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Item The political rhetoric in the pre and post elections (2013) speeches of imran khan(UMT Lahore, 2015) SARA KHANABSTRACT The study is a political rhetorical analysis of the pre and post election 2013 speeches of Imran Khan. The study explores the use of five canons of Aristotelian rehtoric i.e. Invention, Arrangement, Style, Delivery and Memory by the Pakistan politician. Also the study presents a comparative analysis of the pre and post election speeches. A total of 16 speeches of Imran Khan, 8 speeches from pre and post election era each were examined to collect data. The data was divided into both numerical and narrative data sets according to themes developed based on the Aristotelian Classical Theory of Rhetoric. Frequency count for the recurrent data was also evaluated to provide with the in-depth knowledge of the most recurring rhetorical device. In addition to frequency tables, the study was also illustrated with graphs to envision the reader with graphical representation of the comparative analysis of the pre and post election data. The analysis of the data exposes that Imran Khan effectively employed the canons of Classical Rhetoric. Imran Khan used Invention to construct arguments with assistance from the three modes of persuasion i.e. logos, ethos and pathos. From the analysis, it was exposed that Imran Khan used logos (logic) mostly to discover and present arguments both in Pre and Post Election speeches. Arrangement was used to organize the speech in a meaningful manner to intact the interests of the audiences. Style was employed to intensify the integrity of the arguments presented. Moreover, the analysis revealed that among the stylistic devices, tropes were used most frequently by the speaker. The canon of delivery was employed to create speeches to be more effective for the listeners. The analysis of the speeches revealed that Imran Khan used falling and rising of intonation to make his arguments sound phenomenon for his listeners. Lastly the canon of memory showed that Imran Khan employed mnemonic devices to bring support to his arguments. The findings of the study revealed that Imran Khan employed Aristotelian Rhetoric successfully to present his propositions attractively among his audiences. Keeping in view the limitations, the study nevertheless contributes to the teaching of art of public speaking and inculcates the political figures of Pakistan to enhance their speech deliverance strategies.Item Stigmatization and punjabi language(UMT Lahore, 2015) Naeem ArshadThe purpose of the study is to examine the linguistic scenario of Punjabi language in Pakistan and the social milieu which is not favorable for it. Punjabi is being stigmatized in our society. To find out how a thing becomes stigma, Goffman’s (1963) theory of social stigma and Link and Phelan’s (2001) model of social stigma have been applied. It has been explored that Punjabi language has never been patronized politically, economically and religiously by the Muslims in the sub-continent and this attitude is still persisting in Pakistani Punjab. The discouraging auspice of these social institutions has not allowed Punjabi to flourish and become a prestigious code rather it has been reduced to a stigma. The pages of linguistic history of Punjabi have been leafed through in this context. For real life data, questionnaires were filled from 50 graduates of the University of Punjab to judge their attitude towards Punjabi language. The results of these questionnaires confirm that Punjabi is being stigmatized. Punjabi has become a stigma and is being treated as inferior language by Urdu and English speaking classes in Pakistan. Goffman’s ( 1963) theory of social stigma and Link and Phelan’s (2001 ) model of social stigma appropriately fit on Punjabi which has been transformed into a stigmatized thing from a normal thing.Item Stigmatization and punjabi language(UMT Lahore, 2015) Naeem ArshadThe purpose of the study is to examine the linguistic scenario of Punjabi language in Pakistan and the social milieu which is not favorable for it. Punjabi is being stigmatized in our society. To find out how a thing becomes stigma, Goffman’s (1963) theory of social stigma and Link and Phelan’s (2001) model of social stigma have been applied. It has been explored that Punjabi language has never been patronized politically, economically and religiously by the Muslims in the sub-continent and this attitude is still persisting in Pakistani Punjab. The discouraging auspice of these social institutions has not allowed Punjabi to flourish and become a prestigious code rather it has been reduced to a stigma. The pages of linguistic history of Punjabi have been leafed through in this context. For real life data, questionnaires were filled from 50 graduates of the University of Punjab to judge their attitude towards Punjabi language. The results of these questionnaires confirm that Punjabi is being stigmatized. Punjabi has become a stigma and is being treated as inferior language by Urdu and English speaking classes in Pakistan. Goffman’s ( 1963) theory of social stigma and Link and Phelan’s (2001 ) model of social stigma appropriately fit on Punjabi which has been transformed into a stigmatized thing from a normal thing.Item A case study of language development in 0.1-0.9 year old child(UMT Lahore, 2015) Naila ShahadatThe purpose of this study was to observe language development in a child from the birth up to the age of 9 months. The present research focused on the acquisition of human speech sounds by a child, in comparison with non-human sounds. Other than that, the study also tried to explore the effects of audio-visual elements on language development. A newborn baby boy was the subject of the current study. The total observation period of 9 months was broken down into three stages. Each stage comprised of three months of child’s age. The data was collected in the form of audio and video recordings, documents and interviews with family members of the subject. After observing the subject for 9 months, conclusions were drawn and compared with past studies in the same area. A child goes through many human and non-human