.3% frequency at HLA-C in male population of Punjab. Following male population, it was observed in female population that allele 11 with 20.4% frequency at HLA-A, allele 8 with 16% frequency at HLA-B, allele 7 with 28.4% frequency at HLA-C are found to be most prevalent. After gender difference, population data was analyzed with respect to different blood groups A +ve, A –ve, AB +ve, B +ve, B –ve, O +ve and O –ve and with respect to their geographical distribution in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
Comparision of the effectivness of absi and its z-score in predicting the prevalence of dyslipidemia
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) MUHAMMAD SHOAIB
Dyslipidemia is abnormality of any lipoprotein fraction Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low density lipoprotein (LDL), and High density lipoprotein (HDL). It is important to study population to monitor risk factors for dyslipidemia and CHD. Still in Pakistan there are few population based studies related to lipid levels. In this study total number of participant were (n80) (females 30 and males 50). In our study rural population was marked as dyslipidemic because they were having abnormal lipid profile. Gender wise comparison showed that males were more prevalent to dyslipidemia due their abnormal lipid profile. According to abnormal lipid fractions (89%) of our studied were marked as Dyslipidemic. Abnormalities were observed in at least a single lipid-fraction that is either TC, LDL, TG or HDL. The most usual form of dyslipidemia was high TG (86%) followed by low HDL (77%). We assessed various traditionally introduced anthropometric and metabolic parameters (BMI and WC) in the severity of dyslipidemia. However, due to certain limitations, they were not considered strong predictors of dyslipidemia. To overcome these limitations we utilized newly introduced anthropometric parameters like A body Shape Index (ABSI), and its and Z-score and. According to our study ABSI and its Z-score were not strong predictors of Dyslipidemia, however Z-score only in case of TG showed higher but no-significant values.
In silico study of phytochemicals as potential inhibitors against the toxic protein (hemolysin e) in salmonella typhi a causative agent of typhoid
(UMT, Lhr, 2019) Saadia Mujahid
Typhoid fever, which is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains a major public health threat in developing countries. It is an important cause of morbidity and mortality globally. It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water exposed by the faeces or urine of infected people. Salmonella typhi, has developed multidrug resistance (MDR) to a wide range of antibacterial classes. This has led to higher degrees of concern among researchers, as Salmonella typhi has begun to show increasing resistance to current antibiotics, leading the bacterium to be on the verge of being classified within the superbug family. Recently phytochemicals are being considered as potential inhibitors against typhoid fever in human beings. The study was carried out to identify as many as possible potent and selective inhibitors with great potential of binding and inhibition against Hemolysin- E (leading cause of Typhoid fever). Medicinal plants are used for this purpose to obtain phytochemicals as inhibitors from them. ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) analysis, Homology Modelling and Molecular docking were used as a computational method to evaluate the drug likeliness binding energies, and ligand-receptor complex with optimized conformation to observe the reaction of small molecule in the binding pocket of target protein. A threshold was set for hemolysin E protein i.e. -5.99 kcal/mol so that we can compare the efficacy of novel phytochemicals with previously reported phytochemicals. Most Stable binding affinity showed by phytochemical against Hemolysin E protein with minimum binding energy -9.2kcal/mol. The phytochemicals which showed this stable affinity was JacarelhyperolB. The Ki value for this compound was 0.177µM. Next to this, three compounds having stable binding affinities were Quercetin3-O-(beta-Dxylopyranosyl(1-2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-6))-beta-D-galactopyranoside, JacarelhyperolA, and typhaneoside with their binding energies -8.2, -8.4 and -8.0 kcal / mol. The Ki value forthis compound was 0.961, 0.685 and 1.347µM. In silico analysis of phytochemicals exposed four compounds after making comparison with previously reported phytochemicals as novel inhibitors against Hemolysin- E of Salmonela typhi. So all these four phytochemicals can be safely considered for further in vivo and in vitro analysis for the clinical development of drugs against Typhoid fever.

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