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Item Utilization of Solid Leather Waste for the Preparation of Heat Insulation Materials for Construction Industry(UMT.lahore, 2024-07-30) WAJAD ULFATIndustries are the backbone of modern economies, driving innovation, generating employment opportunities and fostering economic growth but humanity is facing the crucial environmental issues due to industrial waste. The leather industry holds significant importance as it combines tradition and modernity, creating a wide range of products deeply woven into human history. Beyond providing luxury goods, it supports livelihoods for millions globally, from farmers to artisans. However, sustainability challenges necessitate its evolution towards environmentally conscious practices to ensure a harmonious balance between economic growth and ecological preservation. Tannery pollutants pose adverse environmental challenges due to their toxic chemical composition and potential for water and soil contamination. Improper disposal of tannery waste can lead to soil and water pollution, endangering both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Skin trimmings, fleshings, buffing dust and chrome shavings are present in the solid leather waste that contribute to environmental concerns due to their slow decomposition and potential for pollution.Item Fabrication of Functionalized Deep Eutectic Solvents and Silica Based Hydrophobic Membrane for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution(UMT.lahore, 2024-08-29) KANWAL RASHIDItem Synthesis of Smart Polymers by Visible Light and Organic Photoredox Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization(UMT.lahore, 2024) MUHAMMAD ASIF IQBALIn this current research work, we employed an innovative approach involving visible light mediated organic photoredox catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) for the synthesis of smart or stimuli responsive polymers. Metal free poly(methyl methacrylate-graft hydroxypropyl cellulose) (PMMA-g-HPC) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-graft-hydroxypropyl cellulose) (PVP-g-HPC) stimuli responsive polymers were successfully synthesized with controlled molecular weight and narrow dispersity index (Đ) via O-ATRP. For this purpose, novel organic compounds 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) and 2,4,5,6-tetrakis(diphenylamino)isophthalonitrile (4DPIPN) were also synthesized in this research work. These organic compounds 4CzIPN and 4DPIPN were employed as an organic photoredox catalysts. These novel photocatalysts were used for the synthesis of PMMA-g-HPC and PVP-g-HPC polymers.Item Improved Process of Heterogeneous Catalysis for the Epoxidation of Ethylene(UMT.lahore, 2024) MUHAMMAD MAQBOOLThis research aims to investigate various types of heterogeneous catalysts synthesized through the hydrothermal process for the formation of ethylene oxide (EO). EO is an important chemical intermediate used in the manufacturing of numerous consumer goods, including plastic bottles, antifreeze, sporting equipment, detergents, colorants, as well as ethoxylates, glycol ethers, and glycol derivatives. Currently, the production of EO primarily relies on the silver metal-catalyzed ethylene epoxidation method, which is both costly and unsustainable. This is due to the significant amounts of ethylene and EO that are burned, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide.Item Tuning Physical Properties of Two-Dimensional Monolayers and Heterostructures through Intercalation and Adsorption(UMT.lahore, 2024-02-15) MUHAMMAD WASIM YOUNISDynamical variation of the properties of materials in a controllable and reversible manner is highly desirable for obtaining next-generation multifunctional materials. This work employs first-principles calculations for the manipulation of properties of atomically thin materials through the stacking pattern and provides a platform for getting unique novel states of matter. For controlled tuning of the physical properties, we have proposed a new tuning approach namely layer-sliding in conjunction with some other tuning strategies such as intercalation of a foreign species and molecular adsorption, etc. To illustrate it, we have modeled various layered van der Waals heterostructures (vdW-HS) including silicene/InSe, silicene/hBN and ZrO2/MoS2. Furthermore, we intercalated the most stable configuration of each heterostructure with alkali metals such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), to introduce a new set of characteristics that were not initially present in these heterostructures.