sounds during his language acquisition period but as devised by Chomsky (2004) that language is innate (Chomsky, 2004), child accepts only human speech signals to acquire language. The research concluded that both sound and image help a child to acquire a language. Individually, they cannot be beneficial in developing language in a child. Language development is a systematic process, which is achieved by a child in the early period of his or her life, no matter child comes across how many human and non-human sounds. It becomes easier for a child when he or she finds pictorial representation of what he or she listen.Item A cascross-cultural and sociolinguistic barriers for pakistani students(UMT Lahore, 2015) ZAHID ASHRAFIn the emerging era of globalisation, the role of communication is becoming crucial for the educational institutes. This is however creating challenges for the students coming from diverse cultures for their academic and professional development. Therefore, the aim of the study is to explore those cross-cultural and sociolinguistic barriers that create hindrance in their academic development at higher educational institutions of Pakistan. Focused group discussions of 30 students have been conducted where thematic analysis was used to identify the important themes. The findings show that students from different cultural background face a number of problems such as cultural issues, problems of being native and non-native, problem of adjustment and psychological barriers in this context. It can be said that cross-cultural barriers pose a serious threat to them. But effective policies and better management of diverse intake can address the problems of cross-culture and it is the duty of the teacher to cope with these issues; otherwise, students confront a number of issues in their academic career. Furthermore, the current study will provide a solution to the problems of sociolinguistic and cross-cultural barriers for academicians, students, teachers and top management at the university level.Item A case study of haryanvi language in pakistan(UMT Lahore, 2015) Maryam AslamThe purpose of this study is to know the present status of Haryanvi language in Pakistan. Haryanvi speech community migrated from the current state of Haryana, India and settled across various parts of Pakistan in 1947. After the migration, Haryanvi speech community eventually came in contact with various dialects and languages spoken across Pakistan. It seems as Haryanvi has been depleting ever since. There are striking differences in the speed of change across the various linguistic levels, such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. The present study explores intergenerational lexical shift in the Haryanvi language. Labov (1963, 1966) argues that language change can be observed through different age groups. Thus, the Apparent Time Hypothesis was considered for studying intergenerational lexical shift in the Haryanvi language. The data was collected from 60 participants belonging to three different age groups. The three age groups were composed of participants whose ages were between 20-30 years, 40-50 years, and 60-80 years, respectively. All the participants were residents of the province Punjab, which is in a way representative of the target population. A list of items of daily use along with their images was administered to elicit their responses. The study shows that there is more likely a significant lexical shift between 20-30 years old Haryanvi speakers. The second age group (40-50 years) was quite successful to retain some words e.g., Janda, Khat, Chora, Choriand so on. However, those who were between 60-80 years seem true representatives of the Haryanvi language because their responses were correct in all instances presented to them. There is reason to believe that the Haryanvi language would suffer badly after the death of last person in this age group. Nevertheless, with these findings we can safely speculate that the Haryanvi language is endangered.Item An acoustic phonetic study of six accents of urdu in pakistan(UMT Lahore, 2015) Mahwish FarooqUrdu is a lingua franca, an official language (Mahmood, 2004) and the mother tongue of only 7.5% population in Pakistan (Zia, 2011). The present study deals with an acoustic phonetic analysis which is conducted for finding out the accent variation in Pakistani Urdu. As, we know, Pakistan is a multilingual country therefore the purpose of the research is to analyze the influence of the other languages on Urdu. This research is based on quantitative methodology. The list of the 139 district names has been used as a corpus. The recording of the utterances by the speakers of Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pashto and Saraiki languages have been collected by developing a system for online data collection. 30 Volunteers of each language have been enrolled to provide recordings for speech corpus. The corner vowels from the utterances have been evaluated by comparing them with the acoustic properties. Accent differences are acoustic manifestations of differences in duration, pitch, intonation pattern and of course the difference in phonetic transcription (Yan & Vaseghi, 2002). As this is the first step in the work of an acoustic phonetic study of Urdu accents therefore only variations of vowels have been identified by measuring the formant frequencies manually in PRAAT software. The preliminary analysis of first and second formant frequencies showed the differences in the characteristics of vowels. This research has verified that the formant frequencies of the vowels (uttered by the speakers of six major languages) show differences and variations across phonetic context. This is due to the fact that Urdu is the second or third language for Pakistani speakers (Rehman, 2002). It has also verified that some utterances are showing more similar values of formant frequencies (of the speakers‟ utterances) than the others e.g. the formant frequencies in the utterances of Urdu and Punjabi speakers while vi the other showing more variant and dissimilar formant tendencies as in the case of Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi language speakers‟ utterances.