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Item Comparison of various methods of estimating pile load capacity in cohesionless soils(2022) Muhammad Ashir; Muhammad Khubaib Asif; Abid Hassan; Rizwan AkramThe following thesis is done to investigate the best method for extermination of ultimate pile capacity in the cohesion less soils. The data was collected by studying multiple research papers related to the previous work on the deep pile foundations in cohesion less soils and data for the similar work was extracted out to use it as experimental data set and the parameters were used to find the ultimate pile capacity by using geotechnical methods. The each method gave the different result based on their specific formulae. The approach that was used in this study to identify the best amongst these few important methods was the comparison. We compared the results of these methods with original experimental data set and figured out which method gave the more reliable and nearest results with actual experimental one. The results were judged based on few baseline techniques like coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error (MSE) and root mean square error (RMSE). We discovered the results and compared it with experimental data set and found out that the method of Meyerhof and the average of Meyerhof and Coyle & Castello gave us the most accurate results. More research is required with a few different baseline techniques to judge the results and figure out the best geotechnical method for the determination of ultimate pile load capacity in cohesionless soils.Item Structural design of overhead water tank(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Zaid Mohiyuddin; Syed Ali Raza; Muhammad Husnain Imran; Ameer Hamza SianThis report summarizes the structural design of an overhead water tank having capacity of approximately 96,000 liters with external dimensions of 26′-3′′×17′-3′′×10′-2′′ and a clear height of 27 feet above N.S.L. This tank is designed safely against all type of lateral and vertical loads applied on it. The structural design of this overhead water tank consists of retaining walls, one-way slabs, singly reinforced beams, square and rectangular columns and isolated square footings. All the members of this tank were checked against self-weights, live loads, seismic loads (from all four directions), internal hydrostatic pressure of water and other loadings.Item Study on the strength properties of self compacting concrete by replacement of cement with hydrated lime.(UMT.Lahore, 2022) MUHAMMAD MOHSIN HAMAYUN; FASEEH ZAIB; ROMAN AKBAR; USAMA HAFEEZSelf-compacting concrete (SCC) has become widely used in the building sector in recent years. Hydrated lime (HL) appears to be a good replacement material for cement due to their strong intrinsic qualities, producing new concrete without impacting its performance or properties. The goal of the current effort is to use this natural material as an alternative cement replacement and examine its impact to the properties of (SCC). In order to achieve this, a number of factors, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, have been looked at. Twenty SCC mixes samples in all have been created in three series, each with a different cement and lime replacement rate (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%). Our experimental results showed that adding hydrated lime up to 20% to SCC as a partial replacement for cement in its fresh form produced noticeable characteristics. Concrete’s compressive strength is determined at 7, 28, and 90 days at room temperature by substituting (0%, 10%, 15%, or 20%). At 90 days of age, split tensile and flexural strengths were discovered with various substitutions of cement and hydrated lime. The experimental study includes a comprehensive research plan made up iv of 12 beams for results on flexural strength, 48 cylinders for results on compressive strength and split tensile strength. Replacement of hydrated lime with cement increases the water absorption of concrete so for this we use (Sika viscocrete 20HE) as a water reducing agent. In conclusion, after 15% hydrated lime replacement compressive strength decreases and also use of hydrated lime as a replacement of cement increase water cement ratio.Item Void fraction on the properties of self compacting mortar system (scm)(2022) Muhammad Shahzaib Safdar; Muhammad Aman; Uphaz Fazal; Daniyal MaqsoodThe behavior of SCC is affected and changed by the size, distribution and percentage of the voids, the porosity of the aggregate and powder phases. As a matter of fact, it is important for engineers to consider in detail particle packing concepts and their influence on the physical performance of concrete in both fresh and hardened states. In this study the grading and packing of all aggregate phases and powder phases was studied in terms of fine to coarse aggregate percentage and corresponding void ratio with the aim to find typical range of aggregate phase percentage and corresponding percent voids. Local Sargodha coarse aggregates passing from sieve no ¾”and retaining on sieve no ½” and Chenab River fine aggregates retaining on sieve no 30, having their void fraction of loose condition (fine/course) is more than the void fraction of compacted condition (fine/course). All the sand/gravel mixes attain the minimum void fraction of Sand/gravel (mass) ratio 0/60 to 60/40 (both loose and compacted conduction). Optimization of the composition of the aggregate material in concrete is beneficial with respect to economy (low cement content), strength and durability. Based on the result it is analyzed that which combination of sand/gravel results in lowest paste content. The validation of H.J.H. Brouwers *, H.J. Radix paper in our experimental work is satisfactorilyItem Effect of void fraction on the properties of self compacting mortar system (scm)(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Muhammad Mubashar Ahsan; Meraj Khalid; Muhammad Hasnaat; Muhammad Abu-BakarSelf-Compacting Cementitious Systems (SCCS) fall in the arena of modern concrete technology which has been used constructively all over the world. Such systems provide uniform compaction and therefore uniform durability and are characterized by higher powder content with a lower w/c ratio compared with conventional concrete. This paper predicts the ratio of fine aggregates and coarse aggregates such that void fraction in the matrix is minimum in self-compacting mortar system (SCMs). The grading and packing of all solids in the concrete mix is the basis for the development of new concrete mixes. Local Margalla coarse aggregates (passing ASTM sieve ½” and retained on sieve 3/8”) and Chenab fine aggregates (passing sieve 30 No. and retained on sieve 50 No.) were taken in different proportions. All the sand/gravel mixes achieve the least void fraction of the mass ratio of sand/gravel between 40/60 to 60/40 (both loose and compacted conduction), within this range combining solids, (Fine and Coarse aggregates) the amount of paste (water, cement) gets reduced to a great extent. Furthermore, the packing behavior of the powders (cement) and aggregates (sand and gravel) used are analyzed in detail. Our work validates the work done by H.J.H. Brouwers *, H.J. Radix, (Cement and Concrete Research 35 (2005) 2116-2136) even for Pakistani materials.Item Application of machine learning methods in shallow foundation design(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Ali Akbar; M. Hassaan Zahid; Ahsan Ahmad; Hassam Yahya; Muhammad AimalThe ability to accurately predict the ultimate bearing capacity of a shallow foundation is crucial in the foundation design process for a variety of buildings. With the use of characteristicslike foundation width (B), depth (D), length (L), angle of internal friction (φ), and specific gravity (⋎), the authors hope to arrive at a more precise and explicit formulation for estimating ultimate bearing capacity. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been used to construct a more thorough model for calculating ultimate bearing capacity than earlier techniques, making it more accurate and easier to use. We evaluate our findings against the raw data, traditional analytical models, and existing soft computing techniques. As a result, the authors conclude that the suggested model outperforms competing models in terms of accuracy, performance, and error mode.Item Impact of climate change on tarbela reservoir watershed by gis(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Muhammad Zia; M. Anas Afzal; Rehan Ahmad; Ahmed Noor NadeemEnvironmental fluctuations present a serious hazard to the world's water supply systems. It is evident that different trends in precipitation and rising temperatures can be found across the nation. Unexpected droughts and floods have become more frequent during the past century. The project's goal is to use Arc-SWAT to evaluate Tarbela catchment characteristics, identify watersheds, and study the effects of climate change on Tarbela reservoir inflows. In order to achieve this, DEMs were gathered from the USGS website, weather and rainfall information from the Swat website, a 2021 satellite image from the USGS Earth Explorer, and soil information from the Food and Agriculture Organization, respectively. The SWAT model was subsequently calibrated through the use of the SWAT CUP programme. In order to calibrate the system, the measured flows were compared to the simulated flows. The initial model was calibrated daily during 2010, but only after a sufficient number of R2 and NSE iterations (>0.5). The final result were calibrated. The model has since been adjusted annually, monthly, for inflow (1994-2015), and the year 2010. The yearly calibration (1994–2015) is 0.778 and 0.523, respectively, with the monthly calibration coefficient R2 and Nash Sutcliffe coefficient (NES) being 0.82 and 0.877, respectively. If both the R2 and Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSE) are greater than 0.5, the calibration is adequate. R2 and Nash-monthly Sutcliffe's calibration values are 0.82 and 0.877, respectively. In order to adjust for this swing in precipitation and temperature, the available rainfall and temperature data was interpolated and employed as the input in SWAT model.Item Dam breach analysis using hec-ras and arcgis(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Tayyab Shakil; Syed Abdul Wahab Ahmad; Muhammad Yaqoob Bhatti; Hamza Ali RanaItem Safety management of construction projects using building information modeling(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Muhammad Abdullah; Muhammad Hamza; Bazil Hassan Saif; Usama KhalilWith the increasing rate of urbanization in recent decades, there has been an acceleration in the development of the construction industry as a result of which there are numerous safety risks associated with it. Construction is rated as one of the most dangerous industries in the world with the major causes of accidents are being hit by an item, falling, electricity, exposed to fire, struck by a moving object. Building fires are by far the most widely recognized type of fire, and the majority of fires happen during building maintenance and operation. Fire assessment should be performed to minimize fire risk and increase preventative capabilities. To do as such, Building information modelling (BIM) is a useful tool in three-dimensional visualization and statistical information storage for improvement of construction planning and maintenance. This specific study creates a BIM-based model to help with building fire safety management. The model was divided into three modules (i) BIM-based facility design, (ii) Fire safety management in the building through various devices and (iii) Occupant evacuation evaluation. The proposed study aims to conduct several evacuation and fire simulations using a BIM-based model through the application of FDS and pathfinder. An experimental implementation was carried out to validate the proposed framework, which confirmed the benefits of using BIM in providing a platform for conducting simulation design and annotating simulation results of potentially dangerous fire zones, appropriate and efficient escape routes, Depicting fire growth using the FDS. As an outcome, the simulation outputs may be utilized to check the Rset and Aset time for safe occupant’s evacuation. The suggested framework will help in building fire safety management by allowing for the reduction of injuries/fatalities as well as property damageItem Bias correction of cmip5-based precipitation for hydrologic investigations(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Muhammad Raza Khalid; Shehroz Ahmed; Sana Safdar; Mujtaba IkramThe Lower Jhelum River Basin possesses a hybrid topography due to which different types of weather patterns can be seen throughout the year. This important aspect of the catchment emphasizes to use Global Climate Models (GCM) extensively rather than gauge products for various hydrological investigations. The main goal of this study was to apply the bias correction technique on GCMs and to evaluate them for a hybrid topography and determine how well they may be used for predicting the stream flows. A strong relation was found to be existed between the gauge and the model. The amount of error and the performance of the model was evaluated by using the statistical and performance parameters for point precipitation, average basin rainfall and entire study area. Flow routing was done to predict the stream flows for gauge, ACCESS 1.0 and adjusted ACCESS 1.0 products for the years 2014 to 2019. The upstream boundary condition, to accommodate the flows from upper basin, was provided at Kohala station in the form of monthly hydrograph. The model showed comparatively good results after applying the bias correction factor and the stream flows were close to the gauge data.Item Design of multi-storey building(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Sikandar Amjad Cheema; Muhammad Salman; Shazim Ali; Muneeb HassanCurrently in the ever-progressing field of structural engineering. Use of software for analysis, design & detailing has certainly proven itself to be revolutionary. Crown Mall & Residency is a residential and commercial project, & is the structure under consideration for this study. This study aims to analyze & design this residential and commercial Plaza using the ETABS software, by considering the load pattern & load combinations. The structure was surveyed & was modelled using Computer-Aided Design ETABS software. Different analyses approaches were studied & loading was applied on the structure to observe its behavior under different load patterns & load combinations. All frames passed the stress checks. To rectify this issue, we increased the cross-sectional area of these beams, after which structure was found completely safeItem Application of gis in watershed analysis(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Wasif Hussain; Harris Riaz; Abdul Hanan; M.Usman LiaqatGIS plays a major role in watershed analysis. It has vast number of applications in watershed analysis. It can be used to delineate the watershed and can be used to assess the land slope and soil erosion estimation of the watershed and many different analyses. For our research, we needed to delineate the watershed using GIS and then use the delineated watershed to extract the climatic data from different model data e.g., JRA-25, ERA5 etc., using advance computer languages and then compare the extracted data visually.